PSM 20113 - Public Admin

Elements of Public
Administration
Dr. M. Abdul Jabbar
Published by
Centre for External Degrees and
Professional Learning
South Eastern University of Sri Lanka
Centre for External Degrees and Professional Learning
1
ISBN 978-955-627-231-4
2
Elements of Public
Administration
nghJj;Jiw epUthfj;jpd;
%yjj;Jtq;fs;
3
The South Eastern University of Sri Lanka, University Park

Oluvil
Sri Lanka 32360
South Eastern University of Sri Lanka
All rights reserved. No part of this text book can be produced, stored
in retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means,
without prior permission in writing from both the author of this text
book and the South Eastern University of Sri Lanka.
4
Kd;Diu
mj;jpahak; - 1: nghJj;Jiw epUthfk; – Xh; mwpKfk;
mj;jpahak; - 2: nghJj;Jiw kw;Wk; jdpahh;Jiw epUthfk;
mj;jpahak; - 3: nghJj;Jiw epUthfj;jpd; mbg;gil

mk;rq;fs;
mj;jpahak; - 4: nghJj;Jiw epUthf mZFKiwfs;
mj;jpahak; - 5: T+l;Nuh tpy;rDk; nghJj;Jiw epUthff;

fy;tpAk;
mj;jpahak; - 6: Gjpa nghJj;Jiw Kfhikj;Jtk;
mj;jpahak; - 7: gzpaftikg;G
5
nghUslf;fk;
mj;jpahak; - 1: nghJj;Jiw epUthfk; – Xh; mwpKfk;
7
1.1 epUthfk; 8
1.2 nghJj;Jiw epUthfk; 10
1.3 nghJj;Jiw epUthfj;jpd;
12
ghlg;gug;G
1.4 nghJj;Jiw epUthfj;jpd;
16
Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
1.5 nghJj;Jiw epUthfKk;
17
murpaYk;
1.6 nghJj;Jiw eph;thfj;jpd; Njhw;wk;>
19
tsh;r;rp
mj;jpahak; - 2: nghJj;Jiw kw;Wk; jdpahh;Jiw 24

epUthfk;
2.1 xw;Wikfs; 25
2.2 Ntw;Wikfs; 25
mj;jpahak; - 3: nghJj;Jiw epUthfj;jpd; mbg;gil 28

mk;rq;fs;
3.1 xOq;fikg;G 29
3.2 xOq;fikg;gpd; tiffs; 30
3.3 xOq;fikg;gpd; tiffs; 30
3.4 xOq;fikg;gpd; mbg;gilf;
31
nfhs;iffs;
mj;jpahak; - 4: nghJj;Jiw epUthf mZFKiwfs; 34
4.1 kuGuPjpahd mZFKiwfs; 35
4.2 etPd mZFKiwfs; 36
mj;jpahak; - 5: T+l;Nuh tpy;rDk; nghJj;Jiw 41

epUthff; fy;tpAk;
5.1 mwpKfk; 42
5.2 tpy;rdpd; Mf;fq;fs; 42
5.3 tpy;rdpd; epUthfk; gw;wpa Ma;T 43
mj;jpahak; - 6: Gjpa nghJj;Jiw Kfhikj;Jtk; 54
6
6.1 mwpKfk; 55
6.2 Njhw;wKk; tsh;r;rpAk; 55
6.3 nghUs; tpsf;fk; 60
mj;jpahak; - 7 gzpaftikg;G 65
7.1 gzpaftikg;G 66
7.2 gzpaftikg;Gf;F vjpuhd
67
tpkh;rdq;fs;
7.3 nkf;]; ntgupd; gzpaftikg;G 68
7
mj;jpahak; – 1
nghJj;Jiw epUthfk; - Xh; mwpKfk;
nghUslf;fk;
1.1 epUthfk;................................................................ 8
1.2 nghJj;Jiw epUthfk;…….......……………….. 10
1.3 nghJj;Jiw epUthfj;jpd; ghlg;gug;G……….... 12
1.4 nghJj;Jiw epUthfj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;...….. 16
1.5 nghJj;Jiw epUthfKk; murpaYk;…………. 17
1.6 nghJj;Jiw epUthfj;jpd; Njhw;wk;> tsh;r;rp 19
mj;jpahak; gw;wpa RUf;fkhd tpgupg;G:

,t;tj;jpahak; nghJj;Jiw epUthfk; njhlh;ghd mwpKf
tpsf;fq;fisj; jUtjhf mike;Js;sJ. me;jtifapy;
epUthfk;> nghJj;Jiw epUthfk;> mjd; ghlg;gug;G>
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; kw;Wk; nghJj;Jiw epUthfKk; murpaYk;
Nghd;w tplaq;fis njhFj;J jUfpd;wJ.
mj;jpahaj;jpd; Nehf;fk;:
nghJj;Jiw epUthfk; gw;wpa Muk;g mwpit toq;Fjy;
kw;Wk; mjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij mwpjy; vd;gd
,t;tj;jpahaj;jpd; Nehf;fq;fshf cs;sd.
vjph;ghh;f;iff; fw;wy; ngWNgWfs;:

,t;tyfpid ntw;wpfukhff; fw;gjd; %yk; gpd;tUk;
milTkl;lq;fis khzth;fs; mile;Jnfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd
vjph;ghh;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ:
1. nghJj;Jiw epUthfk; gw;wp njspthfg; Gupe;Jnfhs;Sjy;.
2. nghJj;Jiw epUthfj;jpd; tpupthd ghlg;gug;ig fw;wy;
3. murpaYf;Fk; nghJj;Jiw epUthfj;jpw;Fk; ,ilapyhd
xw;Wik> Ntw;Wikfis mwpjy;
8
1.1 epUthfk;
nghJthf murpay; tpQ;Qhdpfs; murpay; Ma;TfspYk;> tpy;
kpfr;rhjhuzkhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; xd;whFk;. ,g;gjj;jpw;F
gy;NtW fiyr;nrhy; tpsf;fq;fs; toq;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
vspikahd nghUspy; epUthfk; vd;gJ xU nray; vdg;
nghUs;nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ. ,r;nrhy;ypw;F epfuhd Mq;fpyr;
nrhy; Administration vd;gjhFk;. ,t;thq;fpyr; nrhy; Ad +
Ministiare vd;w ,yj;jPd; Ntu;r; nrhw;fspypUe;J
Njhd;wpajhFk;. ,t;tpyj;jpd; nrhy;ypd; nghUs; ‘Nrit
nra;jy;’ vd;gjhFk;. ,jd;gb epUthfk; vd;gJ fhupaq;fis
Kfhik nra;tJ my;yJ nghJ kf;fSf;Fr; Nrit nra;tJ
my;yJ nghJ kf;fisf; ftdpj;Jf; nfhs;tJ
vdg;nghUs;gLfpwJ.
epUthfk; vd;gij xU nray;> nraw;ghL> $l;LKaw;rp
vdTk; nghUs;nfhs;s KbAk;. rpyu; epUthfk; vd;gij
kf;fSf;F cjTk; rKjhaj; njhopy;El;gk; vd;W
tu;zpf;fpd;wdu;. NtW rpyu; Fwpf;Nfhs;fSld; Mw;wg;gLk;
gzpfs;> $l;Lr;nraw;ghLfs; vd;gd epUthfk; vd;fpd;wdu;.
vdpDk; vy;yhf; $l;L Kaw;rpfSk; epUthfkhff;
nfhs;sg;gLtjpy;iy. gFj;jwpT uPjpahd $l;L Kaw;rpfs;
kl;LNk epUthfj;jpDs; mlq;Fk;.
epUthfr; nraw;ghl;bd; rpwg;gk;rq;fshf epWtd mikg;Gk;
Kfhikj;JtKk; tpsq;FfpwJ. ,itapuz;LNk epUthfj;jpd;
ntspg;gLj;Jif mk;rq;fshf cs;sd. ,t;tpU tplaq;fSk;
xz;wpidahj tplj;J epUthf eilKiwapid milahsk;
fz;L nfhs;s KbahJ.
epUthfk; njhlu;ghf mwpQu;fshy; Kd;itf;fg;gl;l

fUj;Jf;fs;
vy;.b. nthapl;: epUthfk; vd;gJ xU nray; KiwahFk;.
nghJj;Jiw my;yJ jdpahu; Jiw>
,uhZtk; my;yJ rptpy; gzp> nghpaJ
my;yJ rpwpaJ vJthapDk; mjd;
nghJthd FO Kaw;rpNa epUthfk; MFk;.
xU gy;nghUs; re;ij> xU tq;fp> xU
cztfk;> xU efuk; vjpYNk cs;s
9
Ntiyfspd; nray;Kiwahf epUthfk;

cs;sJ.
irkd;: tpupthd nghUspy; nghJthd
Fwpf;Nfhs;fis mile;J nfhs;tjw;fhd
FOf;fspd; eltbf;iffspd; xz;wpizg;Ng
epUthfk; MFk;.
<.vd;. fpNsld;: epUthfk; vDk; nrhy; rw;Nw ePskhd
gfl;lhd nrhy;yhFk;. Mdhy; ,J gzpthd
nghUs; nfhz;l nrhy;yhFk;. ,J
kf;fisf; ftdpj;Jg; guhkupg;gJ>
gpur;rpidfis Kfhik nra;tJ vDk;
nghUs; nfhz;ljhFk;.
gp/du;: tpUg;gg;gl;l KbTfis miltjw;fhf kdpj
kw;Wk; nghUs; tsq;fis epUtikg;ghf;fp
topelj;JtNj epUthfk; MFk;.
ePf;Nuh: epUthfk; vd;gJ xU mikg;ghFk;. NkYk;
xU Nehf;fj;ij epiw Ntw;Wtjw;fhf
kdpju;fisAk; ,ju tsq;fisAk;
gad;gLj;JtJ epUthfk; MFk;.
khh;f;f];: vjid ehk; nraw;gLj;j tpUk;Gfpd;NwhNkh
mjid nraw;gLj; Jtjw;fhf fhupaq;fis
Kiwahf xOq;FgLj;jp tsq;fis
rpf;fdkhfg; gad;gLj;JtJ epUthfk; MFk;.
epUthfj;jpd; gpupTfs;
nghJthf epUthfj;jpid nghJj;Jiw epUthfk;>
jdpahu;Jiw epUthfk; vdg; gpupj;JNehf;fyhk;. eilKiwapy;
nghJj;Jiw epUthfk; vd;gJ mur epUthfj;jpidNa Fwpj;J
epw;fpd;wJ. jdpahu;Jiw epUthfk; vd;gJ murhq;fk;rhuh
jdpahu; Jiwfspd; epUthfj;jpidf; Fwpg;gjhFk;.
ngUk;ghYk; jdpahu; Jiw epUthfk; Kfhikj;Jtk; vd;w
nghUspNyNa tpsq;fpf; nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ. vdpDk; gy
re;ju;g;gq;fspy; epUthfk; (Administration)> Kfhikj;Jtk;
(Management) Mfpa gjq;fs; xd;Wf;nfhd;W gjpyPlhfg;
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
Public Sector - Administration
Private Sector - Management
10
nghJj;Jiw epUthfk;
murhq;fj;jpd; mYty;fisj; jpl;lkply;>
xOq;FgLj;jy;> fl;Lg;gLj;jy;> mKyhf;Fjy;>
xUq;fpizj;jy;> ,af;Fjy; cs;spl;l xU nrad;KiwNa
nghJj;Jiw epUthfk; MFk;. murhq;fj;jpd;
nfhs;iffisAk; jpl;lq;fisAk; eilKiwg;gLj;Jk; gpujhd
gFjpahf ,J tpsq;Ffpd;wJ.
jdpahh;Jiw epUthfk;
jdpahh;Jiw epUthfk; tpahghu epUthfk; vdTk;
miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,J jdpg;gl;l egh;fspdhy;
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; epUthfj;jpidf; Fwpf;Fk;. mjhtJ
epUthfk; jdpahh;Jiw Kaw;rpfspy; ,lk;ngWk;
epUthfkhFk;.
1.2 nghJj;Jiw epUthfk;

epUthfj;jpd; xU gpupNt nghJj;Jiw epUthfk; MFk;.
nghJthf muR epUthfj;ij ,g;nghUspy; miog;gu;. ,jdhy;
murpd; epiwNtw;W mk;rkhfTk; nghJj; Jiw epUthfk;
fUjg;gLfpwJ. mikg;G uPjpahd nghUspy; murhq;fj;jpd;
El;gr; nraw;ghLfis Mw;Wk; gpupthf nghJj; Jiw
epUthfk; tpsq;Ffpd;wJ. muR jd;trKs;s tsq;fisr;
rpf;fdkhfTk; ,yhgfukhd tifapYk; gad;gLj;j Ntz;ba
NjitapUg;gjdhy; mtw;wpid nghJ epUthfg; gpuptpD}lhf
Nkw;nfhs;fpd;wJ. ,jdhy; murpd; njhopy; me;jkhfTk;
nghJj; Jiw epUthfk; miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
mur nfhs;iffis eilKiwg;gLj;J tijAk;
Kfhikg;gLj;J tijAk; Nehf;fhff; nfhz;l rfy
gzpfisAk; nghJj; Jiw epUthfk; cs;slf;fpAs;sJ.
nfhs;iffis eilKiwg; gLj;Jtjw;fhf mwpTWj;jy;
toq;fg;gLjy;> mtw;iw eilKiwg;gLj;jy; kw;Wk; mjw;fhd
nghwpKiwapidj; jpl;lkpLjy; Mfpa gzpfisAk; nghJj;
Jiw epUthfk; Nkw;nfhs;fpd;wJ.
,g;nghJj; Jiw epUthfj;jpd; epUthf xOq;fikg;Gr;
nrad;Kiwia topelj;jpr; nry;tjw;fhf gzpaftikg;G
vDk; xOq;FKiw fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,t;nthOq;F
11
Kiw njhlu;gpy; r%ftpay; mwpQuhd nkf;]; ntgu; (Max

Weber) xU Nfhl;ghl;bid tpUj;jp nra;Js;shu;. jw;fhyj;jpy;
nghJj; Jiw epUthfj;jpw;fhd mur ,ae;jpuk; mikr;Rf;fs;>
jpizf;fsq;fs;> $l;Lj;jhgzq;fs;> mjpfhu rigfs; vDk;
epWtdq;fs; Clhff; fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;Ls;sJ.
nghJj; Jiw epUthfk; njhlu;ghd rpy tiuaiwfs;

<.vd;. fpNsld;: murhq;fj;jpd; eltbf;if fSld;
njhlu;Ggl;lNj nghJj; Jiw epUthfk;
MFk;.
T+l;Nuh tpy;rd;: nghJr; rl;lj;jpid tpupthfTk; KiwhafTk;
mKy;gLj; Jjy; nghJj; Jiw
epUthfkhFk;.
vy;.b. nthapl;: nghJkf;fspd; eyDf;fhf rl;lkd;wk;
,aw;wpa rl;lq;fis epiwNtw;W tjw;fhf
epUthfj;Jiw Nkw;nfhs;Sk; vy;yhr;
nray;fSk; nghJj; Jiw epUthfk;
MFk;.
Y}ju; Fy;ypf;: nghJj; Jiw epUthfk; vd;gJ epUthf
mwptpaypd; xU gpupthFk;. ,J muRld;
nray;glf; $baJkhFk;.
khu;ry; V. bkf;: jFjp tha;e;j mikg;Gf; fshy;
ntspaplg;gl;l nghJf; nfhs;ifapid
mKy;gLj;jy; my;yJ epiwNtw;Wjy;
nghJj; Jiw epUthfk; MFk;.
nghJj;Jiw epUthff; fy;tp / nghJ epUthftpay;
fle;j E}w;whz;by; vOr;rpaile;j nghJey muR gw;wpa
rpe;jidAld; nghJj; Jiw epUthfk; kpfTk; gpugy;akile;J.
,jd; %yk; nghJj; Jiw epUthfj;jpid xU nrayhf
kl;Lkd;wp> rKf tpQ;Qhdj;jpy; xU fUj;jpay; ghlkhff;
fUJk; Nghf;F mjpfupf;fyhapw;W. nghJj; Jiw
epUthfj;jpid xU fy;tpj; Jiwahf fUJk; NghJ mjid
nghJ epUthftpay; my;yJ nghJ Ml;rpapay; vd miog;gu;.
KiwahdnjhU fy;tpj;Jiwahf nghJ epUthftpay;
Njhw;wk; ngw;wJ mz;ikf; fhyj;jpNyahapDk; mjd; tuyhW
kpfTk; njhd;ikahdjhFk;. ,f;fy;tpj; Jiwapd; Kd;Ndhb
If;fpa mnkupf;fhtpd; Kd;dhs; [dhjpgjp T+l;Nuh tpy;rd;
12
Mthu;. ,tu; epUthfk; njhlu;gpy; murpay; tpQ;Qhd

fhyhz;L rQ;rpifapy; ‘epUthff; fy;tp my;yJ Ma;A
(1887)’ vDk; jiyg;gpy; vOjpapUe;j fl;LiuapypUe;Nj
nghJj;Jiw epUthfk; gw;wpa vz;zf;fU murpay; kw;Wk;
fy;tprhu; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;jpidg; ngwte;jJ. ,jdhNyNa
T+l;Nuh tpy;rd; nghJ epUthftpay; ghlj;Jiwapd; je;ij
vd miof;fg;gLfpwhu;.
T+l;Nuh tpy;rDf;Fg; gpd;du;> vy;.b.nthapl;> Nthy;Nlh>
Fl;Neh> irkd;> nkf;Fapd;> bkf;> cu;tpf;> Y}ju; Fy;ypf;
Nghd;w mwpQu;fs; nghJ epUthftpay; fy;tpj; Jiwapd;
tsu;r;rpf; gq;fhw;wpdu;. jw;fhyj;jpy; nghJ epUthftpay; gy
rKf tpQ;Qhdg; ghlq;fspypUe;J fUj;Jf;fisAk;
jj;Jtq;fisAk; cs;thq;fp NkYk; tsu;r;rpAw;Ws;sJ.
1.3 nghJj;Jiw epUthfj;jpd; ghlg;gug;G

nghJj;Jiw epUthfk; njhlh;ghf xU nghJthd fUj;J
,y;yhjpUg;gJ NghyNt nghJj;Jiw epUthfj;jpd;
ghlg;gug;Gg; gw;wpAk; xU nghJ cld;ghL fhzg;gLtjpy;iy.
Y}jh; Fy;ypf; (Luther Gullick) Kd;itj;j POSDCORB gw;wpa
vz;zf;fUtpy; cs;slf;Fk; mk;rq;fNs nghJj;Jiw
epUthfj;jpd; ghlg;gug;gpDs; cs;slq;Ffpd;wd vd;wnjhU
fUj;Jk; cz;L. ,jd;gb gpd;tUk; VO mk;rq;fs; Fy;ypf;fpd;
vz;zf;fUtpy; cs;slf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
P - Planning (jpl;lkpLjy;)
O - Organizing (xOq;fikj;jy;)
S - Staffing (Ml;Nrh;g;G)
D - Directing (topg;gLj;jy;)
Co - Coordination (XUq;fpizg;G)
R - Reporting (mwpf;ifaply;)
B - Budgeting (tuT nryTg;gLj;jy;)
NtW rpyu; nghJj;Jiw epUthfj;jpd; ghlg;gug;gpid ,U

gFjpfshfg; gpupf;fpd;wdh;. epUthff; Nfhl;ghLfs;
13
(Administrative Theories), gpuNahfg; nghJj;Jiw epUthfk;

(Applied Public Administration) vd;gitNa mit
apuz;LkhFk;. epUthff; Nfhl;ghLfSs; gpd;tUtd
Fwpg;gplj;jf;fitfshFk;.
1. njhopw;ghl;Lthjk;
2. tpQ;Qhd Kfhikj;Jtf; Nfhl;ghL
3. POSDCORB jj;Jtk;
4. xOq;fikg;Gf; Nfhl;ghL
5. kdpj cwTf; Nfhl;ghL
6. Kiwaizah xOq;fikg;Gf; Nfhl;ghL
7. gzpaftikg;Gf; Nfhl;ghL
8. Kiwikg;gFg;gha;T
9. fl;likg;Gj; njhopw;ghl;Lg; gFg;gha;T
10. Kiwikthj mstPl;L mZFKiw
gpuNahf epUthfj;jpy; muR kf;fSf;F Mw;Wk; NritfSk;

Kfhikj;Jtr; nraw;ghLfSk; cs;slf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. Nthf;fh;
(Walker) vd;w mwpQupd; fUj;Jg;gb gpuNahf epUthfk; gw;wpa
gug;gpDs; gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; cs;slf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
1. murpay;
2. rl;lj;Jiw
3. epjp
4. ghJfhg;G
5. fy;tp
6. rKfg; gzpfs;
7. nghUshjhuk;
8. ntspehl;L tptfhuk;
9. Vfhjpgj;jpak;
10. cs;Suhl;rp
vk;.gp. rh;kh (MP. Sarma) kw;Wk; gp.vy;. rlhd; (BL. Sadan)

MfpNahh; jhk; vOjpa Nfhl;ghl;bYk; eilKiwapYk;
14
nghJj;Jiw epUthfk; (Public Administration in Theory and

Practice) vd;w E}ypy; gpuNahf epUthfk; gpd;tUk;
tplaq;fis cs;slf;Ftjhff; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdh;.
1. gpujhd ehLfspd; nghJj;Jiw epUthf Kiwikfis
Muha;jy;.
2. murhq;fq;fs; toq;Fk; Nritfs; kw;Wk; mjd;
toq;Fk; nra;Kiwfis Muha;jy;.
3. Njrpa kw;Wk; cs;Sh; kl;lj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; epUthf
xOq;fikg;Gf;fis Muha;jy;
4. epUthf xOq;fikg;Gf;fspd; tuyhw;W tsh;r;rpapid
Muha;jy;.
5. ntspehl;L njhlh;G epUthfj;ij Muha;jy;.
Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;lthW nghJj;Jiw epUthfj;jpd; ghlg;gug;Gj;
njhlh;gpy; gy;NtW fUj;Jf;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
fhykhw;wj;jpw;F Vw;g tsh;r;rpAWk; ghlkhf nghJj;Jiw
epUthfk; tpsq;FtjpypUe;J mjd; ghlg;gug;Gk; fhy>
#o;epiy khw;wq;fSf;F Vw;g gutYWtjid
mtjhdpf;fyhk;.
jw;fhyj;jpy; nghJj;Jiw epUthfj;jpd; ghlg;gug;gpDs;
gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
1. epUthfk; gw;wpa %yf;nfhs;iffs;
2. nghJj;Jiw Mszp epUthfk;
3. nghJj;Jiw epjp epUthfk;
4. epUthfg; nghWg;Gilik
5. xg;gPl;Lg; nghJj;Jiw epUthfk;
6. mgptpUj;jp epUthfk;
7. xOq;fikg;Gf; Nfhl;ghL
8. nghJf;nfhs;ifg; gFg;gha;T
9. #oy; nghJj;Jiw epUthfk;
15
nghJj;Jiw epUthfj;jpd; gpujhd gug;Gf;fs;

Muk;gfhyq;fspy; Y}ju; Fy;ypf;fpdhy; mwpKfg; gLj;jg;gl;l
POSDCORB jj;Jtj;jpy; cs;s tplaq;fNs nghJj;Jiw
epUthfj;jpd; gpujhd gug;ngy;iyfshff; fUjg;gl;Lte;jd.
vdpDk; 1960 fspd; gpd;dh; epUthftpaypy; Vw;gl;l gy;NtW
khw;wq;fs; fhuzkhf nghJj;Jiw epUthfj;jpd;
ghlg;gug;gpid tpsf;Ftjw;F Fy;ypf;fpd; Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l
jj;Jtk; NghJkhdjhf ,Uf;ftpy;iy. ,jd;gb 1960 fspd;
gpd;dh; nghJj;Jiw epUthfg; gug;gpDs; ,lk;ngw;w
khw;wq;fspd; mbg;gilapy; ,f;fy;tpj; Jiwapd; gpujhd
ghlj;jiyg;Gf;fspy; khw;wq;fs; Vw;gl;ld. ,j;jifa
khw;wq;fisj; jOtpa gpujhd jiyg;Gf;fshf gpd;tUtd
milahsg; gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
1. nfhs;ifg; gFg;gha;T (Policy Analysis)
nghJj;Jiw epUthfkhdJ nghJf; nfhs;ifapd;
xOq;fhdJk; KiwahdJkhd nrayhf;fkhFk;. ,jpypUe;J
nfhs;if gw;wpa Ma;tpid Nkw;nfhs;tJ nghJj;Jiw
epUthfj;jpw;F ,d;wpaikahjjhfpd;wJ. nfhs;iffs; vd;gJ
ahJ?> mJ vt;tpjk; cUthf;fg;gLfpd;wJ?> mjpy;
nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; gq;Fnfhs;Sk; rf;jpfs; ahit?>
nfhs;ifapd; ntw;wp> Njhy;tp vd;gd
Ma;Tf;Fl;gLj;jg;gLtjidNa nfhs;ifg; gFg;gha;T Fwpj;J
epw;fpd;wJ. ,f;nfhs;if gw;wpa gFg;gha;tpid nfhs;if
tpQ;Qhdk; vd miog;gh;. ,jd; Muk;gfh;j;jh `Nuhy;l;
yh];nty; (Harold Lasswell) Mthh;.
2. mgptpUj;jp epUthfk; (Development Administration)
mgptpUj;jp epUthfk; 1960 fspd; gpd;dh; Njhw;wk; ngw;wjhFk;.
nghJj;Jiw epUthfj;jpd; tsh;r;rpr; nrad;Kiwapd; xU
Kf;fpa fl;lk; vd;wtifapy; mgptpUj;jp epUthfg; gug;G
Njhw;wk; ngw;wJ. 20 Mk; E}w;whz;bd; Muk;gg; gFjpapypUe;J
muRfs; rKf eyd; NgZk; muRfshf khwte;jjpypUe;J
mgptpUj;jp epUthfk; Kf;fpak; ngwyhapw;W. %d;whk; cyfpd;
mgptpUj;jp neUf;fbfSf;fhd jPh;Tfis eph;thf uPjpahd
Nehf;fpy; ,J mZFfpd;wJ.
3. xg;gPl;L nghJj;Jiw epUthfk;
(Comparative Public Administration)
16
xU ehl;bd; epUthf mikg;gpid gpwpnjhU ehl;bd; epUthf

mikg;Gld; xg;gpl;L> NtWgLj;jp Nehf;FtNj xg;gPl;L
nghJj;Jiw epUthfk; MFk;. ,jd; %yk; epUthf
KiwikapDs; fhzg;gLk; Fiwfs; milahsk; fhzg;gl;L
rpwe;j epUthf mikg;G cUthf top Vw;gLfpd;wJ.
,t;nthg;gPl;L nghJj;Jiw epUthfk; nghJj;Jiw epUthfg;
gug;gpDs; tsh;r;rpaile;J tUk; xU gpujhd cg Jiwahf
tpsq;Ffpd;wJ.
4. ru;tNjr nghJj;Jiw epUthfk;
(International Public Administration)
ru;tNjr uPjpahd mikg;Gf;fs; gy cyf mikjpf;fhf
Vw;gLj;jg;gl;L nraw;gl;L tUfpd;wd. ,j;jifa mikg;Gf;fs;
cyf mikjp vd;w tplaj;jpw;F mg;ghy; rKfj;jpd;
nghJeyd;rhh;e;j tplaq;fspYk; $ba ftdk;
nrYj;jptUfpd;wJ. ,jdhy; ,t;tikg;Gf;fspd; epUthfk; rhh;
mk;rq;fisg; gw;wp Nehf;FtJ nghJj;Jiw epUthfj;jpd; xU
kughf Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sJ.
5. #oy; nghJj;Jiw epUthfk;

(Environmental Public Administration)
nghJj;Jiw epUthfk; vd;gJ murpay; KiwikapDs;
nraw;glf; $ba mikg;ghifapdhy; murpay; #oiktpy;
Vw;gLfpd;w khw;wq;fs; nghJj;Jiw epUthfj;jpidAk;
ghjpf;fpd;wJ. ,jdhy; nghJj;JiwAld; njhlh;Ggl;l
#oiktpidf; fw;gJ ,d;wpaikahjjhFk;. ,jidNa #oy;
nghJj;Jiw epUthfk; vd miog;gh;.
1.4 nghJj;Jiw epUthfj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

mwptpay; Kd;Ndw;wk;> njhopw; Gul;rp> njhopy;El;g tsu;r;rp>
rdj;njhifg; ngUf;fk; Mfpaitfs; fhuzkhf etPd
muRfspy; kdpjupd; NjitfSk; tpUg;gq;fSk;
mjpfupj;Js;sd. ,e;epiyfspy; vOk; rKf> nghUshjhug;
gpur;rpidfisj; jPu;fF
; k; nghWg;gpid etPd muRfs;
Vw;Ws;sJ. ,t;tuRfisNa ehk; nghJey muRfs; vd
miof;fpd;Nwhk;. ,t;tuRfs; kuGrhu; gzpfis kl;Lk;
epiwNtw;WtJld; epd;Wtplhky; kf;fspd; md;whl
17
tho;tpw;Fj; Njitahd rfyijAk; epiwNtw;Wk; ngWk;

nghWg;gpidg; ngw;Ws;sJ. ,g;nghWg;Gf;fis etPd muRfs;
nghJj;Jiw epUthfk; vDk; fUtpapD}lhf
epiwNtw;WtjpypUe;J etPd muRfspy; nghJj;Jiw epUthfk;
Kf;fpak; ngWfpd;wJ vdyhk;.
muRfspd; epiyj;jpUg;Gf;F nghJj;Jiw epUthfk;
,d;wpaikahjjhFk;. Ml;rp khw;wk; mbf;fb ,lk;ngwpDk;
nghJj;Jiw epUthfk; cWjpahf epiynfhs;Sk; NghJ xU
ehL nghUshjhu uPjpahf Kd;Ndw;wk; fhZk;. ,jw;F
gpuhd;]; rpwe;jnjhU cjhuzkhFk;. NkYk; kpfr; rpwe;j
nghJj;Jiw epUthf mikg;G ,Uf;Fk; NghJ epiyahd
muR mikAk;. murpd; nfhs;iffspYk; jpl;lq;fspYk; xU
njhlh;r;rp fhzg;gLk;.
epiyahd rpwe;j nghJj;Jiw Ml;rpapd; fPo; rKjhaj;jpy;
nghpa khw;wq;fisf; nfhz;Ltu KbAk;. cyfpd; gy;NtW
ehLfspYk; Vw;gl;bUf;Fk; gy khw;wq;fSf;Fg; nghJj;Jiw
epUthfNk fhuzkhf cs;sJ.
kdpj ehfhPfk; rpwg;ghf ,Ug;gjw;Fk;> mJ rPuope;J tplhky;
ghJfhg;gjw;Fk; nghJj;Jiw epUthfk; mtrpakhFk; vd
lgps;A gp. nlhd;`k; vd;w mwpQu; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh;.
1.5 nghJj;Jiw epUthfKk; murpaYk;

1886 fSf;F Kd;dh; nghJj;jiw rhh;e;j tplaq;fs; murpay;
fy;tpapd; xU gFjpahfNt fw;fg;gl;lJ. nghJj;Jiw
epUthfk; xU jdpahd ghlk; vd;wtifapy; 1887 fSf;F
gpd;dNu cUthfpaJ. ,t;tpjk; nghJj;Jiw epUthfk;
jdpahd ghlkhfj; Njhd;Wtjw;F T+l;Nuh tpy;rd; gq;fspg;Gr;
nra;jhh;. ,tuJ “epu;thff; fy;tp” vDk; fl;LiuNa
nghJj;Jiw epUthfj;jpid jdpahd fy;tpj;Jiwahf
khw;wpaikj;jJ.
,jidaLj;J murpaiyAk; nghJj;Jiw epUthfj;jpidAk;
NtWgLj;jpg; ghh;f;Fk; Nghf;F mjpfhpf;fyhapw;W.
,Jtplaj;jpy; gpg;/dupd; gq;F Fwpg;gplj;jf;fjhFk;.
,e;jtifapy; murpaYf;Fk; nghJj;Jiw
epUthfj;jpw;FkpilNa gpd;tUk; NtWghLfis
mtjhdpf;fyhk;.
18
murpay; nghJj;Jiw eph;thfk;

• nfhs;if cUthf;Fk; • nfhs;if mKyhf;fy;
mikg;G mikg;G
• murpaypy; fl;rp rhh;ghdJ • murpaypy; eLepiyik
• mjpfkhf kf;fshy; • mjpfkhf epakpf;fg;gl;l
njupT nra;ag;gl;l my;yJ murhy;
gpujpepjpfs; njupTnra;ag;gl;l
• fy;tp> kw;Wk; mYtyh;fs;
njhopw;jifik • fy;tp> kw;Wk;
mtrpakpy;iy njhopw;jifik kpf
• murhq;fk; mtrpak;
• gjtp epue;jukpd;ik • murhq;f Nritahsh;fs;
• mbf;fb • gjtp epue;juk;
khw;wj;jpw;Fl;gLk; • nkJthf
• ngUk;ghYk; tanjy;iy khw;wj;jpw;Fl;gLk;
fUj;jpw; • tanjy;iy fl;lhak;
nfhs;sg;gLtjpy;iy fUj;jpw; nfhs;sg;gLk;
(gjtpAah;T> gjtpePf;fk;> (Ml;Nrh;g;G> gjtpAah;T>
Xa;T) Xa;T)
• tpN\l mwpT fl;lha • tpN\l> nghJ mwpT
jFjpapy;iy fl;lhak; mtrpak;
• eph;thfj;ijf; • murpay;
fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; fl;Lg;ghLf;Fl;gLk;
• kf;fSf;Fg; nghWg;Gf; • murhq;fj;Jf;Fg;
$Wk; nghWg;gf;$Wk;
• kf;fs; gpujpepjpfs; • kf;fs; Nritahsh;fs;
• fl;rp eyd; • jpwik> mDgtk;
mbg;gilapyhd mbg;gilapyhd
19
gjtpAah;T gjtpAah;T
,Ue;jNghJk; ,t;tpU JiwfSk; xd;wpnyhd;W jq;fpf;

fhzg;gLfpd;wd. me;jtifapy;>
nghJj;Jiw eph;thfkpd;wp murhq;fk; ,aq;f KbahJ. murpd;

rl;lk;> nfhs;if> jPh;khdq;fs; nghJj;jiw eph;thfj;jhNyNa
mKy;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;bAs;sd. mt;thwpy;iynadpy;
murhq;fk; ntWkNd fye;Jiuahly; mikg;ghfNt
fhzg;gLk;.
mt;thNw nghJj;Jiw eph;thfKk; murpd; fl;lisfs;>

jPh;khdq;fSf;Nfw;gNt nraw;gLfpd;wJ. murpd; topfhl;ly;
mbg;gilapNyNa nghJj;Jiw eph;thfk; ,aq;Ffpd;wJ.
murpy; Vw;gLk; khw;wq;fs; nghJj;Jiw eph;thfj;jpy;

gpujpgypf;fg;gLtJld; nghJj;Jiw eph;thfj;jpd;
tpidj;jpwdhd nraw;ghl;by;jhd; murpaYk; gykilfpd;wJ.
NkYk; ,t;tpuz;L JiwfSNk kf;fSf;fhfNt

cUthf;fg;gl;L nraw;gLfpd;wd.
1.6 nghJj;Jiw epUthfj;jpd; Njhw;wk;> tsh;r;rp

nghJj;Jiw eph;thfj;jpd; Njhw;wk; tsh;r;rp
nghJj;Jiw eph;thfk; jdpg;gl;l JiwahapDk; Muk;g
fhyj;jpy; mJ Vida JiwfSld; njhlh;Gfisf;
nfhz;bUe;jJ. ,d;W murpay;> rl;lk;> Kfhikj;Jtk;>
nghUshjhuk;> tzpf eph;thfk;> r%ftpay;> cstpay;>
khdpltpay; Nghd;w gpujhd %yf;$Wfis cl;nfhz;Ls;sJ.
nghJj;Jiw eph;thfj;jpd; Njhw;wk;> tsh;r;rpapidg; gpd;tUk;
fhyfl;lq;fspd; mbg;gilapy; Nehf;f KbAk;.
1887-1910 Exploratory Period
1880fs; rkfhy nghJj;Jiw eph;thfj;jpd; Muk;g fhykhFk;.

1887,y; KjyhtJ nghJj;Jiw eph;thff; Nfhl;ghl;Lg;
20
gFjpia (The Study of Public Administration) T+l;Nuh tpy;rd;

xU rQ;rpifapy; ntspapl;lhh;. Muk;gj;jpy; ,tUila
Fwpg;Gf;fs; xU %iyapy; fple;jhYk; gpd;ehl;fspy; mjpf
nry;thf;ifr; nrYj;jpaJ. ,t;ntspaPlhdJ mLj;j 2
jrhg;jq;fspy; mjpfkhd mwpQh;fshy; Fwpg;ghf Frank
Goodnow Nghd;wth;fshy; xU fy;tpapay; mbj;jsj;ij
toq;f fhuzkhfpaJ.
Goodnow ,d; (1910) Politics and Administration KjyhtJ text

book Mff; fUjg;gLfpd;wJ.
tpy;rd; nghJj;Jiw eph;thfk; murpaYf;F ntspapy; epd;W

fw;gpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd ek;gpdhh;. ,tUila Kaw;rpahdJ
murpaypypUe;J nghJj;Jiw eph;thfj;ij ePf;FtjhFk;.
tpy;rd; mtjhdpj;jjd;gb “xU mikg;ig cUthf;Ftij
tpl mjid eilKiwg;gLj;JtJ fbdkhFk;”.
tpy;rd; ,jid tpahghuk; Nghd;w mZFKiwapid

murhq;fj;Jld; nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gJld; mkupf;f
murpaypy; fhzg;gl;l gf;fr;rhh;ghd epiyia ePf;Ftjhf
eph;thfj; njhopy;El;gk; fhzg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;whh;.
,t;TUthf;ff; fhyg;gFjpapy; nghJj;Jiw eph;thff; fw;if
mjd; vy;iyfis eph;zapg;gjpy; Fiwthd gq;fspg;igNa
nfhz;bUe;jJ. ,f;fw;if tpy;rd; (1887)> Fl;nes (1900)>
nla;yh; (1911) Nghd;w mwpQh;fshYk; nry;thf;Fr;
nrYj;jg;gl;lJ.
1910 – 1947 Administrative Science Period
Fredrick Taylor ,d; Principles of Scientific Management (1911)

nghJj;Jiw eph;thfk; kPjhd Kaw;rpahdJ fy;tpapay; kw;Wk;
eilKiw Mfpa ,uz;Lf;Fk; Kf;fpakhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
,f;fhyg;gFjpapy; nghJj;Jiw eph;thfj;jpd ghlg;gug;ghdJ
Kfhik> xOq;fikg;ghfNt fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
,f;fhyj;jpy; L.D. Whit (1926) Introduction to the study of public

administration,
W.F. Willoughby (1927) Principles of Public administration,
21
L. Gullick & L. Urwick (1937) Papers on the science of public

administration Mfpait Kf;fpak; ngWfpd;wd.
tpy;Nyhgp nghJj;Jiw eph;thfj;ij tzpf eph;thfj;ijg;

Nghy; tpQ;Qhd uPjpahfg; ngw;Wf;nfhz;l mbg;gilfspypUe;J
ftdj;jpy; nfhs;sg;gl Mjutspj;jhh;.
,f;fhyj;jpy; nghJj;Jiw eph;thf eilKiwahdJ mjpfkhd
eph;thf mbg;gilfs; POSDCORB, Unity of Command, Span of
Control Nghd;wtw;why; tpUj;jp nra;ag;gl;lJ. ,it ngupa
murhq;f epWtdq;fis xOq;fikf;fTk; fl;likf;fTkhd
rpwe;j topahff; fUjg;gl;lJ.
1947 – 1970 Public administration as political science
murpay; - eph;thfk; vd;gtw;iw Ntwhf;Ftjw;fhd

eilKiwahdJ J}a eph;thf nraw;ghLfSf;fhd jPh;thf
ep&gpf;fg;gltpy;iy. vdpDk; murpay; -
eph;thfj;Jf;fpilapyhd gjl;lj;ij ePf;f ,J cjtpaJ.
,f;fhyg;gFjpapy; nghJj;Jiw eph;tfhfk; gy
rthy;fSf;Fl;gl;lJ.
me;jtifapy; Simon Fwpg;gpLtJ Nghd;W Principles of public

administration vd;gJ gy nkhopfisj; jtpu Ntwpy;iy
vd;fpwhh;. NkYk; ,th; nghJj;Jiw eph;thfj;jpw;fhd
tpQ;Qhd mbg;gilfs; FiwT vd;fpwhh;.
P.H. Appleby jdJ Policy and Administration (1949),y; murpay; -

eph;thf NtWghl;il tpkh;rdj;Jf;Fl;gLj;Jfpwhh;. ,th;
gpui[fs; rhh;ghf ,aq;ff; $ba murhq;fkhf eph;thfk;
nraw;gl ntz;Lk; vd;gJld; ,t;tpU jug;gpdiuAk;
,zf;fg;gLj;j Kaw;rpf;fpwhh;.
Waldo (1948),y; The Administrative State vDk; E}ypy;

,t;NtWghl;ilf; Nfs;tpf;Fl;gLj;JtJld; eph;thf murpay;
vz;zf;fUit mwpKfg;gLj;Jfpwhh;.
vdpDk; 1960 nghJj;Jiw eph;tfhj;jpd; vOr;rpf;fhykhFk;.
,f;fhyj;jpy; Minnow brook Conference Centre at Syracuse
University MdJ 1968,y; xU khehl;il elhj;jpaJ. ,jd;
Nehf;fk; nghJj;Jiw eph;thfk; njhlh;ghf cUthf;fg;gLk;
Nfhl;ghLfisf; fz;lwptjhFk;. ,th;fs; nghJj;Jiw
22
eph;thfkhdJ eilKiwapy; kdpjhgpkhdk; kw;Wk; [dehaf

nraw;ghLfSf;Fl;gl;lJ vd;fpd;wdh;.
1970 – 1980 Public administration as public administration
,f;fhyg;gFjp nghJj;Jiw eph;thfk; xU ntw;wpfukhd

fw;ifAk; eilKiwAk; vd;fpd;wJ. 1970,y; mkupf;fhtpy;
NASPAA (National Association of Schools of Public Affairs and
Administration) ,jw;fhd Muk;gkhf fhzg;gl;lJ.
NASPAA nghJj;Jiw eph;thfj;jpd; fy;tpj;jpl;lk;> gapw;rp

vd;gtw;iw fl;bnaOg;gpaJ. ,J 300 fy;Y}up kw;Wk;
gy;fiyf;fofq;fisf; nfhz;bUg;gJld; nghJj;Jiw eph;thf
KJkhzpg; gl;lj;ijAk; (MPA) toq;Ffpd;wJ.
,f;fhyj;jpy; nghJ eph;thfpfs; Fiwe;j njhopw;juk;> gapw;rp

Nghd;w gpur;rpidfisj; jPh;ff
; Kw;gl;ldh;. cw;gj;jp>
nghWg;Gilikf;fhd mstPLfs; mgptpUj;jp nra;ag;gl;lJld;
nefpo;Tj; jd;ik> tpidj;jpwd; mjpfupg;G Nghd;wtw;wpYk;
ftdk; nrYj;jg;gl;lJ. ,f;fhyg;gFjpapy; nghJj;Jiw
eph;thfk; njhopy; jd;ikAila cah; Jiwahf
milahsg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
Public Administration in 1990s and beyond
,f;fhyj;jpy; nghJj;Jiw eph;thfk; Ml;rpapay; kw;Wk; gjpa

nghJj;Jiw Kfhikj;Jt rpe;jidfshy; tYtile;jJ.
NkYk; ,f;fhyj;jpy; ,yj;jpudpay; Ml;rp njhlh;ghfg;
Ngrg;gl;lJld; ,J tYTs;s Kfhikj;Jtk; kw;Wk;
nghUj;jkhd [dehafj;ij miltjw;F njhopy;El;gj;ijg;
gad;gLj;Jtjw;F Cf;Ftpf;fpd;wJ.
T. Gaebler kw;Wk; D. Osborne Nghd;Nwhh; jkJ Reinventing

Government (1992) vd;w E}ypy; nghJj;Jiw eph;thfj;ij
kPsikf;f typAWj;jpdh;. ,th;fs; Fiwthd nghJr; Nrit
toq;fY}lhf eph;thfj;jpy; fhzg;gl;l ke;j epiyiaf; fz;L
gpbj;jdh;. Nrit toq;fypy; jdpahupd; tfpghfj;ijAk;
cf;Ftpg;gjhf ,f;fhyk; fhzg;gl;lJ.
21k; E}w;whz;bd; Kjy; jrhg;jj;jpy; nghJj;Jiw eph;thfk;
kpff; Fog;gk; tha;e;jjhff; fhzg;gl;lJ. cyfk;
vjph;Nehf;fpa gytifahd gpur;rpidfs; nghJj;Jiw
eph;thfj;jpd tpidj;jpw;d njhlh;gpyhd ftdj;ij mjpfupf;f
23
Ntz;ba Njitia Vw;gLj;jpaJ. ,jdhy; rkfhyj;jpy;

mjpfkhd murhq;fq;fs; jkJ kuG uPjpahd nghWg;Gf;fisf;
iftpl;likAk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
,f;fhyj;jpy; Gjpa tbtpy; nghJj;Jiwia Nehf;f
Kw;gl;lJld; xg;gPl;Lg; nghJj;Jiw eph;thfk;> mgptpUj;jp
eph;thfk;> Gjpa nghJ Kfhikj;Jtk; Nghd;wit njhlh;gpYk;
ftdk; nrYj;jg;gl;L tpupthd xU Jiwahfg; nghJj;Jiw
eph;thfk; fhzg;gl tUfpd;wJ.
gapw;rp tpdhf;fs;:
1. “nghJr; rl;lj;jpd; xOq;fhdJk; tpupthdJkhd
mKyhf;fNk nghJj;Jiw epUthfkhFk;”. Muha;f.
2. nghJj;Jiw epUthff; fy;tpapd; ghlg;gug;G> jd;ik> mjd;

tsh;r;rp njhlh;ghf EZf;ff; fl;Liu tiuf.
3. nghJj;Jiw epUthfj;ij tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;jp> mjd;
tsh;r;rpf; fhyfl;lq;fisg; gFj;jhuha;f.
jpwTr; nrhw;fs;
epUthfk;> Ml;rpapay;> nghJj;Jiw epUthfk;> ghlg;gug;G
crhj;Jiz E}w;fs;:
1. Michael, B. (2001). The new public management: Improving
research and policy dialogue. University of California Press.
2. Rosenbloom, D.H., & Kravchuk, R.S. (2005). Public
administration: Understanding management, politics and law in
the public sector. (6th ed). Boston: McGraw Hill.
3. Jamil, E.J. (2002). Comparative public administration and policy.
West view Press.
4. Hughes, O.E. (1998). Public management and administration: An
introduction, London, Macmillan.
24
mj;jpahak; – 2
nghJj;Jiw kw;Wk; jdpahh;Jiw epUthfk;
nghUslf;fk;
2.1 Xw;Wikfs;………………………………………. 25
2.2 Ntw;Wikfs;…………………………………….. 25

,t;tj;jpahak; nghJ kw;Wk; jdpahh; Jiwfspd; epUthfj;jpy;
fhzg;gLk; xw;Wik> Ntw;Wikfs; gw;wp ftdk;
nrYj;Jfpd;wJ.
nghJj;Jiw kw;Wk; jdpahh; Jiwapd; epUthfj;ij gpupj;J
mwpjy; ,t;tj;jpahaj;jpd; Nehf;fkhFk;.

1. nghJj;Jiw kw;Wk; jdpahh; Jiwapd; epUthfj;jpd;
xw;Wik> Ntw;Wikfis milahsk; fhzy;
25
2.1 xw;Wikfs;
epUthfk; vd;gJ xU nghJthd nrad;Kiw vd;wtifapy;
nghJj;Jiwf;Fk; jdpahh; Jiwf;Fk; nghJthdjhapDk;
nghJj;Jiw epUthfKk; jdpahh; epUthfKk; xd;wpypUe;J
xd;W NtWgLfpd;wikia mtjhdpf;fyhk;. ,jd;gb
nghJj;Jiw epUthfk; murpay; #oypy; ,lk;ngWk; murhq;f
eltbf;iffSld; njhlh;Ggl;bUf;f> jdpahh; Jiw epUthfk;
jdpahh; Kaw;rpfspD}lhf Nkw;nfhs;sg; gLtjhf cs;sJ.
1. nghJj;Jiw epUthfj;jpidAk; jdpahh; epUthfj;jpidAk;
NtWgLj;Jk; vy;iyf; NfhLfisf; fz;lwpjy; fbdkhdJ.
2. nghJj;Jiw epUthfKk; jdpahh; epUthfKk; gad;gLj;Jk;
nray;topKiwfs;> njhopy;El;gk; kw;Wk; jpwd;fspy; rpy
xw;Wikfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
3. nghJj;Jiw epWtdq;fs; jdpahh; epWtdq;fs; Nghy;
nraw;gLtjw;fhd cj;jpfspy; md;ikf;fhykhf ftdk;
nrYj;jg;gl;L tUfpd;wJ.
4. nghJj;Jiw epUthfj;jpw;Fk; jdpahh; epUthfj;jpw;Fkhd
Ml;Nrh;g;G Kiwfs;> gapw;rpfs; vd;gd ngUksTf;F
xj;jitahfNt fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
1. ,U epUthfq;fspYk; kdpj> ngsjPf tsq;fs;
xd;Wjpul;lg;gl;L ngWNgWfs; ngwg;gLfpd;wd.
2.2 Ntw;Wikfs;
1. Nehf;fk;
nghJj;Jiw epUthfk; nghJkf;fspd; rKf eyid
Kd;Ndw;Wtij ,yf;fhff; nfhz;lJ. ,jw;fika
kdpjh;fspd; ey;tho;tpw;F mtrpakhd gy;NtW Nritfis
nghJj;jiw epUthfk; Mw;Wfpd;wJ. Mdhy; jdpahh;
epUthfk; Nrit Nehf;fkd;wp ,yhg Nehf;fpNyNa
nraw;gLfpd;wJ.
2. murpay; topfhl;Ljy;
nghJj;Jiw epUthfj;ij Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;l murpay;thjpfs;
topg;gLj;Jth;. Mdhy; jdpahh;Jiw epUthfk; Fiwe;jsthd
murpay; nry;thf;FfSf;Nf cl;gl;bUf;Fk;.
26
3. ,yhgkPl;Ljy;
jdpahh; Jiw epUthfk; ,yhgkPl;Ltij ,yf;fhff; nfhz;L
nraw;gLk;. Mdhy; nghJj;Jiw epUthfk; nghJkf;fs;
Nritapid ,yf;fhff; nfhz;bUf;Fk;.
4. fhyjhkjk;
rl;lq;fs;> tpjpfSf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLg;gjdhy;
nghJj;Jiw epUthfk; fhyjhkjkpf;fjhFk;. Mdhy; jdpahh;
Jiw epUthfk; fhy khw;wq;fSf;F Vw;g tise;;JnfhLj;J
tpiue;J jPu;khdpf;ff; $bajhFk;.
5. nraw;wpwd;
Gjpa El;gq;fisAk; je;jpNuhghaq;fisAk; ngUksT
cgNahfpg;gjdhy; nghJj;Jiw epUthfj;jpYk; ghh;f;f jdpahh;
Jiw epUthfj;jpy; nraw;wpwd; $Ljyhf ,Uf;Fk;.
6. nghJkf;fs; nghWg;Gilik
nghJj;Jiw epUthfkhdJ nghJkf;fs; Nrit epkph;j;jk;
Vw;gLj;jg;gLtjdhy; mJ nghJkf;fs; nghWg;Gilikf;F
cs;shfyhk;. Mdhy; jdpahh; Jiw epUthfk; nghJkf;fs;
nghWg;Gilikf; fl;Lg;ghLfspypUe;J NtWgl;ljhFk;.
7. epjpf;fl;Lg;ghL
nghJj;Jiw epUthfj;jpy; epjpahdJ Fwpj;j murhq;fj;jpd;
fl;Lg;ghLfSf;F cl;gl;ljhf ,Uf;Fk;. Mdhy; jdpahh;
Jiwfspy; epjpahdJ Fwpj;j epWtdj;jpd;
nrhe;jf;fhuh;fspdhy; fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gLk;.
8. ftdpg;gpy; rkj;Jtk;
nghJj;Jiw epUthfk; kf;fs; epUthfkhf ,Ug;gjdhy;
me;epUthfk; rYiffSf;F mg;ghw;gl;lJ. mJ rfy
kf;fSf;Fk; nghJthd Nritfis Mw;w Ntz;Lk; vd
vjph;ghh;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ. Mdhy; jdpahh; epUthfj;jpy;
,t;tpjkhd rkj;Jtkhd ftdpg;gpid vjph;ghh;f;f KbahJ.
kPsha;T tpdhf;fs;:
1. jdpahh; Jiw epUthfj;jpypUe;J Kw;wpYk; NtWgl;lNj
nghJj;Jiw epUthfk; vd vz;zg;gLtJ Vd;?
27
2. nghJj;Jiw epUthfj;ij jdpahh; epUthfj;jpypUe;J

NtWgLj;jpf; fhl;Lk; rpwg;Gg; gz;Gfis milahsq;fz;L
tpsf;Ff.
jpwTr; nrhw;fs;:
nghJj;Jiw epUthfk;> jdpahh; Jiw epUthfk;
crhj;Jiz E}w;fs;:
3. Kettl, D.F., & Fesler, J.W. (2005). The politics of the
administrative process. (3rd ed). Washington, DC: CQ Press.
4. Brian, R.F. (1989). Mastering public administration. Chatham,
NJ: Chatham House Publishers.
West view Press.
28
mj;jpahak; – 3
nghJj;Jiw epUthfj;jpd; mbg;gil
mk;rq;fs;
nghUslf;fk;
3.1 xOq;fikg;G........................................................... 29
3.2 xOq;fikg;gpd; gz;Gfs;……………………….. 30
3.3 xOq;fikg;gpd; tiffs;……………………….. 30
3.4 xOq;fikg;gpd; mbg;gilf; nfhs;iffs;……. 31

,t;tj;jpahak; nghJj;Jiw epUthfj;jpd; mbg;gil mk;rkhd
xOq;fikg;G> mjd; gz;Gfs;> tiffs; kw;Wk; mjd;
mbg;gilf; nfhs;iffs; gw;wpa mwpit toq;f Kw;gLfpd;wJ.
xOq;fikg;gpd; gz;Gfspy; ftdk; nrYj;Jtjd; %yk;
Kiwrhh; kw;Wk; Kiwrhuh xOq;fikg;ig gpupj;jhuha;tij
Nehf;fkhff; nfhz;Ls;sJ.

1. gy;NtWgl;l xOq;fikg;Gfis mwpe;J nfhs;sy;
2. Kiwrhh; kw;Wk; Kiwrhuh xOq;fikg;Gfis milahsk;
fhzy;
29
3.1 xOq;fikg;G
nghJj;Jiw epUthfj;jpd; mbg;gil mk;rq;fSs;
gpujhdkhdJ xOq;fikg;ghFk;. nghJj;Jiw epUthfkhdJ
vg;NghJk; xOq;fikg;Gf;fisr; rhh;e;Nj nraw;gLk;.
xd;Nwhnlhd;W njhlh;Gila gy;NtW gphpTfis xd;W
Nrh;j;J> mjpfhu xUq;fpizg;G> fl;Lg;ghL vd;gtw;wpd; %yk;
Fwpg;gpl;l Nehf;fj;ij mila Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; Kiwf;F
xOq;fikg;G vd;gh;. nghJj;Jiw epUthfj;jpd;
gpujhdkhdJk; Kjd;ikahdJkhd mbg;gil
xOq;fikg;NgahFk;.
,t;tpjk; nghJj;Jiw epUthfj;jpd; mbg;gil mk;rkhf

mike;jpUf;Fk; xOq;fikg;Gg; gw;wp gy;NtW mwpQu;fs;
fUj;Jntspapl;Ls;sdh;. mtw;Ws; rpytw;iwg; gpd;tUkhW
fhzyhk;.
cu;tpf; ve;jf; Fwpf;Nfhis mila vt;tpjkhd

Ml;fs; Njit vd;gij KbTnra;tJk;>
mjidf; FOf;fshf khw;wpaikg;gJk;>
gpd;dh; mjid jdpegUf;F xJf;FtJk;
xOq;fikg;ghFk;.
vy;.B.nthapl; gy gjtp epiyfis cs;slf;fpaJ
xOq;fikg;ghFk;. ,jd; mbg;gil cWg;G
kdpjh;fs;> $l;L Kaw;rp> nghJ Nehf;fk;
vd;gdthFk;.
%dp jkJ Nehf;fj;ij epiwNtw;wpf; nfhs;Sk;
tifapy; kf;fs; xU mq;fkhfj; jpfOk;
tifapidr; rhh;e;jNj xOq;fikg;ghFk;.
kpy;ghh;l; xg;gilf; fg;gl;Ls;s mjpfhuj;jhy; xU
epWtdj;jpd; xd;Nwhnlhd;W cwT
nfhz;Ls;s gjtpfisf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jk;
ghq;Nf xOq;fikg;ghFk;.
vl;[pahdp xU rKfg; gphpT jpl;lkpl;L
ntspg;gilahf cUthf;fp Fwpg;gpl;l
Nehf;if miltJ xOq;fikg;ghFk;.
30
3.2 xOq;fikg;gpd; gz;Gfs;

01. ntspg;gilahf milahsk; fhzj;jf;f kdpjf; FOtpidf;
nfhz;bUj;jy;.
02. jpl;lkplg;gl;l mwpTG+u;tkhd cUthf;fkhf xOq;fikg;G
,Uj;jy;.
03. xOq;fikg;gpd; Vw;ghL Nehf;fq;fSld; $bajhf ,Uj;jy;.
04. xOq;fikg;G $l;Lr; nraw;ghLfshy; ,izf;fg; gl;bUj;jy;.
05. xOq;fikg;G jdf;nfd jdpahd tbtj;jpidf; nfhz;ljhf
,Uj;jy;.
06. xOq;fikg;G nghJj;Jiw epUthfj;jpw;F njhopy; epWtd
me;j];jj;jpidf; nfhLf;fpd;wJ.
07. gFj;jwpTld; $bajhf xOq;fikg;G cUthf;fg;gl;bUj;jy;.
xOq;fikg;gpd; mbg;gilfs;
xU xOq;fikg;gpd; mbg;gilfshf gpd;tUk; ehd;F mk;rq;fs;
milahsg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. mitahtd>
1. Nehf;fk; my;yJ Fwpf;Nfhs;
2. nrad;Kiw
3. gadhspfs; (kf;fs;)
4. ,lk; (epyg;gug;G)
3.3 xOq;fikg;gpd; tiffs;

xOq;fikg;Gf;fis KiwahdJ> Kiwaw;wJ vd ,U
tifg;gLj;jyhk;. Kd;$l;bNa jpl;lkpl;L tbtikf;fg;gl;l>
nghUj;jkhd mjpfhu mikg;gpdhy; mq;ff P huk; toq;fg;gl;l
mikg;gpid Kiwahd xOq;fikg;G vd miog;gh;.
,t;tikg;G Fwpg;gpl;l Fwpf;Nfhspd; mbg;gilapy;
nraw;gLtJld; Fwpj;j Fwpf;Nfhs; epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJk;
NtnwhU epu;zapf;fg;gl;l Fwpf;Nfhisf; nfhz;L nraw;gLk;.
mur jpizf;fsq;fs;> ghlrhiy> fy;Y}upfs; kw;Wk;
gy;fiyf;fofq;fspy; fhzg;gLk; xOq;fikg;G
,t;tifapidr; rhh;e;jjhFk;.
Kiwaw;w my;yJ Kiwaizah xOq;fikg;G vd;gJ
Fwpj;j Fwpf;Nfhspd; mbg;gilapy; nraw;glhj jdf;nfd;W
31
xU tbtikg;gpidg; ngw;wpUf;fhj mikg;gpidf;

Fwpg;gjhFk;. ,t;tpjkhd mikg;Gf;fs; rpy Fwpf;Nfhisf;
nfhz;bUe;jhYk; Kiwahd jpl;lkply;> fl;Lg;ghL
,y;yhjjdhy; Fwpj;j Nehf;fpid mile;jTld; mope;JtpLk;.
,j;jifa mikg;Gf;fSf;F cjhuzkhf Nfypf;iff;
FOf;fisf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.
,t;tpU xOq;fikg;Gf;Fk; ,ilapy; gy NtWghLfs;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,jd;gb Kiwahd mikg;gpy; Nehf;fk;>
njhlh;G> tbtk;> epiyj;jpUg;G ahTk; Kiwahfj;
njuptpf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;. Kiwaw;w mikg;gpy; mt;thW
,Uf;fhJ.
Kiwahd mikg;gpy; mikg;gpd; xt;nthU gbepiyapYk;
cs;sth;fSf;fpilNaahd njhlh;G njspthfj;
njhptpf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk. ,j;jifa njhlh;Gfs; Kiwaw;w
mikg;gpy; njspthfj; njhptpf;fg;gl;bUf;fhJ.
Kiwahd mikg;gpy; cWg;gpdh;fs;> gzpahsh;fspd;
elj;ijfs; fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gLk;. elj;ijf;Nfw;gNt tpisTfs;
mike;jpUf;Fk;. Kiwaw;w xOq;fikg;gpy; ,j;jifa
xOq;Ffisf; fhzKbahJ. NkYk; Kiwahd
epWtdtikg;G jiyikj;Jtj;jpidr; rhe;jpUf;Fk;. Mdhy;
Kiwaw;w epWtdtikg;G jiyikj;Jtj;jpidg; ngUksT
rhh;e;jpUg;gjpy;iy.
3.4 xOq;fikg;gpd; mbg;gilf; nfhs;iffs;

xOq;fikg;gpd; mbg;gilf; nfhs;fshf gbepiyaikg;G>
fl;Lg;ghl;L vy;iy> xUik cj;juT> mjpfhug; guty;>
mjpfhu xg;gilg;G vd;gd fUjg;gLfpd;wd.
gbepiyaikg;G
xOq;fikg;gpd; nraw;ghLfis topelj;J tjw;Fk;
fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; rpW rpW gphpTfis xd;wpizj;J nghpa
gphpthf;FtNj gbepiyaikg;ghFk;. ve;jnthU epWtd
mikg;gpYk; gbepiy fhzg;gLk;. %dp kw;Wk; nua;yp Mfpa
mwpQu;fs; gbepiyaikg;gpid Vzp Kiw vd;fpd;wdh;.
fl;ghl;L vy;iy my;yJ tPr;R
xU mikg;gpy; xU epiyapy; gzpGupfpd;w xU mjpfhhp
vj;jid gzpahsh;fis rpwe;j Kiwapy; fl;Lg;ghL nra;a
KbAk; vd;w jpwidNa ,J Fwpj;J epw;fpd;wJ. ,jid
epUthfj;jpd; Gdpjf; nfhs;if vdTk; miog;gh;. gzpapd;
32
jd;ik> MSik> fhyk;> ,lk; vd;gd ,f;fl;Lg;ghl;Lf;

fhuzpfshff; nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ.
xUik cj;juT
xU mikg;gpy; gzpGupAk; gzpahsh; xNu xU
NkyjpfhhpaplkpUe;J kl;LNk cj;juT ngWgtuhf ,Uf;f
Ntz;Lk; vd;gjidNa xUik cj;juT vd;gJ Fwpj;J
epw;fpd;wJ. n`d;wp gahy; ,t;tpjpapid fLikah
Mjhpf;fpd;whh;.
mjpfhug; guty;
mjpfhuq;fis fPo;kl;lj;jpypUf;Fk; gphpTfSf;F my;yJ
egh;fSf;F gphpj;jspg;gJ mjpfhug; guty; vd
miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
mjpfhuf; Ftpg;G
midj;J mjpfhuq;fisAk; Nkyplj;jpy; itj;Jf;
nfhs;tjid mjpfhuf; Ftpg;G vd miog;gh;.
kPsha;T tpdhf;fs;:
1. Kiwrhuh xOq;fikg;G vd;why; vd;d? mJ vt;thW
Kiwahd xOq;fikg;gpy; jhf;fj;ij vw;gLj;Jfpd;wJ?
2. Kiwahd xOq;fiktpd; fl;likT> mjd;
Kf;fpaj;Jtq;fs; gw;wp EZf;fkhf Muha;f.
jpwTr; nrhw;fs;:
Kiwrhh; xOq;fikg;G> Kiwaizah xoq;fikg;G>

gbepiyaikg;G
crhj;Jiz E}w;fs;:
33

34
mj;jpahak; – 4
nghJj;Jiw epUthf mZFKiwfs;
nghUslf;fk;
4.1 kuGuPjpahd mZFKiwfs;…............................ 35

4.2 etPd mZFKiwfs;.……………………….. 36

,t;tj;jpahak; nghJj;Jiw epUthff; fy;tpia fw;gjw;fhd
kuG uPjpahd kw;Wk; etPd mZFKiwfs; gw;wpa mwpit
toq;f Kw;gLfpd;wJ.
nghJj;Jiw epUthfj;ijf; fw;gjw;fhd toptiffis
milahsk; fhzy; ,t;tj;jpahaj;jpd; Nehf;fkhFk;.

1. nghJj;Jiw epUthfj;ijf; fw;gjw;fhd mZFKiwfspd;
epiw> Fiwfis milahsk; fhzy;
35
4.1 kuGuPjpahd mZFKiwfs;

nghJf;nfhs;if vd;gJ murhq;fk; nghJg;gpur;rpidfis
nghJj;Jiw epUthfk; murpay; fy;tpapd; xU gFjpahf
,Ue;j fhyfl;lj;jpy; nghJj;Jiw epUthfj;jpid fw;gjw;F
gad;gLj;jg;gl;l mZF KiwfNs kuGuPjpahd mZF
KiwfshFk;. kuGuPjpahd mZFKiwfSs; gpd;tUtd
Fwpg;gplj;jf;fitfshFk;.
1. jj;Jthh;j;j mZFKiw
2. tuyhw;W mZFKiw
3. rl;l mZFKiw
4. epWtd mZFKiw
5. cstpay; mZFKiw
6. murpay; mZFKiw
tuyhw;W mZFKiw
,J r%f tpQ;Qhdj;jpw;Fg; Gjpa Kiw my;y. Mdhy;
nghJj;Jiw epUthfj;jpw;F mz;ikapNy gpuNahfpf;fg;gl;lJ.
murpay; kw;Wk; kdpj mgptpUj;jpapd; xt;nthU
fhyfl;lj;jpYk; kf;fsJk; rl;l xOq;F njhlh;ghd
gpur;rpidfisAk; jPh;ff
; VNjhnthU eph;thfk;
fhzg;gl;Ls;sJ. me;eph;thfk; mf;fhyj;jpw;Fg;
nghUj;jkhdjhf ,Ue;jJ. jw;NghJ ,it kpfg; gaDs;s
juTfis Fwpg;ghf nghJj;Jiw eph;thf mgptpUj;jp kw;Wk;
tsh;r;rp njhlh;ghd jfty;fis jUfpd;wd.
mz;ikf;fhyq;fspy; mjpfkhd vOj;jhsh;fs; fle;jfhy
eph;thf xOq;F gw;wpa gaDs;s Mtzq;fis toq;Ftjw;F
,t;tZFKiw topnra;fpd;wJ.
cstpay; mZFKiw
M.P. Follet ,k;Kiwf;fhd gpujhd fhuzfh;j;jh Mthh;.

,k;Kiwapd; gpujhd thjkhf ,k;Kiwf;F rhh;ghf $wg;gLk;
tplak; kdpjh; kw;Wk; nghJj;Jiw eph;thfk; vd;gtw;iw
xd;wpypUe;J xd;W gpupf;f KbahJ vd;gjhFk;. Vnddpy; kdpj
cstpay;> nghJ elj;ij> rKjha czh;T Nghd;wd
jPH;khdk; vLf;Fk; nrad;Kiwapy; vg;NghJk; jhf;fk;
36
nrYj;Jtjhy; ,t;tZFKiw Kf;fpak; ngWfpd;wJ.

jdpg;gl;ltupd; tpUg;gk;> jtwhd vz;zk; vd;gd jPh;khdk;
vLf;Fk; nrad;Kiw> mjd; mKyhf;fj;jpy; nry;thf;Fr;
nrYj;Jfpd;;wJ.
murpay; mZFKiw
,J murpay; nraw;ghl;bd; Kf;fpa gFjpahFk;.
,t;tZFKiw nghJj;Jiw eph;thfj;jpd; murpay; ,yf;if
typAWj;Jfpd;wJ. Jaun Gaus kw;Wk; Paul Appleby Nghd;Nwhuhy;
,t;tZFKiw Fwpj;Jiuf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,t;tZFKiw
nghJf; nfhs;ifia rPh;gLj;Jtjpy; gzpaftikg;G Kf;fpa
gq;fhw;Wfpd;wJ vd Vw;Wf;nfhs;fpd;wJ. ,J murpay;
nraw;ghl;bd; Kbthd gpur;rpidahf nghJj;Jiw
eph;thfj;ijf; fUJfpd;wJ.
4.2 etPd mZFKiwfs;

nghJj;Jiw epUthfk; jdpahd xU fy;tpj;Jiwahf
Njhw;wk; ngw;w gpd;dh; mjidf; fw;gjw;F mwpQh;fs; gy;NtW
mZFKiwfisg; gad;gLj;jpdh; mt;tZF Kiwfis
nghJj;Jiw epUthfj;jpidf; fw;gjw;fhd etPd
mZFKiwfs; vd miog;gh;.
1. tpQ;Qhd Kfhikj;Jt mZFKiw
2. mjpfhu th;f;f mZFKiw
3. kdpj cwTfs; mZFKiw
4. elj;ijthj mZFKiw
5. Kiwikthj mZFKiw
6. #oypay; mZFKiw
01. tpQ;Qhd Kfhikj;Jt mZFKiw

• Frederick Winslow Taylor vd;gtuhy; ,t;tZFKiw
mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
• 19 Mk; E}w;whz;bd; ,Wjpg;gFjpapy; ifj;njhopy;
Gul;rpapd; nry;thf;fpdhy; ghupa ifj;njhopy;fSk;
37
ifj;njhopw;rhiyfSk; Njhw;wk; ngw;w NghjpYk; mtw;iw

epu;tfpg;gjw;Fk; Kfhikj;Jtk; nra;tjw;Fk; nghUj;jkhd
nfhs;iffs; cUthfpapUf;ftpy;iy.
• ,jdhy; njhopy; epu;thfKk; Kfhikj;JtKk; rpf;fy;
epiyf;Fl;gl;lJld; nraw;wpwdpd;ikAk; tPz;tpuaKk;
mjpfupj;J tpidj;jpwDk; Fiwtile;jJ.
• ,f;Fiwghl;il eptu;j;jp nra;J njhopw;rhiy
Kfhikj;Jtj;jpy; nraw;wpwidAk; rpf;fdj;ijAk;
mjpfupj;Jf;nfhs;tjw;F tpQ;Qhdf; nfhs;ifia
gad;gLj;JtJ njhlu;gpy; Taylor jdJ fUj;Jf;fis
Kd;itj;jhu;.
• ,tu; jdJ fUj;Jf;fis ‘The Principle and Method of
Scientific Management’ vd;w E}ypy; Kd;itj;Js;shu;.
• tpQ;Qhd Kfhikj;Jtf; nfhs;iffs; kdpj kw;Wk;
ngsjPf tsq;fspd; tPz;tpuaj;ij Fiwj;jJld; cw;gj;jp
nrad;Kiwapd; NghJ kdpj kw;Wk; ngsjPf tsq;fis
nraw;wpwDld; gad;gLj;jTk; cjtpd.
• Copau; rk;gsk;> Ntiyf;F nghUj;jkhd Ml;Nru;g;G>
Kiwahd gapw;rp> Ntiy Neuk; tiuaWf;fg;gLjy;>
Ntiyr;rYiffis mjpfupj;jy; vd;gtw;wpd; %yk;
Copau;fSf;F mjpf ed;ik Vw;gLk;.
• mNjNtis tpQ;Qhd Kiwapy; Kfhikj;Jtj;ij
topg;gLj;Jk; nfhs;ifapd; %yk; v[khdu;fs; jkJ
njhopy;fis nraw;wpwDld; fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; tha;g;ig
ngw;Wf;nfhz;ldu;.
• 20Mk; E}w;whz;bd; Muk;gj;jpy; nghJj;Jiw
epu;thfj;jpYk; jdpahu; Jiw epu;thfj;jpYk; ghupa
khw;wq;fs; ,lk;ngWtjw;F Taylor ,d; fUj;Jf;fs;
toptFj;jpUe;jd.
• mnkupf;fhtpy; The Commission on Economy and Effieciency
vDk; FO epakpf;fg;gl;L mjd; %yk; tpQ;Qhd
Kfhikj;Jtf; fUj;Jf;fs; gpugy;akile;jd.
• mnkupf;f [dhjpgjp Woodraw Wilson [dehafj;ijAk;
Ml;rpapaiyAk; kWrPuikg;gjpy; Taylor ,d; fUj;Jf;fis
gad;gLj;jpdhu;.
• u\;ahtpYk; njhopw;rhiy kWrPuikg;gpy; tpQ;Qhd
Kfhikj;Jtf; fUj;Jf;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJld; ,jd;
mtrpak; Fwpj;J 1920 ,y; nydpd; typAWj;jpapUe;jhu;.
38
02. kdpj cwTf;Nfhl;ghL

• xOq;fikg;gpy; gzpGupAk; Copau;fs;> mtu;fspd; tpUg;G-
ntWg;G> Kiwahd xOq;fikg;gpy; nraw;gLNthu;
cUthf;fpf;nfhs;Sk; Kiwaizah xOq;fikg;Gf;fs;>
mtw;wpd; nraw;ghLfs; Nghd;w tplaq;fs; kdpj cwTf;
Nfhl;ghl;by; ftdj;jpw; nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd.
• Kiwahd xOq;fikg;G gw;wpa mikg;Gthjj;jsk; kdpj
cwTf;Nfhl;Lj; jsj;jpypUe;J NtWgLfpwJ.
• kdpj cwTf; Nfhl;ghl;lhsu;fs; epu;thf xOq;fikg;ig
xOq;fikg;gpy; ,ize;Js;s kdpju;fSf;fpilapyhd
cwTfisf; nfhz;l xU Kiwahf Nehf;Ffpd;wdu;.
• mjhtJ epu;thf xOq;fikg;gpd; rl;l mikg;gpyd;wp
Copau;fspd; elj;ijg;ghq;fpNy mjpfk; ftdk;
nrYj;Jfpd;wdu;.
• kdpj cwTf;Nfhl;ghl;il epu;thf xOq;fikg;G gw;wpa
Ma;tpy; vt;thW gad;gLj;jyhk; vd;gij 1939Mk; Mz;;L
F.J.Roethlis Berger, William J Dickson MfpNahu; jkJ
‘Management and the Worker’ vd;w E}ypy; ntspapl;Ls;sdu;.
• Kiwahd xOq;fikg;ig kl;Lk; Ma;Tf;Fl;gLj;Jjy;
NghJkhdjy;y. khwhf Kiwahd xOq;fikg;gpy;
xOq;fikAk; xOq;fikg;G KiwiaAk; Muha Ntz;Lk;
vd ,f;Nfhl;ghL tpgupf;fpd;wJ.
• epu;thf xOq;fikg;G gw;wpa Ma;tpy; nghUshjhuf;
fhuzpfSk; ftdj;jpw; nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
• ,f;Nfhl;ghl;bd; gb epu;thf xOq;fikg;G vd;gJ Xu;
Copau; $l;lk; ePz;l fhykhf Xuplj;jpy; xd;wpize;J
Ntiy nra;Ak; NghJ cUthf;fpf; nfhz;l gu];guk;>
njhlu;GfisAk; nraw;ghLfisAk; nfhz;l xU r%f
myfhFk;.
• ve;jnthU epu;thf xOq;fikg;gpYk; Kiwaizah
xOq;fikg;Gr; nraw;ghLfs; Njhd;Wk; mNjNtis mjid
tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tJ fbdkhFk;. Ntiyj;jsj;jpy;
gzpGupAk; Copau;fspd; jdpg;gl;l elj;ijfisNa
ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.
39
03. elj;ijthj mZFKiw

• epu;thf xOq;fikg;G gw;wpa Ma;tpy; elj;ijthj
mZFKiwia gad;gLj;Jjy; 1940 fspd; Kjw; gFjpapy;
Muk;gkhfpwJ.
• ,J epu;thf xOq;fikg;gpy; gzpGupAk; egu;fspd; elj;ij
epu;zapf;fg;gLtjpy; vt;thwhd fhuzpfs; ghjpg;Gr;
nrYj;Jfpd;wd vd;gjpYk; me;j epu;thf elj;ij
xOq;fikg;gpd; nkhj;jr; nraw;ghl;by; vt;thwhd
ghjpg;gpid Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wd vd;gjpYk; ftdk;
nrYj;Jfpd;wJ.
• ,t;tZFKiw Kjypy; epu;thf xOq;fikg;gpd;
rl;lj;jsj;jpyd;wp mjd; eilKiwr; nraw;ghl;bNy ftdk;
nrYj;Jfpd;wJ.
• ,q;F kdpjDk; mtdJ elj;ijANk Kf;fpa gFjpfshf
mikfpd;wd.
• kdpj elj;ijia cstpay; rf;jpfs; kw;Wk; r%fr;#oy;
vd;gd jPu;khdpg;gjdhy; elj;ij kdpjDf;F kdpjd;
NtWgLfpd;wJ.
• NtWgl;l elj;ijfisAila kdpju;fs; FONt epu;thf
xOq;fikg;gpy; ,lk;ngWfpd;wdu;.
• ,tu;fs; xOq;fikg;gpd; rl;l jpl;lq;fSf;Fk;
nghJr;nraw;ghLfSf;Fk; fPo;gg
; be;J ele;jhYk;
xOq;fikg;gpd; gzpfis Mw;Wfpd;w NghJ KOikahf
jkJ jdpg;gl;l elj;ijg;ghq;fpypUe;J tpLgLtjpy;iy.
• mjdhy; epu;thf xOq;fikg;gpd; rl;l jpl;lq;fspd; Kyk;
vjpu;ghu;f;Fk; elj;ijg; ghq;fpid tpl NtWgl;l
elj;ijg;ghq;fpid rpy Copau;fsplj;jpy; mtjhdpf;fyhk;.
,j;jifa epiy xOq;fikg;gpd; nraw;ghl;by; jhf;fk;
nrYj;Jfpd;wJ. ,e;epfo;TfisNa elj;ijthjk;
Muha;fpd;wJ.
• epu;thf xOq;fikg;gpy; elj;ijthjj;ij gad;gLj;JtJ
njhlu;gpy; ‘Administrative Behavior’ vd;w E}ypy; Herbert
Simon Fwpg;gpl;bUf;fpd;whu;.
• ,tuJ fUj;Jg;gb epu;thf xOq;fikg;nghd;wpy;
,ize;jpUf;Fk; kdpju;fspdJk; kdpjf;FOf;fspdJk;
epu;thf elj;ijia Muha;tJ epu;thf xOq;fikg;G
gw;wpa Ma;tpy; Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.
• kdpjdpd; r%f tho;f;ifia Muha;tjw;F ,k;Kiw
Kf;fpakhapDk; epu;thf elj;ijia Muha;tjw;Fk;
40
nghJj;Jiw epu;thfk; gw;wpa Ma;tpy; ,jid

gad;gLj;JtJk; fbdkhdjhFk; vd;W rpy mwpQu;fs;
tpku;rpf;fpd;wdu;.
kPsha;T tpdhf;fs;:
1. nghJj;Jiw epUthff; fy;tpapy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; etPd
mZFKiwfs; vitNaDk; ,uz;il tpgupf;Ff.
2. nghJj;Jiw epUthfj;ijf; fw;gjw;Fg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;
gpd;tUk; mZFKiwfis tpgupf;Ff.
(m) kuG uPjpahd mZFKiw
(M) etPd mZFKiw
jpwTr; nrhw;fs;:
kuG uPjpahd mZFKiw> etPd mZFKiw
crhj;Jiz E}w;fs;:
West view Press.
41
mj;jpahak; – 5
T+l;Nuh tpy;rDk; nghJj;Jiw epUthff;
fy;tpAk;
nghUslf;fk;
5.1 mwpKfk;….............................................................. 42
5.2 tpy;rdpd; Mf;fq;fs;…………………………… 42
5.3 tpy;rdpd; epUthfk; gw;wpa Ma;T…………… 43

,t;tj;jpahak; nghJj;Jiw epUthfk; gw;wpa fy;tpapd;
tsh;r;rpf;F T+l;Nuh tpy;rdpd; gq;fspg;G Fwpj;j tplaq;fisj;
njhFj;J toq;Ffpd;wJ.
nghJj;Jiw epUthfk; gw;wpa fy;tpapd; tsh;r;rpf;F T+l;Nuh
tpy;rdpd; fUj;Jf;fs; gq;fspj;jik gw;wpa mwpit toq;fy;
,t;tj;jpahaj;jpd; Nehf;fkhFk;.

1. T+l;Nuh tpy;rd; eph;thff; fy;tpf;F toq;fpa
Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij tpsqfpf; nfhs;Sjy;
2. mtUila fl;Liuapy; fhzg;gl;l FiwghLfis
milahsk; fhzy;
42
5.1 mwpKfk;
murhq;fj;jpd; nfhs;iffisAk;> jPh;khdq; fisAk;>
rl;lq;fisAk; eilKiwg;gLj;JtNj nghJj;Jiw
eph;thfkhFk;. ,g;nghJj;Jiw eph;thfkhdJ gy;NtW fhy
fl;lq;fspYk; gy;NtW khw;wq;fSf;F cl;gl;L tsh;r;rp fz;L
te;Js;sJ. ,t;tsh;r;rp khw;wq;fSf;F gy;NtW eph;thf
Mrphpah;fSk; jkJ gq;fspg;gpid toq;fpAs;sdh;.
,e;jtifapy; nghJj;Jiw eph;thfk; vd;w fw;ifia
jdpnahU fw;ifahf khw;Wtjpy; If;fpa mnkhpf;fhtpd;
28tJ [dhjpgjpAk; murpay; tpQ;QhdpAkhd T+l;Nuh tpy;rd;
Fwpg;gplj;jf;f gq;fspg;gpid nrYj;jpapUf;fpd;whh;. ,th; 1887
,y; jhd; vOjp ntspapl;l ‘nghJj;Jiw eph;thff; fy;tp (The
Study of Public Administration)’ vd;w fl;Liuapd; %yNk
,j;jifa ngUikapidg; ngw;Wf;nfhz;lhh;.
5.2 tpy;rdpd; Mf;fq;fs;

tpy;rd; xU rpwe;j eph;thf Mrphpah; vd;wtifapy; 1887 ,y;
‘nghJj;Jiw eph;thff; fy;tp’ vd;w jdJ fl;Liuapid
ntspapl;ljd; gpd;dNu gpugy;ak; mile;jhh;. ,jw;F Kd;Ng
1885 ,y; eph;thf xg;gPl;L Kiwik (Comparative System of
Administration) gw;wpa Ma;tpYk; tpy;rd; <Lgl;bUe;jhh;.
,tuJ gpugy;akpf;f nghJj;Jiw eph;thff; fy;tp (Study of
Public Administration) vd;w fl;Liu 1887 ,y; murpay;
tpQ;Qhd fhyhz;L rQ;rpifapy; (Political Science Quarterly)
ntspaplg;gl;bUe;jNghjpYk; ,jw;F Kd;G epA+Nahh;f;fpd;
,lhf;fh (Ithaca) vDk; ,lj;jpy; eilngw;w murpay;
tpQ;Qhd rq;fj;jpd; $l;lj;jpy; jdJ fl;Liuapid tpy;rd;
rkh;g;gpj;jpUe;jhh;. tpy;rd; jdJ fl;Liuapid nghpastpyhd
ntspaPlhff; fUjhtpl;lhYk; eph;thfk; njhlh;gpy; vOjg;gl;l
kpfr; rpwe;j fl;Liuahf mJ fUjg;gLfpd;wJ. ,e;jtifapy;
gy;NtW eph;thf Ma;thsh;fspdhYk; mtuJ fl;Liu kpFe;j
Ma;Tf;Fl;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jdhNyNa Henry W. Bragden
vDk; mwpQh; ,jid mwptpd; Ruq;fk; (Mine of Knowledge) vd
Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh;.
43
,f;fl;Liu %yk; tpy;rd; toq;fpa gq;fspg;Gf;fSf;F

mg;ghy;> gy E}y;fisAk; mth; vOjp ntspapl;bUf;fpd;whh;.
mtw;Ws; gpd;tUtd Fwpg;gplj;jf;fitfshFk;.
1. Congressional Government - 1885
2. The State – 1889
3. Division and Reunion – 1889
4. An Old Master and other Political Essays – 1893
5. Mere Literature and other Essays 1896
6. George Washington – 1896
7. A History of American People – 1902
8. The Constitutional Government in the United States – 1908
5.3 tpy;rdpd; epUthfk; gw;wpa Ma;T
If;fpa mnkhpf;fhtpy; murpay; rfha Kiw (Spoils System)

kPo cUg;ngw;W murpay; gug;gpy; mjdJ Mjpf;fk;
epiwe;jpUe;j fhyj;jpy; mjd; nry;thf;Ff;F cl;gl;ltuhf
tpy;rd; tpsq;fpdhh;. ,k;Kiw njhlh;gpy; tpy;rd; $ba
fupriz fhl;baJld; mjid rPh;jpUj;Jtjw;Fk; tpUk;gpdhh;.
,j;jifa rPh;jpUj;jkhdJ eph;thff; fy;tpapd; cjtpAld;
kl;LNk Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl KbAk; vd tpy;rd; cWjpahf
ek;gpdhh;. jj;Jthh;jj; Nehf;fpy; n`hg;fpd;]; gy;fiyf;
fofj;ijr; Nrh;e;j vl;kd;l; Ngh;f;> upr;rh;l; uP viy
vd;gth;fspd; nry;thf;Ff;F cl;gl;bUe;j tpy;rd; jdJ
nghJj;Jiw eph;thff; fy;tp vd;w fl;Liuapd; %yk;
nghJj;Jiw eph;thf Ma;Tf;F xU GJ Kfj;ijj;
Njbf;nfhLj;jhh;. mbg;gilapy; tpy;rdpd; fl;LiuahdJ
%d;W gFjpfisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
tpy;rd; jdJ fl;Liuapd; KjyhtJ gFjp %ykhf
nghJj;Jiw eph;thf Ma;tpd; tuyhWk;> xU Gjpa fw;if
vd;wtifapy; mjd; Muk;gKk; mgptpUj;jpAk; gw;wpf;
Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh;. ,uz;lhtJ gFjpapy; nghJj;Jiw eph;thf
Ma;tpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;jpidAk; %d;whtJ gFjpapy;
nghJj;Jiw eph;thf fw;ifia MuhAk; tpjKk; gad;gLj;j
Ntz;ba Ma;T KiwikfisAk; gw;wp tpghpj;Js;shh;.
44
murpay; tpQ;Qhdf; fw;ifapypUe;J tsh;r;rp ngw;w kpfTk;

gpe;jpa xU Jiwahf Ml;rpapay; tpQ;Qhdj;ijf; Fwpg;gpLk;
tpy;rd; jkJ E}w;whz;bd; gpwg;ghfTk; mjid
milahsg;gLj;Jfpd;whh;. Vd; ,j;JiwahdJ Njhw;wk;
ngWtjw;F gpe;jpaJ vd;W tpy;rd; tpdh vOg;GtJld;
md;iwa E}w;whz;bd; murhq;f tpQ;Qhdj;jpd; xU
fpisahd Ml;rpapay; gw;wp vtUk; Kiwahf
vOjpapUf;ftpy;iy vd;W $Wfpd;whh;. ,jd;gb mg;Nghja
murpay; Ma;thsh;fs; murpd; jd;ik> ,iwik kw;Wk;
murhq;f tbtq;fs; gw;wpNa ftdk; nrYj;jpdh; vdTk;
mth;fsJ Ma;tpd; ikakhf mJNt ,Ue;jJ vdTk;
tpy;rd; Rl;bf;fhl;Lfpd;whh;. ,jdhy; eph;thfk; Fwpj;J $ba
ftdk; nrYj;jg;gltpy;iy vd;gJ tpy;rdpd; thjkhFk;.
NkYk; nghJj;Jiw eph;thfk; jdpahd ghlkhf Ma;T
nra;jy; Muk;gkhfpa tpjj;jpidAk; mjpy; ghjpg;Gr; nrYj;jpa
fhuzj;jpidAk; tpy;rd; milahsg;gLj;JtJld; nghJ
Ml;rpaiy Ma;T nra;tjd; Nehf;fj;jpidAk;
Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;.
tpy;rd; jdJ fl;Liuapy; eph;thfk; vd;gJ mbg;gilapy; xU
tpQ;Qhdk; vdf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh;. murpay; tpQ;Qhd Ma;tpd;
%yk; ngw;Wf;nfhz;l xU Gjpa JiwNa nghJj;Jiw
eph;thfk; gw;wpa tpQ;Qhdk; vd;W $Wk; tpy;rd; vk;Kd;dhy;
Kd;ndhU NghJk; fhzg;glhj xU tpQ;Qhdk;
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ vd;Wk; mJNt Ml;rpapay; gw;wpa
tpQ;QhdkhFk; vd;Wk; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh;. ,q;F nghJ
Ml;rpapaiyg; gw;wp tpghpf;Fk; tpy;rd; nghJ Ml;rpapay;
vd;gJ ‘nghJr; rl;lj;jpdJ KOikahdJk; KiwahdJkhd
nrayhf;fkhFk;.’ vdf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh;.
tpy;rdpd; nghJj;Jiw eph;thff; fy;tp vDk; fl;Liuapy;
mth; $w te;j fUj;Jf;fis gpd;tUkhW njhFj;J
Nehf;fyhk;.
• eph;thfk; murhq;fj;jpd; kpfTk; ntspg;g ilahd gFjp
vdf; Fwpg;gpLtJld; eilKiwapy; mJNt
murhq;fk; vdTk; $Wfpd;whh;. (Administration is the most
obvious part of government. It is government in action)
• eph;thfkhdJ vjph;g;Gj; jd;ikapd;wp mwpT> Neh;ik kw;Wk;
Ntfk; vd;gtw;iwf; nfhz;L eph;tfpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vdf;
45
$Wfpd;whh;. (Administration should be administered with

enlightenment, with equity, with speed, and without friction.)
• xd;wpid tbtikg;gij tpl murhq;fj;jpid
eph;tfpg;gJ fbdkhdjhFk; vdf; $Wfpd;whh;. (It is harder to
run a government than to frame one.)
• murhq;f topfis gyg;gLtj;Jtjw;fhd Njly;
vd;wtifapy; nghJj;Jiw eph;thfkhdJ eph;thf
tpQ;Qhdkhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; (There should be a science of
administration.) vd;W $Wfpd;whh;.
• If;fpa mnkhpf;fhtpd; eph;thfk; nghJ[d
mgpg;gpuhaj;jpw;F KOikahd nghWg;Gilajhf ,Uf;f
Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk; tpy;rd; jdJ fl;Liuapy;
tpsf;Ffpd;whh;. (Administration in the United States must be
at all points sensitive to public opinion.)
nghJj; Jiw eph;thfk; njhlh;ghd Nkw;$wpa fUj;Jf;fis
tpy;rd; jdJ fl;Liuapy; ntspapl;ljpypUe;J ,tuJ
,f;fl;LiuahdJ nghJj;Jiw eph;thfj;jpid murpay;
fw;ifapd; jdpj;Jiwahf milahsg;gLj;j te;jJ. jtpu
eph;thftpay; njhlh;ghd gy Nfhl;ghLfspd;
cUthf;fj;jpw;Fk; eph;thff; fw;ifapd; tsh;r;rpf;Fk; ,tuJ
fl;Liu gq;fspg;gpid nra;jJld; nghJj;Jiw eph;thfk;
njhlh;ghd gy Nfs;tpfis ,tuJ ,f;fl;Liu
vOg;GtjpypUe;J eph;thftpaypy; vjph;fhy Ma;Tfs;
,lk;ngWtjw;fhd toptiffisAk; jpwe;Jtpl;bUf;fpd;wJ.
,e;jtifapy; nghJj;Jiw eph;thfj; Jiwapy; tpy;rdpd;
gq;fspg;G Fwpg;gpl;Lf; $wf;$bajhapDk; mtuJ Mf;fk;
njhlh;gpy; gy tpkh;rdq;fs; Kd;itf;fg;gl;bUg;gjidAk;
mtjhdpf;fyhk;.
eph;thf Ma;tpay; njhlh;gpy; tpy;rdpd; gq;fspg;G
msg;ghpajhapDk; Fwpj;j tplak; njhlh;gpy; mtuJ Nehf;F
kpfTk; njspthdjhf ,Uf;ftpy;iy. rpy ,lq;fspy; mth;
murpaYk; eph;thfKk; kpfTk; neUf;fkhd njhlh;gpidf;
nfhz;bUg;gJld; kl;Lky;yhJ xd;wpy; xd;W jq;fpapUg;gjhfr;
Rl;bf;fhl;Lfpd;whh;. ,jd; %yk; ,it ,uz;Lf;Fk; ,ilapy;
xU vy;iyapid ,LtJ rhj;jpakw;wJ vd Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh;.
murhq;f gw;wpa fw;ifapy; eph;thfkhdJ mjdstpy; xU
Jiwahf epw;gjw;F ve;j jiyg;Gk; ,y;iy vdTk; mth;
46
thjpLfpd;whh;. eilKiwapy; cs;s murhq;f mbg;gilfs;

gw;wpa fw;ifapd;wp mJ rhj;jpakw;wJ vd;gJ mtuJ
thjkhFk;. mt;thNw nghJr; rl;lj;jpd; (Public Law) kw;iwa
fpisfspypUe;J eph;thfk; gphpf;fg;gl KbahJ vdTk;
Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh;.
,t;thwhf xU re;jh;g;gj;jpy; eph;thfj;jpw;Fk; murpaYf;Fk;
,ilapyhd cwtpid mOj;jpf; $Wk; tpy;rd; ,d;DnkhU
re;jh;g;gj;jpy; ,itapuz;Lk; xd;wpypUe;J xd;W NtWgl;lJ
vdTk; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh;. ,jd;gb eph;thfkhdJ murpay;
gFjpf;F mg;ghyhdJ vdf;Fwpg;gpLtJld; murpay; gpur;rpid
vd;gJ eph;thfg; gpur;rpiday;y vdTk; thjpLfpd;whh;.
tpy;rdpd; ,;e;Nehf;fpy; murpay; vd;gJ murpayhsdpd;
mjpfhutuk;Gf;F cl;gl;ljhFk;. khwhf eph;thfk; vd;gJ
njhopy;El;g cj;jpNahfj;jh;fspd; Mjpf;fj;jpw;F
cl;gl;ljhFk;. ,q;F tpy;rd; murpaYf;Fk; eph;thfj;jpw;Fk;
,ilapyhd neUf;fkhd njhlh;gpid mOj;jpf; $wtpy;iy.
khwhf ,it ,uz;Lk; xd;wpypUe;J xd;W NtWgl;lJ vdf;
Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh;. ,jd;gb ,itapuz;Lk; xd;Wf;nfhd;W
njhlh;Gilajh my;yJ ntt;Ntwhdjh vd;gJ Fwpj;J
tpy;rd; njspthd ghh;itapidf; nfhz;bUf;ftpy;iy.
,JNt gpw;gl;l fhyj;jpy; murpaYf;Fk; eph;thfj;jpw;Fk;
,ilapyhd njhlh;G Fwpj;j tpy;rdpd; Nehf;fpid Muhate;j
mwpQh;fSf;F rpf;fiy Vw;gLj;Jfpd;w mk;rkhf cs;sJ.
,e;jtifapy; murpaYf;Fk; eph;thfj;jpw;Fk; ,ilapyhd
cwT Fwpj;J tpy;rd; jdJ fl;Liuapy; njspthd fUj;jpid
ntspg;gLj;jpapUf;ftpy;iy vdyhk;. vdpDk; upf;]; vd;w
mwpQh; tpy;rd; ,itapuz;Lk; neUf;fkhd njhlh;gpidf;
nfhz;Ls;sJ vd;Nw fUJtjhf thjpLfpd;whh;. tpy;rd;
murpay; mjpfhhpfshy; cUthf;fg;gl;l nghJf; nfhs;ifapd;
mKyhf;fk; jtph;e;j eph;thfr; nraw;ghLfis mt;thW
fUjpapUf;fyhk; vdf; $Wtjd; %yk; upf;]; jdJ fUj;Jf;F
tYr;Nrh;f;fpd;whh;. ,jd;gb murpay; ,ilntsp ,Uf;Fk;
NghJ eph;thf mgptpUj;jp Vw;gLtjw;fhd rhj;jpakpy;iy vd
tpy;rd; fUJtjhf ,th; jdJ fUj;jpid Kbf;fpd;whh;.
vt;thwhapDk; kw;iwa gy rpe;jidahsh;fs; tpy;rd;
eph;thfj; Jiwia murpay; fupridaw;w Vida tpahghuj;
Jiwfs; Nghd;W xU tpahghuj; Jiwahff; (field of
administration is field of business) fUjpapUg;gjhf mOj;jpf;
$Wfpd;wdh;. ,jd;gb eph;thfj;jpid murpaypUe;J
47
NtWgLj;Jk; NghJ mjw;F tpsf;fk; nfhLf;ff; $bajhf

cs;sjhfTk; thjpLfpd;wdh;. gf;dh; (Buechner) vd;w
mwpQhpd; fUj;Jg;gb tpy;rdpd; fUj;J ‘jdpahh; eph;thfk;
Nghd;W eph;thf mYty;fs; (Business Affairs) gw;wpajhf
,Uf;fpd;wJ.’ ,jd;gb tpy;rd; $Wk; eph;thff; fy;tpahdJ
jdpahh; tpahghu eph;thf mr;rpy; mike;Js;sjhff;
Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wJ.
nghJ[d mgpg;gpuhaj;jpw;Fk; eph;thfj;jpw;Fk; ,ilapyhd
fUj;jpid tpsf;Fk; NghJ nghJ[d mgpg;gpuhakhdJ
mjpfhuG+h;t tpkh;rd ,lj;jpidg; ngWtjhf Fwpg;gpLk;
tpy;rd;> nraw;wpwd;tha;e;j nghJ[d mgpg;gpuhaj;jpd;
Njitapid mOj;jpf; $Wfpd;whh;. mtuJ Nehf;fpy; eph;thfk;
njhlh;ghd nghJkf;fs; tpkh;rdk; vd;gJ mtrpakhdJk;
gaDs;sJkhFk;. ,g;nghJ[d mgpg;gpuhakhdJ xU
njhy;iyahd mk;rkhapDk; eph;thfg; gug;gpd; Mo;e;j
,lj;jpDs; mJ Eioe;JtpLfpd;wJ vdf;Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh;.
,jd;gb tpy;rd; eph;thfpfs; tpkh;rdj;ij tuNtw;f Ntz;Lk;
vdf; $Wk; mNjNtis eph;thf Ntiyfspy; mJ
ghjpg;gpidr; nrYj;jhJ vd;gijAk; cWjpg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;s
Ntz;Lk; vdf;Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh;.
tpy;rd; eph;thfj;jpw;Fk; rptpy; Nritf;Fk; ,ilapyhd
njhlh;G gw;wp Fwpg;gpLk; NghJ> [dehaj;jpd; ntw;wpfukhd
nraw;ghl;Lf;F jpwikabg;gilapy; gf;fr;rhh;gw;w tpjj;jpy;
Njh;e;njLf;fg;gLk; rptpy; Nritahsh;fs; mtrpakhdjhFk;
vd;fpwhh;. gzpaf cah; Fohk; jd;ikapid vjph;f;Fk;
tpy;rd; gzpafj;jpdh; murpay; fl;Lg;ghLfSf;F jhNk
nghWg;G tfpf;f Ntz;Lk; vdTk; $Wfpd;whh;. ,jd; %yk;
mt;tkak; If;fpa mnkhpf;fhtpy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l
rPh;jpUj;jq;fis mth; Mjupj;jhh;. xU gf;fr;rhh;gw;w rptpy;
NritNa tpahghu mr;rpy; eph;thfj;jpid Xl;l KbAk; vdf;
fUJk; mth; eph;thf rPh;jpUj;jk; vd;gJ eph;thf mikg;gpy;
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; vy;yhr; rPh;jpUj;jq;fSk; vdg;nghUs;gLk;
vd thjpf;fpd;whh;.
eph;thf Kiwikapd; xj;j epiy gw;wp tpsf;Fk; tpy;rd;
ntt;NtW ehLfspdJk; murpayikg;gpid mbg;gilahff;
nfhz;l murpay; Nehf;F kw;Wk; murpay; fUj;jpay;fs;
vd;gd NtWgl KbAk;. Mdhy; xU rpwe;j eph;thfj;jpidg;
nghWj;jtiuapy; murhq;fkhdJ Kjyhspj;Jt> Nrhrypr
kw;Wk; ,ju tbtq;fshf mike;jpUe;jhYk; mit
NtWgLj;jg;gl KbahjJ vdf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh;. mjhtJ
48
eph;thf KiwikahdJ xj;j jd;ikapidf; nfhz;L

fl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ vd;gNj tpy;rdpd; thjkhFk;. NtWtifapy;
$Wtjhapd; vy;yh tpjkhd murhq;f tbtj;jpw;Fkhd xU
rpwe;j eph;thfj;jpd; mbg;gilfs; xj;jd;ikapidf; nfhz;lJ
vd;gjhFk;. ,jd;gb gpuhd;rpy; neg;Nghypadpd; fPopUe;j
eph;thfj;jpidAk; u];ahtpy; gpul;upf;fpd; fPo; ,Ue;j
eph;thfj;jpidAk; kpfr; rpwe;jhfNt tpy;rd; fUjpapUf;fpd;whh;.
nghJj;Jiw eph;thfk; Fwpj;j tpy;rdpd; njspthd fUj;J
ahnjdpy; tpjpfspdJk; rl;lq;fspdJk; mKyhf;fk;
vd;gjhFk;. ,jd;gb murpay; mjpfhuj;jpd; ikaf;
fUj;jpidAk; cr;r mjpfhuj;jpd; eilKiwapidAk;
mwpe;Jnfhs;tJ murpay;thjpfspdJk; Ma;thsh;fspdJk;
nghWg;G vd tpy;rd; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh;. Fiwe;j mjpfhug;
nghWg;Glik nfhz;ltw;Wf;F mjpfhukhdJ gutyhf;fk;
nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk; vdTk; $Wfpd;whh;.
mnkhpf;f mDgtj;jpid tpsf;Fk; tpy;rd; mq;F rfy
mjpfhuq;fSk; kj;jpapy; Ftpf;fg;gl;bUg;gjhff;
Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh;. ,jdhNyNa mq;F kj;jpauR tYTs;sjhf
,Ug;gjhff; $Wfpd;whh;. ,jd;gb If;fpa mnkhpf;fhtpy;
fhq;fpu]; mjpfhuk; nghUe;jpa jhgdk; vd tpy;rd;
thjpf;fpd;whh;. eph;thfk; gpd;gw;Wfpd;w nfhs;iffis
jPh;khdpg;gth;fs; ngUk;ghd;ikapdhpd; njupTf;F fz;bg;ghf
nghWg;Gilath;fshf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vdTk; tpy;rd;
Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh;. NkYk; Ra murhq;fj;jpd; (Self Government)
epiy gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLk; NghJ> mjdJ
fhhpahyaq;fSf;fpilapy; murpay; rhh;e;jJ my;yJ murpay;
rhujJ vd;w Neh;j;jpahd gphpg;G ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vdf;
$Wfpd;whh;.
NkYk; eph;thff; fw;ifapd; Nehf;fj;jpid jdJ fl;Liuapy;
tpghpf;Fk; tpy;rd;> eph;thff; fw;ifapd; gpujhd Nehf;fk; cr;r
gyj;Jld;> Fiwe;j gl;r rf;jp kw;Wk; nghUshjhu ,og;Gld;
murhq;fkhdJ vij> vg;gb ntw;wpfukhf epiwNtw;WtJ
vd;gij fz;Lgpbg;gjhFk; vdf; $Wfpd;whh;. mjd; kw;iwa
Nehf;fk; epiwNtw;Wj; Jiwiag; ghJfhg;gJk; epiyahd
mbg;gilapd; Nkyike;j Mokhd m];jpthuj;jpd; kPJ
mjid itg;gjhFk; vd;fpd;whh;. ,jd;%yk; eph;thfkhdJ
murhq;fj;jpd; kpf Kf;fpakhd Mjpf;fg; gFjp vd tpy;rd;
thjpLfpd;whh;.
eph;thff; fw;if Gwf;fzpf;fg;gl;ljw;fhd fhuzj;jpidg; gw;wp
Ma;T nra;Ak; tpy;rd;> 19 Mk; E}w;whz;Lf;F Kd;dh;
49
tho;e;j kf;fis eph;tfpf;ff; $bajhf ,Ue;jJld;

murhq;fj;jpd; gzpfshdJ kpfg; gythwhf ,Uf;ftpy;iy
vdf; $Wfpd;whh;. NkYk; eph;thfk; rpf;fyhdjhfTk;
,Uf;ftpy;iy vd;gijAk; vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfpd;whh;. vdpDk; 19
Mk; E}w;whz;lstpy; kf;fs; njhif> tpahghuk; kw;Wk;
th;j;jfk; vd;gd gbg;gbahf tsh;r;rpaile;jJ. eph;thf
KiwikAk; rpf;fyhdjhf khw;wk; fz;lJ vdf;
Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh;. ,jdhy; eph;thfpfspd; nghWg;Gf;fs;
gy;jd;ikAilajhf khwpaJld; ,JNt eph;thfj;jpd; gq;F
njhlh;gpy; Gjpa khw;wq;fisf; nfhz;L te;jhfTk;;
tpsf;Ffpd;whh;;.
NkYk; tpy;rd; jdJ fl;Liuapd; %yk; eph;thff; fw;iffs;
kw;Wk; eph;thfj;jpd; eilKiw mk;rq;fs; vd;gtw;wpy; jdJ
ftdj;jpid nrYj;jpAs;shh;. ,tu; tpsf;fp epw;Fk; eph;thfk;
gw;wpa eilKiw mDgtq;fs; mth; [dhjpgjpahfg; gjtp
tfpj;j fhyj;jpy; eilKiwg;gLj;jpg; ghh;f;fg;gl;lJ. ,th;
jdJ murhq;f Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; eph;thfj;jpw;Fk;
murpaYf;Fkhd neUf;fkhd cwtpid typAWj;jpapUe;jhYk;
jdJ fl;Liuapy; ,uz;Lk; NtWgl;lit vdTk;
thjpLfpd;whh;. ,jd; %yk; eph;thfk; vd;gJ tpahghuk;
(Administration is business) vd tpy;rd; thjpg;gij
Ghpe;Jnfhs;s Kbfpd;wJ.
tpy;ridg; nghWj;jtiuapy; mth; murpay; tpQ;Qhdp
kl;Lky;yhJ murpay;thjpahfTk; jpfo;e;jth;. ,jw;fika
mth; 1879 ,y; 'If;fpa mnkhpf;fhtpy; fgpdl; murhq;fk;'
(Cabinet Government in the United States) vDk; Gj;jfj;ij
vOjpapUe;jhh;. ,jpy; fhq;fpurpd; cz;ikahd nraw;ghL
Fwpj;J tpy;rd; tpghpf;fpd;whh;. ,jidj; njhlh;e;J 1885 ,y;
fhq;fpu]; murhq;fk; (Congressional Government) vd;w
E}iyAk; 1903 ,y; 'If;fpa mnkhpf;fhtpy; murpay;
jpl;lj;jpw;Fl;gl;l murhq;fk;' (Constitutional Government in the
United States) vd;w E}iyAk; vOjpdhh;. ,tw;wpy; eph;thf
xOq;fikg;gpd; gbepiy fl;lis mikg;gpidAk; rptpy;
Nritapy; njhopy; uPjpahd gapw;rp toq;Fjy; vd;w
tplaq;fSf;F Kd;Dhpikaspj;J nraw;gl;bUf;fpd;whh;.
tpy;ridg; nghWj;jtiuapy; mtuJ eph;thfr;
rPh;jpUj;jq;fshdJ vg;nghOJk; murpay; jpl;lj;Jld;
njhlh;Ggl;ljhf ,Uf;ftpy;iy. fhuzk; vt;tpj khw;wq;fSk;
,d;wp 10 tUlq;fSf;F Nkyhf xU murpay; jpl;lk; ePbf;f
KbahJ vd;gjdhyhFk;. ,itapuz;Lk; (eph;thfr;
50
rPh;jpUj;jKk; murpay; jpl;lKk;) gpizg;gpidf;

nfhz;bUf;fkhf ,Ue;jhy; murhq;fkhdJ vg;nghOJk; mjpy;
khw;wq;fs; jpUj;jq;fs; Nkw;nfhs;tjpNyNa ftdk;
nrYj;jf;$bajhf ,Uf;Fk;. ,jdhy; eph;thf mgptpUj;jpapy;
ftdk; nrYj;Jtjw;fhd tha;g;Gf;fs; ,y;yhky; Ngha;tpLk;
vdf; $Wfpd;whh;. ,jw;fika murpay; jpl;l tplaq;fs;
njhlh;ghd tpthjq;fspy; ftdk; nrYj;Jtij jtph;j;J
KOf;ftdKk; eph;thf tpQ;Qhdj;ijg; Kiwahfg;
Ghpe;Jnfhs;sy; kw;Wk; mJ njhlh;ghd Kiwahd gFg;gha;T
vd;gtw;wpNyNa nrYj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd tpy;rd;
thjpf;fpd;whh;.
eph;thff; fw;iff;fhd Kiwik gw;wp Fwpg;gpLk; tpy;rd;
eph;thff; fw;ifapy; tpQ;Qhd Kiwikfs; gad;gLj;jg;gl
Ntz;Lk; vd typAWj;Jfpd;whh;. ,e;Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf tpy;rd;
jj;Jthh;j;j Kiwia gad;gLj;Jtij tpUk;gtpy;iy. khwhf
tuyhw;W kw;Wk; xg;gPl;L Kiwikfspd; gad;ghl;bid
Mjupf;fpd;whh;. ,jd;gb xg;gPl;L Kiwapd;wp eph;thf
xg;gPl;bid rpwg;ghf Nkw;nfhs;s KbahJ vdTk; tpy;rd;
Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh;. ,t;nthg;gPl;L KiwahdJ NtWgl;l eph;thf
Kiwfspd; gyk; kw;Wk; gytPdj;ij mwpe;Jnfhs;s
cjTfpd;wJ vdTk; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh;.
tpy;rd; jdJ fl;Liuapd; %ykhfTk; ,ju topfspYk;
eph;thff; fw;iff;F gy;NtW gq;fspg;Gf;fisr; nra;Js;shh;.
,jd;gb eph;thf Kiwik njhlh;ghd ,tuJ Nehf;F
gyuhYk; Ma;Tf;Fl;gLj;jgl;Ls;sJ. ,jd; fhuzkhf
eph;thfk; njhlh;ghd gy Nfhl;ghLfSk; tpUj;jp
nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. ,Ue;j NghjpYk; mtuJ gq;fspg;G
njhlh;gpy; gy tpkh;rdq;fs; cs;sd.
,e;jthpirapy; N`h;gh;l; irkd; (Herbert Simon) vd;gth;
tpy;ridg; gykhf tpkh;rpf;fpd;whh;. mtuJ fUj;jpy; tpy;rd;
'murpaYf;Fk; eph;thfj;jpw;Fk; ,ilapyhd njhlh;G Fwpj;J
njspthd fUj;jpidf; nfhz;bUf;ftpy;iy' vd;gjhf
cs;sJ. ,jd;gb irkdpdJk; kw;iwNahh;fspdJk;
tpkh;rdkhdJ nghJj;Jiw eph;thf mbg;gilfs; Fwpj;J
tpy;rDf;F njspthd ghh;itfs; ,Uf;ftpy;iy
vd;gjhfTs;sJ. kw;WnkhU tpkh;rdj;jpy; tpy;rd; eph;thff;
fw;ifahdJ guhjPdg;gLj;j KbahjJ vd;gij tpsf;fj;
jtwpAs;shh; vdf; $wg;gLfpd;wJ. mt;thNw eph;thff;
fw;ifapd; tpQ;Qhdj; jd;ik tplaj;jpYk; eph;thff;
fw;ifahdJ Nfhl;ghl;L tpQ;Qhdkh (abstract science) my;yJ
51
,aw;if tpQ;Qhdkh vd;gJ Fwpj;J Kiwahd fUj;jpidf;

nfhz;bUf;ftpy;iy vd;w tplaKk; tpy;rdpd; eph;thff;
fw;if njhlh;ghd fl;Liuf;F Kd;itf;fg;gl;Ls;s kw;WnkhU
tpkh;rdkhFk;.
vt;thwhapDk; tpy;rdpd; fl;LiuahdJ nghJj;Jiw eph;thff;
fw;ifahdJ jdpj;Jiwahf tsh;r;rpailtjw;F gq;fspg;Gr;
nra;Js;sJ. Fwpg;ghf 19 Mk; E}w;whz;by; nghJj;Jiw
eph;thfj;jpd; tsh;r;rpf;F mtuJ fl;LiuNa gq;fspg;Gr;
nra;jpUe;jJ vdyhk;. myd; rpf; (Allen Schick) vd;gthpd;
fUj;Jg;gb tpy;rd; jdJ fl;Liuapd; %ykhf ‘eph;thfr;
rpe;jidapid mwpKfg;gLj;jpaJld; kl;Lky;yhJ
nghJj;Jiw eph;thfk; xU jdpahd fw;ifahf tsh;tjw;fhd
Muk;gj;jpid ,l;Ls;shh;’ vdTk; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh;.
tpy;rdpd; Mjuthsh;fs; 1887 ,y; mth; ntspapl;l
fl;LiuahdJ jw;Nghja If;fpa mnkhpf;f eph;thf Kiwapd;
Muk;gj;jpid Fwpj;J epd;wJ vd thjpLfpd;wdh;. ,jd;gb
eph;thfj;jpd; mbg;gilfs; mtuhy; njspthf vLj;Jf;
$wg;gl;lJld; mit gyuhYk; gutyhf
Ma;Tf;Fl;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ vd;Wk; tpy;rdpd; rfhf;fs;
thjpLfpd;wdh;. ,jd; tpisthfNt mnkhpf;f Ml;rpapaypd;
je;ijahf tpy;rd; th;zpf;fg;gLfpd;whh;.
vdpDk; mtiu tpkh;rpg;gth;fs; mth; mtuJ fUj;jpid
njspthf tpsf;Ftjw;F jtwpAs;shh; vd thjpf;fpd;wdh;.
bitl; Nthy;Nlh (Dwight Waldo) vd;gth; ‘tpy;rd;
eph;thfj;jpid tpahghu KiwAld; ,izf;f Kw;gl;Ls;shh;’
vdr;Rl;bf;fhl;Lfpd;whh;. NkYk; mtuJ Nehf;F ,j;Jiw
njhlh;ghd thrfh;fSf;F Fog;gj;ij Vw;gLj;JtjhfTk;
Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh;.
tpy;rd; jdJ gpugy;akpf;f fl;Liuapy; xU eph;thfp vjid>
vt;thW xOq;fhf ntw;wpfukhf nra;a Ntz;Lk;vd;gNj jdJ
Nehf;fk; vd;gijr; Rl;bf;fhl;bAs;shh;. Mdhy; cz;ikapy;
mth; murpaYf;Fk; eph;thfj;jpw;Fk; ,ilapyhd NtWghL
kw;Wk; NtWghlw;w jd;ik vd;w epiyapypUe;Nj Ma;tpid
Nkw;nfhz;Ls;shh;. ,J xU gpur;rpidahd mk;rkhf
,Ug;gJld; mtuJ Nehf;F njhlh;ghd njsptw;w GupjYf;Fk;
,JNt fhuzkhFk;. ,e;jtifapy; mtuJ ‘nghJj;Jiw
eph;thff; fy;tp’ vd;w fl;LiuahdJ kpfg; nghJthdJk; kpf
mfykhdJk; kpfTk; fUj;Jj;njsptpy;yhjJkhFk;.
52
NkYk; tpy;rd; jdJ fl;Liuapy; gy Nfs;tpfis

vOg;gpAs;s NghjpYk; mtw;wpy; rpytw;wpw;Nf gjpyspj;Js;shh;.
,jd; %yk; nghJj;Jiw eph;thfk; vd;why; vd;d vd;gJ
njhlh;gpy; tpy;rDf;F njspthd Gupjy; ,Uf;ftpy;iy vd;gJ
Gydhfpd;wJ.
Nkw;fz;l kjpg;gPLfspypUe;J tpy;rdpd; nghJj; Jiw
eph;thff; fw;if vd;w fl;LiuahdJ nghJj; Jiw eph;thff;
fw;if jdpahd xU Jiwahf tsh;r;rpailtjw;F gq;fspg;Gr;
nra;Js;sJld; mj;Jiw njhlh;ghd vjph;fhy Ma;TfSf;Fk;
toptpl;Ls;sJ. ,Ue;jNghjpYk; tpy;rdpd; fl;LiuahdJ
nghJj; Jiw eph;thff; fw;ifapd; njspthd Ghpjy;fSf;fhd
mbg;gilia tpsf;Ftjw;F jtwpAs;sJ vdyhk;.
,jdhNyNa tpy;rdpd; fl;Liu njhlh;ghf gy mwpQh;fSk;
jkJ tpkh;rdq;fis Kd;itj;Js;sdh;.
kPsha;T tpdhf;fs;:
1. “nghJr; rl;lj;jpd; xOq;fhdJk; tpupthdJkhd
mKyhf;fNk nghJj;Jiw epUthfkhFk;” – T+l;Nuh
tpy;rd;. Muha;f.
2. nghJj;Jiw eputhff; fy;tpapd; tsh;r;rpf;F T+l;Nuh
tpy;rd; Mw;wpa gq;fspg;ig kjpg;gPL nra;f.
jpwTr; nrhw;fs;:
epUthff; fy;tp> epUthf tpQ;Qhdk;> nghJr; rl;lk;
crhj;Jiz E}w;fs;:
53

West view Press.
54
mj;jpahak; – 6
Gjpa nghJj;Jiw Kfhikj;Jtk;
nghUslf;fk;
6.1 mwpKfk;….............................................................. 55
6.2 Njhw;wKk; tsh;r;rpAk;………………………….. 55
6.3 nghUs; tpsf;fk;…………………..…………… 60

,t;tj;jpahak; nghJj;Jiw epUthfk; gw;wpa fy;tpapd;
tsh;r;rpapy; Gjpa nghJj;Jiw Kfhikj;Jtk; gw;wpa
tplaq;fis jUtjhf mike;Js;sJ.
Gjpa nghJj;Jiw Kfhikj;Jtk; ngWk; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij
mwpjy; ,t;tj;jpahaj;jpd; Nehf;fkhFk;.

1. Gjpa nghJj;Jiw Kfhikj;Jtk; gw;wp mwpe;J nfhs;sy;
2. Gjpa nghJj;Jiw Kfhikj;Jtj;jpd; Njhw;wk;> tsh;r;rp
gw;wp mwpjy;
55
6.1 mwpKfk;
nghJthf mgptpUj;jpaile;J tUk; ehLfspd;
nghJj;Jiwapid nraw;wpwDs;sjhfTk; tpidj;jpwd;
kpf;fjhfTk; khw;Wtjw;fhd gy Kaw;rpfs; cyfstpy;
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;L tUk; Nghf;fpid mtjhdpf;fyhk;. ,jw;fhf
muRfs; nghJj;Jiw njhlh;ghd gy rPh;jpUj;jq;fis
mwpKfg;gLj;JtJld; mtw;wpid mKy;gLj;jTk;
Kaw;rpf;fpd;wJ. ,t;tpjk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;L tUk;
nghJj;Jiwr; rPh;jpUj;jq;fspy; md;ikf;fhykhf
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngw;W tUk; xU tplaNk Gjpa nghJj;Jiw
Kfhikj;Jtk; (New Public Management) gw;wpa rpe;jidAk;
mjd; El;gq;fSkhFk;.
vt;thwhapDk; ,g;Gjpa nghJj;Jiw Kfhikj;Jt
El;gq;fis mwpKfg;gLj;Jtjpy; my;yJ mKy;gLj;Jtjpy;
mgptpUj;jpaile;J tUk; gy ehLfs; gy gpur;rpidfisAk;
rthy;fisAk; vjph;nfhs;tjid mtjhdpf;fyhk;.
me;jtifapy; tsh;Kf ehLfSs; xd;whd ,yq;ifAk;
mjdJ eph;thf Kiwapy; Gjpa nghJj;Jiw Kfhikj;Jt
El;gq;fis mwpKfg;gLj;Jtjpy; gy gpur;rpidfisAk;
rthy;fisAk; vjph;nfhs;fpd;wJ. ,g;gpd;dzpapid
mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L Gjpa nghJj;Jiw Kfhikj;Jtk;
vd;why; vd;d?> ,g;Gjpa nghJj;Jiw Kfhikj;Jt
El;gq;fis ,yq;ifapd; eph;thf Kiwapy;
mwpKfg;gLj;Jtjpy; cs;s gpur;rpidfSk; rthy;fSk;
ahit? vd;gtw;Wf;fhd tpilapidf;fhd ,t;tha;Tf;fl;Liu
Kaw;rpf;fpd;wJ.
6.2 Njhw;wKk; tshr;rpAk;

fle;j ,UgJ Mz;Lfhyg; gFjpapy; nghUshjhu> epWtd
kw;Wk; fUj;jpay; khw;wq;fSf;Fk;> nraw;wpwd; mw;w>
nryTkpf;f nghJj;JiwfSf;Fk; vjpuhd tpkh;rdq;fSf;F
gjpyspf;Fk; tifapy; nghJj;Jiw rPh;jpUj;jkhdJ rh;tNjr
mstpy; Kf;fpa Njhw;wg;ghlhf khwte;jJ.
,r;rPh;jpUj;jq;fspd; xU gFjp vd;w tifapy; Gjpa
nghJj;Jiw Kfhikj;Jtk; (New Public Management - NPM)
vd miof;fg;gLk; nghJj;Jiw Kfhikj;Jtf;
fl;lisg;gbkk; cyf ehLfspy; Njhw;wk; ngw;wJ. Nritj;
56
Jiwfspy; murhq;fj;jpd; Fiwe;j gl;r jiyaPl;bw;fhd xU

Kd;Dhpik vd;wtifapNyNa ,t;tZFKiw milahsg;
gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. ,e;jtifapy; Gjpa nghJj;Jiw
Kfhikj;Jtk; vd;why; vd;d vd;gij mwptjw;F mjd;
Njhw;wk;> tsh;r;rp Fwpj;J Nehf;FtJ ,d;wpaikahjjhFk;.
nghJthf Gjpa nghJj;Jiw Kfhikj;Jtj;jpd; Njhw;wk;
vd;gJ nghJj;Jiw eph;thfj;jpd; gupzhk tsh;r;rpg;
ngWkhdq;fSld; ,ize;jhFk;. ,jd;gb nghJj;Jiw
eph;thfj;jpd; tsh;r;rp kw;Wk; gupzhkj;jpy; ,uz;L
vjpu;kiwahd Nghf;fpid mtjhdpf;f Kbfpd;wJ. xd;W
murpaYf;Fk; eph;thfj;jpw;Fkpilapyhd NtWghl;bid
Nehf;fpajhd eph;thf tpQ;Qhdj;jpw;fhd Njliy
mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lJ. kw;iwaJ r%f tpQ;Qhdq;fSf;F
neUf;fkhdjhff; nfhz;LtUk; xOf;f kw;Wk; tpjpKiwg;
ngWkhdq;fisf; nfhz;L ,U JiwfisAk;
,izg;gjw;fhd Kaw;rp gw;wpajhFk;.
,jd;gb ,j;JiwahdJ njhopy;El;g> nghUshjhu kw;Wk;
r%f khw;wq;fs; fhuzkhf nry;thf;Ff;Fl;gl te;jJ.
mjhtJ eph;thf eilKiwapy; Vw;gl;l khw;wq;fs; fhuzkhf
,j;Jiw nry;thf;Ff;Fl;gl;lJ. cz;ikapy; nghJj;Jiw
eph;thfkhdJ Nfhl;ghl;L mbg;gilfs; kw;Wk; Kiwapay;rhh;
MjuTf;fhf gy Jiwfis rhh;e;J epw;fpd;w mNjNtis xU
fw;ifnewp ,aq;Fepiyf;fhd Kaw;rpfSk; vLf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
vt;thwhapDk; Gyikrhh; uPjpahf nghJj;Jiw eph;thff;
fw;ifahdJ gy Mz;Lfshf ,d;Wk; caph; tho;e;J
nfhz;bUf;fpd;wJ).
,t;tpjk; caph;tho;e;J nfhz;bUf;Fk; nghJj;Jiw eph;thff;

fw;ifapy; gy;NtW fhy fl;lq;fspYk; gy;NtW khw;wq;fs;
Vw;gl;Lte;Js;sjid mtjhdpf;fyhk;. ,e;jtifapy;
gzpafth;f;fj; jd;ikapypUe;J gpe;jpa gzpafth;f;fj;
jd;ikf;F (Bureaucratic to Post-Bureaucratic) nghJj;Jiw
eph;thfkhdJ khw;wKw;w NghJ vOe;jNj Gjpa nghJj;Jiw
Kfhikj;Jtk; (New Public Management) gw;wpa rpe;jidahFk;.
kuGuPjpahd nghJj;Jiw eph;thfj;jpd; Nfhl;ghl;L
mbg;gilfs; vd;gJ T+l;Nuh tpy;rd;> tpy;Nyhgp> Fy;ypf;>
bitl; Nthy;Nlh vd;Nghh;fshy; tpsf;fg;gl;lJ. kuGrhh;
nghJj;Jiw eph;thfj;jpw;fhd kw;iwa mbg;gilfis nkf;];
ntgh; Nghd;w r%tpay; vOj;jhsh;fs; kw;Wk; nla;yh;> vy;ld;
57
NkNah Nghd;w xOq;fikg;Gf; Nfhl;ghl;ghl;lhsh;fSk;

,l;bUf;fpd;wdh;.
kuGrhh; nghJj;Jiw eph;thf khjphpahdJ Ntiyfspd;
epWtduPjpahd fl;likg;G> mjpfhhpfspd; tpNrlj;Jtk; kw;Wk;
gbepiyaikg;G> fl;lisf; fl;likg;G> kj;jpakakhf;fk;>
jdpahh; kw;Wk; nghJj;Jiw eph;thf NtWghL Nghd;wtw;wpy;
mOj;jk; nfhLf;Fk; Fwpg;gpl;l kpf Kf;fpakhd jj;Jtq;fis
mbg;gilahff; nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,q;F topfhl;Lk; jj;Jtkhf
nghJey Kfhikj;JtKk; eph;thfj;jpypUe;J murpaiyg;
gphpj;njLj;jYk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
vdpDk; mt;tg;NghJ ntghpd; kuGrhh; eph;thf khjphpahdJ
fLikahd tpkh;rdq;fSf;F cl;gl;lJ. mjdJ xOq;fikg;G
tbtj; jh;f;fkhdJ> xOq;fikg;G ,yf;FfSf;F Vw;g
nraw;gl Kbahj ,Wf;fkhd kj;jpakag; gLj;jg;gl;l
fl;likg;gpidf; nfhz;like;j gbepiy aikg;gpw;F
toptpLfpd;wJ vd thjplg;gl;lJ. nghJj; Jiw
Kfth;fshdJ ,Wf;fkhdJk; Ml;fisr;rhuhj
,ae;jpuj;jpidg; Nghd;W fhzg;glte;jJ. ,jdhy; nghJj;
Jiwapd; ntw;wpfukhd Kfhikj;Jtk; kw;Wk; xOq;fikg;G
,yf;Ffspd; NghJkhd cw;gj;jp vd;gtw;iw ntWkNd
kuGrhh; nghJj;Jiw eph;thf mbg;gilfisf; nfhz;L
milaKbahJ ,Ue;jJ. ,jd; %yk; ntghpd; fUj;JfSf;F
vjpuhd tpkh;rdkhdJ> gzpafj;jd;ik tha;e;j
xOq;fikg;ghdJ Njrpaj;jd;ik kpf;f> nraw;wpwDs;s>
tpidj;jpwidf; nfhz;l xOq;fikg;G tbt khjphpf;F
mtrpakhdJ my;y vd;gjidr; Rl;bf;fhl;Lfpd;wJ.
,e;jr; #o;epiyapy;> Fwpg;ghf ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;bd;
,uz;lhk; miug;gFjpapy; nghJ eph;thfj; Jiwapy; gy Gjpa
mZFKiwfs; cs;Eoa te;jd. ,t;tZFKiwfs; nghJf;
nfhs;if cUthf;fk;> mtw;wpd; mKyhf;fk; kw;Wk;
Kfhikj;Jtk; vd;gtw;wpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;jpidf;
Nfhbl;bf;fhl;baJld; nghJj; Jiwapy; fhzg;gLk; kdpj
ce;Jjy;fs;> nraw;wpwd; kw;Wk; tpidj;jpwd; vd;gtw;wpidAk;
kPo; ghprPyidf;F cl;gLj;jpaJ. ,jd; NghJ irkd;>
vl;rpNahdp kw;Wk; ypd;lGSk; vd;gth;fspd; eph;thf kdpjd;
Fwpj;j mtjhdpg;G Fwpg;gplj;jf;fjhFk;.
,jd; gpw;ghL tsh;r;rpaile;j xOq;fikg;G Nehf;fpa gpd;
ntgupa Nehf;fhdJ gpujhdkhf fl;likg;G mbg;gilapypUe;J
NtWgl;L kf;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;ljhf cs;sJ.
58
kuGrhh; ghh;itapy; fhzg;gLk; Kiwf;Fg;gjpyhf

njhopyhsh;fspd; Ntiyj; jpUg;jp kw;Wk; nefpo;r;rpahd
Ntiyf; fl;likg;G vd;gd gpd; ntgupa rpe;jidapy;
mOj;jk; nfhLf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,q;F kuGrhh; nghJj;Jiw
eph;thfj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; gbepiyaikg;G> kj;jpakakhf;fk;
vd;gd fz;bf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,t;thwhd tpkh;rdq;fspd;
kj;jpapy; nghJj; Jiw eph;thfj;jpy; Vw;gl;l tsh;r;rpapd;
tpisthfNt gphpj;jhdpah> mnkhpf;fh> epA+rPyhe;J> fdlh
kw;;Wk; mT];jpNuypah Nghd;w ehLfspy; Gjpa nghJj; Jiw
Kfhikj;Jt El;gq;fs; mKy;gLj;jg;gLtjw;fhd Kaw;rp
vLf;fg;gl;lJ.
mgptpUj;jpaile;J nfhz;bUf;Fk; ehLfisg;
nghWj;jtiuapy; Gjpa nghJj;Jiw Kfhikj;Jt
mDFKiwf;F mit Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLf;Fk; tifapy;
rPh;jpUj;jq;fis mwpKfg;gLj;jp tUk; Nghf;Fk;
mjpfhpj;Js;sJ. nghJthf mgptpUj;jpaile;J tUk;
ehLfSf;F rPh;jpUj;jk; vd;gJ xU Gjpa tplak;
my;yhtpl;lhYk; gy mgptpUj;jpaile;J tUk; ehLfspd;
murhq;fq;fs; mtw;wpd; Rje;jpuj;jpd; gpd;dh; NtWgl;l gy
rPh;jpUj;jq;fis Nkw;nfhz;L te;Js;sd.
vdpDk; 1980 fspy; tuTnryTj; jpl;lg; gw;whf;Fiw> gy;jug;G
mOj;jq;fs; kw;Wk; et jhuhsthj re;ijg; nghUshjhuj;jpd;
vOr;rp Nghd;w gy fhuzpfs;> murhq;fq;fs; mtw;wpd; msT
kw;Wk; nryT Fwpj;J $ba fuprid fhl;b mit Fwpj;J
NgRtjw;F mtw;wpidf; fl;lhag;gLj;jpaJ. ,g;Nghf;F jdpahh;
Jiwapd; tsh;r;rpAld; njhlh;Ggl;ljhFk;. ,J gy
mgptpUj;jpaile;J tUk; ehLfspy; xU Gjpa re;ijg;
nghUshjhu khjphpapyhd Ml;rp Kiwapd; Njhw;wj;jpw;F
toptpl;lJ.
,t;tpjk; mgptpUj;jpaile;j ehLfspy; Vw;gl;l nghJj;Jiw

rPh;jpUj;jj;jpd; mjpfhpj;j tsh;r;rpahdJ 1990 fspy;
mgptpUj;jpaile;J tUk; ehLfs; nghJj;Jiwapy;
nraw;wpwidAk; tpidj;jpwidAk; mjpfhpg;gjw;F $ba
ftdk; nrYj;jpaij ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. mt;thNw
,e;ehLfspd; Kf;fpa gpur;rpidahf ,Ue;j Coy;fis
ntw;wpnfhs;tjw;fhd je;jpNuhghaq;fs; tpUj;jp
nra;ag;gl;likAk; ,jidf; Fwpj;J epw;fpd;wJ. ehLfs;
NtWgl;l rPh;jpUj;j je;jpNuhghaq;fis Kd;ndLf;f
te;jNtisapy; xU nghJ mk;rkhff; fhzg;gl te;j tplak;>
59
re;ijia mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l Ml;rp Kiwapd;

Njhw;wkhFk;. ,J ngUk;ghyhd murhq;fg; gphpTfis
th;j;jfkag;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; jdpahh; kag;gLj;Jtjw;Fk;
toptpl;lJ. ,r;rPh;jpUj;jq;fspy; ika ,yf;fhf ,Ue;j
tplak;> Gjpa nghJj; Jiw Kfhikj;Jtj;jpy;
tpghpf;fg;gl;ljd; gpufhuk; rpwe;j ntspaPLfis
ngw;Wf;nfhs;sj; jf;ftifapy; murhq;f mikg;Gf;fis
my;yJ murhq;f Nritfis kPoikg;gJ vd;gjhFk;.
,tw;wpd; tpisthfNt Gjpa nghJj;Jiw Kfhikj;Jtj;jpd;
Njhw;wk; Vw;glyhapw;W. ,J Kfhikj;Jtthjk;> re;ij
mbg;gilapyhd nghJj;Jiw eph;thfk;> njhopw; Jiw
murhq;fk; vd gy ngah;fshy; miof;fg;glTkhapw;W.
,g;Gjpa nghJj;Jiw Kfhikj;JtkhdJ nghUshjhu
gFj;jwpTthjk;> jdpahh; Jiw Kfhikj;Jt eilKiwfs;
vd;gtw;iw mbg;gilahff; nfhz;ljhFk;. ,J Fiwe;j
nrytpy; rpwe;j murhq;fj;jpid Njhw;Wtpf;f Kaw;rpf;fpd;wJ.
,jd; Kf;fpa tplaq;fs; gpd;tUtdthFk;.
• gpui[fspd; ngWkhdq;fSf;F Vw;g cah;ju Nritapid
toq;Ftjpy; nghJ Kfhikahsh;fspd; gq;fpw;F mOj;jk;
nfhLj;jy;.
• kj;jpa Kfth; fl;Lg;ghl;bidf; Fiwg;gjd; Clhf

Kfhikj;Jt Ml;rpf;fhf thjply;.
• epWtduPjpahd kw;Wk; jdpahh; epiwNtw;Wifia

Ntz;Ljy;> mstply;> kw;Wk; ntFkjpaspj;jy;.
• Kfhikahsh;fs; jkJ epiwNtw;Wif ,yf;Ffis

mile;Jnfhs;tjw;Fj; Njitahd kdpj kw;Wk; njhopy;
El;g tsq;fis toq;Ftjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;jpid
mq;ffP hpj;jy;.
• nghJ Nehf;fq;fshdJ nghJr; Nritahsh;fshy;

epiwNtw;wg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;w mbg;gilapy; Nghl;b kw;Wk;
jpwe;jkdk;> Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; jpwidg; NgZjy;.
,e;jtifapy; Gjpa nghJj;Jiw Kfhikj;JtkhdJ
murhq;f Kiwapy; cs;s Kf;fpa ebfh;fSf;F (Key Players)
,ilapyhd mjpfhu cwTfSf;F mbg;gilahd khw;wq;fis
toq;f Kaw;rpf;fpd;wJ. mt;thNw gzpafj;jhupd;
csg;ghq;fpy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fsT cs khw;wj;jpidAk;
60
Ntz;Lfpd;wJ. ,jd; %yNk rpwe;j nghJg; gupghydj;ij

Vw;gLj;j KbAk; vd Gjpa nghJj;Jiw Kfhikj;Jt
mZFKiwahdJ fUJfpd;wJ. ,jid Arellano-Gault
vd;gtuJ fUj;Jk; tpsf;Ftjhf cs;sJ. ,tuJ fUj;jpy;>
“rfy Gjpa nghJj;Jiwg; gupghyd rPh;jpUj;jq;fSk;
murpay;thjpfspdJk; gzpafj;jpduJk; ey;y vz;zj;jpNyNa
jq;fpAs;sJ. mth;fs; mKy;gLj;j tpUk;GtJ vt;tifahd
rPh;jpUj;jk; vd;gij mth;fNs jPh;khdpf;f KbAk;” vd;gjhFk;.
,t;thwhd Njhw;wk;> tsh;r;rp epiyf;F Gjpa nghJj;Jiw

Kfhikj;Jtk; cl;gl;Ls;s NghjpYk; mjw;F vjpuhf gy
tpkh;rdq;fs; Kd;itf;fg;gl;bUg;gjidAk; mtjhdpf;fyhk;.
,t;tpkh;rdq;fs; Gjpa nghJj;Jiw Kfhikj;Jtj;jpd;
nghUsjhu gFj;jwpTthjk; kw;Wk; nghJr; Nritfspd;
ntspg;gilj;jd;ik vd;gtw;wpd; kPNj ftdk; nrYj;Jfpd;wJ.
rpy tpkh;rfh;fisg; nghWj;jtiuapy; 1890 fspd; Muk;gj;jpy;
Njhw;wk; ngw;w nlapyuprj;jpd; kw;WnkhU Njhw;wg;ghlhf Gjpa
nghJj;Jiw Kfhikj;Jtk; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wJ.
vt;thwhapDk; gy ehLfSk; Gjpa nghJj;Jiw Kfhikj;Jt
El;gq;fis mwpKfg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd Kaw;rpapy;
,wq;fpAs;sd. Fwpg;ghf mgptpUj;jpaile;j ehLfisg;
nghWj;jtiuapy; ,e;ehLfs; Gjpa nghJj;Jiw Kfhikj;Jt
El;gq;fis mwpKfg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd rPh;jpUj;jq;fis
nghJj;Jiwapy; Nkw;nfhs;tjw;Fk; Kidg;Gf; fhl;Lfpd;wd.
mjpYk; Fwpg;ghf 1990 fsp;ypUe;J mgptpUj;jpaile;J tUk;
ehLfs; gy Gjpa nghJj;Jiw Kfhikj;Jtj;jpd; njhpT
nra;ag;gl;l mbg;gilfisg; gpd;gw;w Muk;gpj;Js;sJ.
6.3 nghUs; tpsf;fk;

nfhs;if kjpg;gPL vd;gJ Xu; rpf;fyhd tplakhFk;. ,J
vspikahd nghUspy; Gjpa nghJj;Jiw Kfhikj;Jtk;
vd;gJ kuG uPjpahd nghJj; Nritapid rpwe;j nghJr;
Nritahf khw;wpaikj;jy; vdf; $wyhk;. vdpDk; tpupe;j
ghh;itapy; Gjpa nghJj;Jiw Kfhikj;Jtj;jpd; nghUs;
tpsf;fj;jpidg; ngWtjw;F Kfhikj;Jtk; vd;w nrhy;ypid
tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tJ ,d;wpaikahjjhFk;. ,jd;gb
Kfhikj;Jtj;jpw;fhd mh;j;jj;jpidg; Gupe;Jnfhs;tjd; %yk;
61
Gjpa nghJj;Jiw Kfhikj;Jtj;jpw;fhd nghUs;

tpsf;fj;jpidg; tpsq;fpf;nfhs;s KbAk;.
nghJthf Kfhikj;Jtk; vd;gJ eph;thfk; vDk; nghUspy;
,Ue;J NtWgl;ljhFk;. mbg;gilapy; eph;thfk; vd;gJ
mwpTWj;jy;fisg; gpd;gw;Wtjidf; Fwpf;fpd;wJ. khw;wkhf
Kfhikj;Jtk; vd;gJ tpisTfspd; miltpidAk; mjw;fhd
jdpg;gl;l nghWg;Gilikapid vLj;Jf;nfhs;tjidAk;
Fwpf;fpd;wJ.
Y}jh; Fy;ypf;fpd; ghh;itapy; Kfhikj;Jtk; vd;gJ “xU

mwpT rhh;e;j Jiw vdTk;> mj;JiwahdJ epWtdj;jpd;
Nehf;fpid milAk; nghUl;L Copah; Vd;> vg;gb
xd;WNrh;e;J Ntiy nra;fpwhh;fs; vd;gJ gw;wp MuhAk;
tpQ;QhdkhFk;” vdf; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. tpQ;Qhd
Kfhikj;Jtj;jpd; je;ij nla;yiug; nghWj;jtiuapy;
tpQ;Qhd Kfhikj;Jtk; vd;gJ “Copah;fspd; nraw;wpid
mjpfhpf;Fk; nghUl;L tpQ;Qhd mZFKiw %yk;
njhopypidr; nra;tjw;fhd xU KiwahFk;”.
kw;WnkhU Kfhikj;Jt mwpQuhd n`d;wp gahy; rpwe;j

Kfhikj;Jtj;jpid Vw;gLj;j 14 jj;Jtq;fis mwpKfk;
nra;fpd;whh;. ,t;tpjk; Kfhikj;Jtj;jpw;F mspf;fg;gl;l
tpsf;fq;fspd; tsh;r;rpapd; tpisthfTk; kuGuPjpahd
gzpaftikg;gpd; FiwghLfis epgh;j;jpw;Fk; KfkhfTk;
Njhw;wk; ngw;w xd;whf Gjpa nghJj;Jiw Kfhikj;Jt
vz;zf;fUtpidf; Fwpg;gpl KbAk;.
Kfhikj;Jtj;jpw;F nfhLf;fg;gl;l tpsf;fq;fs; kw;Wk; Gjpa
nghJj;Jiw Kfhikj;Jt mZFKiw Njhd;wp tsh;e;J
te;j tpjk; vd;gtw;wpid Nehf;Ffpd;w NghJ> Gjpa
nghJj;Jiw Kfhikj;Jtk; vd;gJ nghJr; Nritfis
epiykhw;wk; nra;tJk;> r%fj;jpw;Fk; murhq;fj;jpw;Fk;
,ilapyhd cwTfis epiykhw;wk; nra;tJk;> rpwe;j
Nritapid toq;Ftjw;Fkhd xU jpl;lKk; MFk; vdyhk;.
NtWtifapy; $Wtjhapd; nghJ Kfhikj;Jt
nraw;ghLfis nghJj; Jiwapy; vt;thW nraw;gLj;JtJ
vd;gJ gw;wpa mZFKiwahFk;.
,t;tpjk; tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;jg;gLk; Gjpa nghJj;Jiw
Kfhikj;JtkhdJ epWtd Nehf;fpy; gy;NtW gzpfis
Mw;Wfpd;wJ. me;jtifapy; nghJj;Jiw Kfhikj;Jtj;jpd;
62
gpujhd gzp je;jpNuhghakhFk;. ,j;je;jpNuhghakhdJ

xOq;fikg;gpd; vjph;fhyk;> Nehf;fq;fis mikj;jy;>
Kd;Dhpikfs; kw;Wk; ,tw;wpid miltjw;fhd jpl;lj;jpid
tFj;jy; vd;gtw;Wld; njhlh;Ggl;ljhFk;. ,uz;lhtJ Kf;fpa
gzp cs;shh;e;j mk;rq;fis gupghydk; nra;tjhFk;. ,J
Ml;r;Nrh;g;G> fl;likg;gpid tbtikj;jy; kw;Wk;
je;jpNuhghaj;jpD}lhf milahsg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s ,yf;Ffis
miltjw;fhf cjTk; Kiwik vd;gtw;iw
cs;slf;Ffpd;wJ. %d;whtJ gpujhd gzp ntspthhp
mk;rq;fs; gw;wpajhFk;. ,q;F ntspg;gphpTfisf; ifahOjy;>
RahjPd mikg;Gf;fis ifahOjy;> Clfk; kw;Wk;
nghJkf;fisf; ifahOjy; vd;gd Fwpj;J ftdk;
nrYj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.
,e;jtifapy; ,g;Gjpa nghJj;Jiw Kfhikj;JtkhdJ

mbg;gilahd gpd;tUk; VO Kf;fpa mk;rq;fisf;
nfhz;Ls;sJ.
2. nghJj;Jiwapy; njhopy;rhh; Kfhikj;Jtj;jpid
Kd;Ndw;Wjy;
3. juj;jpid njspGgLj;jYk; epiwNtw;Wifia mstplYk;
4. ntspaPl;L fl;Lg;ghLfspy; gue;jsT mOj;jj;jpidf;
nfhLj;jy;
5. nghJj;Jiwapy; cs;s myFfis nraw;wpwDk;
tpidj;jpwDKs;sjhf khw;Wjy;
6. nghJj;Jiwapy; gue;jstpyhd Nghl;bj;jd;ikf;F khWjy;
7. jdpahh; Jiw khjphpapyhd Kfhikj;Jt
eilKiwfSf;F mOj;jk; nfhLj;jy;
8. tsg;gad;ghl;by; gue;jstpyhd xOf;fj;jpw;F mOj;jk;
nfhLj;jy;
,itfs; jtpu gpd;tUk; tplaq;fSk; Gjpa nghJj;Jiw

Kfhikj;Jtj;jpy; ftdk; nrYj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.
1. je;jpNuhgha mZFKiw
2. nraw;wpwd;kpf;fJk; tpidj;jpwd;kpf;fJkhd Kfhikj;Jtk;
63
3. tpistpy; ftdk; nrYj;Jjy;

4. epjp Kfhikj;Jtj;jpid Kd;Ndw;Wjy;
5. gzpahsh;fspd; nefpo;Tj; jd;ik
6. xOq;fikg;gpd; nefpo;r;rpj; jd;ik
7. gue;jstpyhd Nghl;bj;jd;ik
8. Gjpa fl;likg;Gthjk;
9. jdpahh; Jiw Kfhikj;Jt eilKiw tbtj;jpw;F
mOj;jk; nfhLj;jy;
10. murpay;thjpfSldhd cwTfs;
11. nghJkf;fSldhd cwTfs;
12. nfhs;tdT nra;NthiuAk; toq;FdiuAk; NtWgLj;jy;
13. murhq;fk; vtw;wpidr; nra;fpd;wJ vd;gij
kPsg;guprPypj;jy;
kPsha;T tpdhf;fs;:
1. nghJj;Jiw epUthff; fy;tpapd; tsh;r;rpapy; Gjpa
nghJj;Jiw Kfhikj;Jt El;gq;fs; gw;wp fUj;Jiuf;Ff.
jpwTr; nrhw;fs;:
Kfhikj;Jtk;> Gjpa nghJj;Jiw Kfhikj;Jtk;>

Kfhikj;Jt El;gq;fs;
crhj;Jiz E}w;fs;:
64

65
mj;jpahak; – 7
gzpaftikg;G
nghUslf;fk;
7.1 gzpaftikg;G…………………………………... 66
7.2 gzpaftikg;Gf;F vjpuhd tpkh;rdq;fs;……. 67
7.3 nkf;]; ntgupd; gzpaftikg;G………………. 68

,t;tj;jpahak; gzpaftikg;G gw;wpAk; nkf;]; ntgupd;
gzpaftikg;G gw;wpa tplaq;fisAk; njhFj;J
Nehf;Ffpd;wJ.
gzpaftikg;gpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijAk; mjw;nfjpuhd
tpkh;rdq;fisAk; mwptJld; nkf;]; ntgupd; gzpaftikg;G
Nfhl;ghl;il tpupthff; fw;wy; ,t;tj;jpahaj;jpd; Nehf;fkhFk;.

1. gzpaftikg;gpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij mwpjy;
2. nkf;]; ntgupd; gzpaftikg;Gf; Nfhl;ghl;ilAk; mjd;
rhjf> ghjfq;fisAk; gpupj;jhuha;jy;
66
7.1 gzpaftikg;G
• ghuhSkd;w murhq;f Kiw epyTk; ehLfspy; 2

tpj;jpahrkhd tbtq;fspy; epu;thfk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
mit murpay; epu;thfk; murpay; rhu;gw;w epu;thfk;
vd;gdthFk;.
• murpay;rhu;gw;w epu;thfk; vd;gJ epue;jukhd rptpy;
Nritiaf; Fwpf;fpd;wJ. ,jd; njhopw;ghLfs; epue;ju
Copau;fshYk; murpay; rhu;gw;W njupag;gl;ltu;fshYk;
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd.
• ,J top – bottom tiu nraw;gLfpd;wJ. cau; gPlj;jpy;
,Ug;gtu;fs; mikr;ru;fSf;F MNyhrid toq;FtJld;
epu;thf nraw;ghl;bw;F mtu;fSf;F cjTtu;.
• Bureau vDk; gpuhd;]pa nrhy;ypypUe;J te;jNj
bureaucracy MFk;. ,jd; fUj;J writing table/desk
vd;gjhFk;. gpuhd;]; nkhopapy; La Bureau vd;why; nghJ
mYtyfj;jpy; cs;s Nkirr; rPiyiaf; Fwpf;Fk;. 18k;
Ehw;whz;lstpy; ,r;nrhy; vq;F mYtyf Ntiyfs;
fhzg;gLfpd;wNjh mjw;Fg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
• cracy vd;w fpNuf;f nkhopr;nrhy;yhdJ rule vd;w fUj;ij
cilaJ vdNt bureaucracy vd;gJ mYtyf Ml;rp (rule
of official) vdg; nghUs; nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.
• 18k; 19k; Ehw;whz;lstpy; ,r;nrhy; mbf;fb
gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJld; nghJj;Jiw epu;thfj;jpd;
mjpfhuj;ij fUj;jpw; nfhs;fpd;wJ.
• gzpaf mikg;G epu;thfj;jpd; ikakhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
T.N Chaturvedi vd;gtu; “nfhs;if, epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lq;fspd;
mKyhf;fk; kw;Wk; murpay; epu;thfj;jpy; vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLk;
tpisTfis miltjw;fhd epu;thf Kiwik my;yJ
epu;thfj;jpd; nkhj;j tbtNk gzpaftikg;G” vd;whu;.
• gzpaftikg;G vDk; gjkhdJ nghJ epu;thfpfs; murpay;
tpQ;Qhdpfs;, r%ftpayhsu;fs; Nghd;w gyuhy;
Ma;Tf;Fl;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jdhy; kpfr; rupahd
vz;zf;fUthf mjid tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;j KbahJ.
• rpyu; ,jid rptpy; NritahfTk; rpyu; ,jid mYtyf
cWg;ghfTk; ghu;f;fpd;wdu;. murpay; gzpaftikg;ghdJ
murpayikg;G uPjpahd flikfis nra;tjw;fhd
mjpfhuj;ij nraw;gLj;Jk; gjtpfisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
67
• ,J murhq;fj;jpd; epue;jkhdJk; njhopy;uPjpahfj; jifik

ngw;Ws;stu;fisAk; Copau;fshff; nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,J
epue;ju Copau;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sjhy; Nju;jy; %yk;
njupT nra;ag;gl;l mjpfhuj;ij nfhzLs;stu;fis tpl
Kf;fpaj;Jtg;gLj;jg;gLfp;d;wJ.
• Max weber gzpaftikg;G rpy Kf;fpa gz;Gfis
nfhz;Ls;sjhf Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;. mitahtd:
ghugl;rkpd;ik gbepiyaikg;G nghWg;Gf;fs; xg;ge;jk;
njhopw;jifik ePz;lfhy Nrit mYtyfg;gpupg;G
kj;jpakg;gLj;jg;gl;l mjpfhuk; vd;gdthFk;.
• Xt;nthU mikg;Gk; Fwpg;gpl;l Nehf;fq;fis miltij
Nehf;fhff; nfhz;L nraw;Lfpd;wd. gad; kw;Wk;
cw;gj;jpia mjpfupg;gw;F xt;nthU mikg;Gk; rpwe;j
KiwfisAk; rl;lk; kw;Wk; tpjpfisAk; mgptpUj;jp
nra;fpd;wJ.
• Peter Blaw and Marshall vd;Nghu; gzpaftikg;G vd;gJ
“mjpfkhf jdpg;gl;ltu;fspd; Ntiyfis
Kiwikg;gLj;jg;gl;l tifapy; ,izg;gjd; %yk;
ghupasthd epu;thf Ntiyfis epiwNtw;w
tbikf;fg;gl;l xOq;fikg;G” vd
tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.
7.2 gzpaftikg;gpw;F vjpuhd tpkh;rdq;fs;
• nefpo;tw;w jd;ik
• kf;fSf;F nghWg;Gf; $whik
• Raeyk;
• rptg;G ehlh Kiwik
• GJikia Vw;f kWj;J gioikia gpd;gw;wjy;
• mjpfhuj; J\;gpuNahfk;
• vspjhd nraiyAk; rpf;fyhf;Fk; jd;ik
• jkJ njhopiy kl;Lk; Nkyhff; fUJjy;
• gbepiyaikg;G
• Nkyjpfhupf;Ff; fl;Lg;gly;
68
7.3 nkf;]; ntgupd; gzpaftikg;G

jw;fhy etPd muRfspy; gzpaftikg;G vd;gJ Kf;fpakhd
eph;thfg; gFjpahff; fhzg;gl tUfpd;wJ. ,J etPd
ehfhPfkakhf;fj;jpd; ,jak;> mur ,ae;jpuj;jpd; KJnfYk;G
vd;Wk; nrhy;yyhk;. N[h;kd; r%ftpayhsuhd nkf;];
ntghpd; gzpaftikg;G njhlh;ghd mtuJ gFg;gha;tpy;
mjid Nkw;F murpay; tpQ;Qhdj;jpd; Kf;fpa gFjpahff;
fUJfpd;whh;.
mjpfkhd r%ftpayhsh;fs; kw;Wk; murpay; tpQ;Qhdpfs;
gzpaftikg;G njhlh;ghf jkJ fUj;Jf;fisj;
njhptpj;Js;sdh;. vdpDk; ntghpd; fUj;Jf;fs; mtw;Ws;
Kf;fpa ,lj;ijg; gpbj;Js;sd. ,tuJ fUj;Jg;gb murhdJ
xU fl;lhakhd mikg;ghfTk; mJNt mjpfhuk;> ,iwik
kw;Wk; rl;lj;jd;ik vd;gtw;iwj; jdpNa nfhz;bUf;fpd;wJ
vd;Wk; ,jid eph;thfk; my;yJ gzpaftikg;G %yNk
gpuNahfpf;fpd;wJ vd;Wk; $Wfpd;whh;.
ntgh; gw;wpa mwpKfk;
nkf;]; ntgh; xU N[h;kd; tof;fwpQh;> murpay; tpQ;Qhdp>
tuyhw;whrphpah;> nghUspahyhsh; kw;Wk; r%ftpayhsh;
Nghd;w ngUikf;Fhpath;. ,th; nghUspay; NguhrphpauhfTk;
flikahw;wpdhh;. ,tUila mjpfkhd Ma;Tfs;
nghUshjhur; r%ftpay;. murpay; r%ftpay;> kj r%ftpay;
Nghd;w JiwfspNy fhzg;gl;lJ. mf;fhyj;jpy; epytpa
r%fg;> nghUshjhu mk;rq;fspy; $ba ftdk; nrYj;jpNa
,tuJ Ma;Tfs; fhzg;gl;ld. ,tUila vOj;Jf;fs;
mf;fhyj;jpy; epytpa N[h;kdpd; r%fg;> nghUshjhu
epiyiaNA gpujpgypj;jd.
ntghpd; gzpaftikg;Gf;fhd gq;fspg;G
ntgh; gzpaftikg;G njhlh;ghd xU Kiwahd
fw;ifiaAk; mjd; gz;GfisAk; tpghpf;fpd;whh;. ,th;
gzpatikg;ig 2 tifg;gLj;Jfpd;whh;.
1. Patrimonial Bureaucracy - ,J kuG hPjpahd

gzpaftikg;igf; Fwpf;fpd;wJ.
2. Legal Rational Bureaucracy - ,J rl;l hPjpahd
gzpaftikg;igf; Fwpf;fpd;wJ.
69
,th; gzpaftikg;ghdJ cah; jd;ikAilaJ vd;Wk; ,J

gzpafj;jhhpd; epGzj;Jtk;> jfty; Kiwik Nghd;w gy
tplaq;fshNyNa ,J Vw;gLfpd;wJ vd;Wk; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh;.
gzpaftikg;G ,y;iyahapd; mq;F Ml;rpapy; Fog;gk;
Vw;gLk; vd;fpwhh;. gzpaftikg;ig njhopEl;gf; fUtpahfg;
ghh;f;Fk; ,th; ,JNt r%fj;jpd; ngWkhdq;fspy; nghpastpy;
tpisTfis Vw;gLj;Jk; xU r%fg; gil vd;fpd;whh;.
ntgh; gzpaftikg;ig mjd; fl;likg;gpypUe;J

Nehf;Ffpd;whh;. ,g; gzpaftikg;ghdJ xOq;fikg;Gf;fs;
kw;Wk;; mYtyfq;fspy; gzpafj;jhuhy; nraw;gLj;jg;gLk;.
,th;fs; nghJ mYty;fis tfpg;gjhy; mth;fs;
mjpfhuj;ijg; gad;gLj;Jfpd;wdh;. ,th;fs; ed;F
tiuaWf;fg;gl;l rl;l xOq;Ffspd; %yNk jkJ
mjpfhuj;ijg; gad;gLj;Jfpd;wdh;.
ntghpd; gzpaftikg;G gFj;jwpT rl;l mjpfhuj;jpd;

mbg;gilapy; mike;jJ. ,g; gzpaftikg;gpy; gpd;tUk;
gz;Gfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
1. gbepiyaikg;G
2. mjpfhug; gphpg;G
3. gzpafj;jhupd; mjpfhuk; kw;Wk; nghWg;Gf;fisf;
Fwpf;fpd;wJ.
4. gzpaftikg;gpd; njhopw;ghLfs; rl;l
tpjpfSf;Fl;gl;Nl fhzg;gLk;.
5. xt;nthU gzpaftikg;Gk; mt;tikg;gpd;
tpjpfSf;Fl;gl;Nl fhzg;gLk;.
6. njhopw;Njh;r;rpAk; jpwikAk; nfhz;bUg;gJld;
gjtpAah;itAk; ngWth;.
7. rl;lk;> xOq;F gzpafj;jhuhy; nraw;gLj;jg;gLtJld;
mjw;F mbgzpitAk; nfhz;bUg;gh;.
8. Copah;fs; nghJg;gilahf (impersonal approach)
nrayhw;w Ntz;Lk;.
ntgh; gzpaftikg;ig mjpfhuj;Jld; ,izj;jjhf
$Wfpd;whh;. ,th; mjpfhuj;ij 3 tifg;gLj;Jfpd;whh;.
1. rl;l uPjpahd mjpfhuk; (legal authority)

2. kuG uPjpahd mjpfhuk; (traditional authority)
3. trPfu mjpfhuk; (charismatic authority)
70
gzpafj;jhupd; mjpfhuq;fs;
1. mth;fs; jdpg;gl;ltUf;fhf md;wp mYtyfj;Jf;fhf
nraw;gl Ntz;Lk;.
2. jdpg;gl;l Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf md;wp nghJthf nraw;gl
Ntz;Lk;.
3. njhopw;ghLfs; rl;l uPjpahdjhff; fhzg;gly;.
4. gzpafj;jhu; jpUg;jpfukhd rk;gsk;> rYiffs;>
gjtpAah;T
tpkh;rdq;fs;
1. gzpaftikg;Gf;F mjpf Kf;fpaj;Jtk; toq;fpaik
2. r%f> murpay; #o;epiy fUj;jpw; nfhs;sg;gltpy;iy
3. jdpahh;kakhf;fk;> jhuhskakhf;fk;> cyfkakhf;fk;
Nghd;wtw;why; gzpaftikg;gpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
jw;NghJ Fiwtiljy;.
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71

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PSM 20113 - Public Admin

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Elements of Public

Dr. M. Abdul Jabbar

The South Eastern University of Sri Lanka, University Park

South Eastern University of Sri Lanka

mj;jpahak; - 2: nghJj;Jiw kw;Wk; jdpahh;Jiw epUthfk;

mj;jpahak; - 3: nghJj;Jiw epUthfj;jpd; mbg;gil

mj;jpahak; - 4: nghJj;Jiw epUthf mZFKiwfs;

mj;jpahak; - 5: T+l;Nuh tpy;rDk; nghJj;Jiw epUthff;

mj;jpahak; - 6: Gjpa nghJj;Jiw Kfhikj;Jtk;

mj;jpahak; - 2: nghJj;Jiw kw;Wk; jdpahh;Jiw 24

mj;jpahak; - 3: nghJj;Jiw epUthfj;jpd; mbg;gil 28

mj;jpahak; - 5: T+l;Nuh tpy;rDk; nghJj;Jiw 41

mj;jpahak; - 6: Gjpa nghJj;Jiw Kfhikj;Jtk; 54

mj;jpahak; gw;wpa RUf;fkhd tpgupg;G:

vjph;ghh;f;iff; fw;wy; ngWNgWfs;:

epUthfk; njhlu;ghf mwpQu;fshy; Kd;itf;fg;gl;l

Ntiyfspd; nray;Kiwahf epUthfk;

1.2 nghJj;Jiw epUthfk;

Kiw njhlu;gpy; r%ftpay; mwpQuhd nkf;]; ntgu; (Max

nghJj; Jiw epUthfk; njhlu;ghd rpy tiuaiwfs;

Mthu;. ,tu; epUthfk; njhlu;gpy; murpay; tpQ;Qhd

1.3 nghJj;Jiw epUthfj;jpd; ghlg;gug;G

NtW rpyu; nghJj;Jiw epUthfj;jpd; ghlg;gug;gpid ,U

(Administrative Theories), gpuNahfg; nghJj;Jiw epUthfk;

gpuNahf epUthfj;jpy; muR kf;fSf;F Mw;Wk; NritfSk;

vk;.gp. rh;kh (MP. Sarma) kw;Wk; gp.vy;. rlhd; (BL. Sadan)

nghJj;Jiw epUthfk; (Public Administration in Theory and

nghJj;Jiw epUthfj;jpd; gpujhd gug;Gf;fs;

xU ehl;bd; epUthf mikg;gpid gpwpnjhU ehl;bd; epUthf

5. #oy; nghJj;Jiw epUthfk;

1.4 nghJj;Jiw epUthfj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

tho;tpw;Fj; Njitahd rfyijAk; epiwNtw;Wk; ngWk;

1.5 nghJj;Jiw epUthfKk; murpaYk;

murpay; nghJj;Jiw eph;thfk;

,Ue;jNghJk; ,t;tpU JiwfSk; xd;wpnyhd;W jq;fpf;

nghJj;Jiw eph;thfkpd;wp murhq;fk; ,aq;f KbahJ. murpd;

mt;thNw nghJj;Jiw eph;thfKk; murpd; fl;lisfs;>

murpy; Vw;gLk; khw;wq;fs; nghJj;Jiw eph;thfj;jpy;

NkYk; ,t;tpuz;L JiwfSNk kf;fSf;fhfNt

1.6 nghJj;Jiw epUthfj;jpd; Njhw;wk;> tsh;r;rp

1887-1910 Exploratory Period

1880fs; rkfhy nghJj;Jiw eph;thfj;jpd; Muk;g fhykhFk;.

gFjpia (The Study of Public Administration) T+l;Nuh tpy;rd;

Goodnow ,d; (1910) Politics and Administration KjyhtJ text

tpy;rd; nghJj;Jiw eph;thfk; murpaYf;F ntspapy; epd;W

tpy;rd; ,jid tpahghuk; Nghd;w mZFKiwapid

1910 – 1947 Administrative Science Period

Fredrick Taylor ,d; Principles of Scientific Management (1911)

,f;fhyj;jpy; L.D. Whit (1926) Introduction to the study of public

W.F. Willoughby (1927) Principles of Public administration,

L. Gullick & L. Urwick (1937) Papers on the science of public

tpy;Nyhgp nghJj;Jiw eph;thfj;ij tzpf eph;thfj;ijg;

1947 – 1970 Public administration as political science

murpay; - eph;thfk; vd;gtw;iw Ntwhf;Ftjw;fhd

me;jtifapy; Simon Fwpg;gpLtJ Nghd;W Principles of public

P.H. Appleby jdJ Policy and Administration (1949),y; murpay; -

Waldo (1948),y; The Administrative State vDk; E}ypy;

eph;thfkhdJ eilKiwapy; kdpjhgpkhdk; kw;Wk; [dehaf

1970 – 1980 Public administration as public administration

,f;fhyg;gFjp nghJj;Jiw eph;thfk; xU ntw;wpfukhd

NASPAA nghJj;Jiw eph;thfj;jpd; fy;tpj;jpl;lk;> gapw;rp

,f;fhyj;jpy; nghJ eph;thfpfs; Fiwe;j njhopw;juk;> gapw;rp

Public Administration in 1990s and beyond