Concentration Technique - Volume of strained sample must

be 8mL then add 2mL ethyl

• A Qualitative technique
acetate
2 types of Concentration Technique - Close tightly and shake vigorously
for 30 seconds inside the
1. Sedimentation technique (↓↑↓) fumehood
- has low Specific Gravity - Centrifuge for 10 minutes for
- parasites have high Specific 1500RPM or 500RPM
Gravity
- parasites sink at the bottom of the
tube

Types of Sedimentation Technique

• Acid Ether Concentration Technique

(AECT)

Rgt: 10% HCl (albuminous material)

and Ether (dissolves fats)

Parasites recovered:
- Trichuris 2. Floatation technique (↑↓↑)
- Capillaria - has high Specific Gravity
- Trematodes (Schistosoma) - parasites have lower Specific
Gravity
• Formalin Ether Concentration - parasites float at the top of the
Technique (FECT) tube

Specific gravity: 1.18 – 1.2

Rgt: 10% formalin (fixative /
preservatives for parasites) and Ether >1.2 causes shrinkage/disruption of
cysts and nematode eggs.
Parasites recovered:
- Helminth eggs
Types of Flotation Technique
- Protozoan cysts
• Zinc Sulfate Flotation Technique
• Formalin Acetate Concentration British term: Sulphate
Technique (FACT) SG – 1.2
Founder: Faust (1938)
Rgt: 10% Formalin and Ethyl Acetate Rgt: 33% ZnSO4, 10% formalin, and
(does not dissolve fats) 0.85% NSS
33% zinc sulfate → 330g of ZnSO4 + 1L dH2O
Parasites recovered: 33% ZnSO4 + 150mL dH2O = 49.5g
- Helminth eggs
- Protozoan cysts Parasites recovered:
- Cestode eggs - Protozoan cysts
- Giardia cysts - Helminth eggs
• Formaldehyde Ethyl Acetate - Nematode eggs except Ascaris
Concentration Technique (FEACT) lumbricoides and operculated
eggs
Rgt: 10% Formalin – 10mL, Ethyl
Procedure:
Acetate – 2mL, and 0.85 % NSS –
cleaning agent - Mix stool sample with 0.85% NSS
and stir until homogenized.
Procedure: - Strain the sample in a 1 layered
- 2g of sample and mix with 10mL gauze to the Conical tube at
10% Formalin least 5mL sample.
- Strain in funnel with 3 layers of - Add 10mL 10% formalin to create
gauze 15mL sample
- Direct to Conical tube and strain - Centrifuge @ 500RPM for 10
minutes

- After decantation, add 10mL
ZnSO4 and centrifuge @ 500RPM
for 5 minutes (final centrifugation)
- Add the remaining ZnSO4 in the
Conical tube until the top and
add cover slip and wait for 10
minutes.
• Saturated Salt Flotation Technique
(Brine Soln)
Founder: Willis
Rgt: Brine Soln: 175g of saturated salt
+ 500mL dH2O
350g sat. salt + 1L H2O (boiling) – Stirred with
magnetic stirrer
Procedure:
- Add ½ grams of stool inside the
vial with Brine Soln. and mix
homogenously
- After mixing, fill up the vial with
Brine soln. up to the top.
- Add cover slip and wait for 10-15
minutes.
• Sheather’s Sugar Floatation
Technique
SG – 1.27
Rgt: 1278g of Sheather’s Soln. + 1L
H2O
- Phenol or Formalin at 1.5%
concentration
Sodium Citrate – expensive rgt.
Rgt: 315g NaOl + 1L H2O
Reporting of Results:
Macroscopic: Color and Consistency
Microscopic:
(+) Presence of insert parasite ova/larvae
(-) No Intestinal Parasites Seen (NIPS)
CESTODES – Ribbon-like, flatworms
Intestinal Species
1. Taenia saginata – Beef tapeworm
2. Taenia solium – Pork tapeworm
3. Hymenolepis diminuta – Rat tapeworm
4. Hymenolepis nana – Dwarf tapeworm
5. Dipylidium caninum – Dog/cat tapeworm
6. Dibothriocephalus latus (Diphyllobothrium
latum) – Broad fish tapeworm
Extraintestinal Species
1. Echinococcus granulosus – Dog/Hydatid
Tapeworm
General Notes:
Order:
1. Cyclophyllideans
- includes a uterus without a
uterine pore
- medically diagnosed
- eggs are non-operculated
- they are SEGMENTED
- proglottids causes apolysis
2. Pseudophyllideans
- Exit through a uterine pore in the
center of the ventral surface
rather than through a genital
atrium
MORPHOLOGY
1. SCOLEX
• Acetabula (suckers) – aids
attachment
• Rostellum (holds the hooks) – for
deep penetration
2. NECK – site of growth / proliferation
3. PROGLOTTIDS – segments
➢ STROBILA – chain of segments
➢ Immature proglottids
- Nearest segment to the neck
- No reproductive organs seen
 ➢ Mature proglottids Immature
proglottids
- Hermaphroditic
- Has two (2) reproductive organs
(Male and Female)

➢ Gravid proglottids
- Site of ova / uterus 15-20; 7-13;
- Farthest from the neck Dichotomous/Tree Dendritic/Finger like
-like
- Has the oldest eggs / ova Mature
proglottids

➢ Apolysis – the detachment of

gravid proglottids from the
tapeworm.

➢ India ink – inject in genital pores

for better visualization of the adult
parasite.
Ova

TAENIA SPP.

T. saginata:

• only one adult tapeworm is present in

infections
• Highly reactive/irritated to alcohol as
a result after a drinking bout

Hymenolepis diminuta

Taenia Taenia solium

saginata
Common Beef tapeworm Pork tapeworm
name
Length 25 meters 7 meters
Proglottids 1,000 – 4,000 8,000 – 10,000
produced proglottids proglottids
Intermediat Cattles Man
e Host Cows Pigs
Camels
Infective Cysticercus bovis Cysticercus
Stage cellulosae and
Embryonated gg
Common name Rat tapeworm
Infective stage Cysticercoid larva
Mode of Ingestion of Ingestion of measly
Transmission Host Intermediate Host
raw/uncooked pork/embryonated
Rat flea and Flour beetles
beef eggs
Definitive Host:
Pathogenicity Intestinal Taeniasis Intestinal Taeniasis
Mice and Rats
and Cysticercosis
Accidental host:
Rostellum None Present
Man
Hooks None 20-30 hooks
Mode of Transmission Ingestion Intermediate Host
Scolex
Pathogenicity Hymenolepiasis
Scolex
 Proglottids Dipylidium caninum

contains 3 testes and a flower-

like ovary
Ova

Common name Double-pored tapeworm,

Cat/Dog tapeworm,
Pumpkin seed tapeworm,
Hymenolepis nana Cucumber tapeworm
Infective stage Cysticercoid larva
Diagnostic stage Gravid proglottid
Host Intermediate host:
Flea (Ctenocephalides spp)
Definitive hosts:
Cats & Dogs
Accidental host:
Man
MOT Ingestion of infected fleas
Lab diagnosis Recovery of proglottids
Pathogenicity Dyplidiasis
Scolex

Common name Dwarf tapeworm

Infective stage Cysticercoid larva and Gravid proglottid
Embryonated egg

Host Intermediate Host

Direct: none
Indirect: beetles/flies
Reservoir host:
Mice and Rats
Mature proglottid
Mode of Transmission Ingestion of
Embryonated eggs and
Intermediate Host

Pathogenicity Hymenolepiasis
Scolex

Ova

Proglottids

Ova
Diphyllobothrium latum Echinococcus granulosus
Scientific name: Dibothriocephalus latus

- largest human tapeworm

- Only cestodes to have an aquatic life
cycle

Common name Dog/Hydatid tapeworm

Infective stage Cysticercoid larva
Diagnostic stage Hydatid cysts
Hosts Intermediate host:
Sheep
Common name Broad fish tapeworm
Definitive host:
Infective stage Plerocercoid larva
Dogs/Wild canine
Diagnostic stage Unembryonated eggs
Accidental host:
Hosts 1st IH: Coracidium: Copepods
Man
2nd IH: Procercoid: fresh water
MOT Ingestion of
fish
embryonated eggs
3rd IH: Plerocercoid: Definitive
Lab diagnosis Biopsy, ELISA, Indirect
hosts
Hemagglutination,
MOT Ingestion of infected fresh
Radiography, Cansoni’s
water fish
test
Lab diagnosis DFS and Kato-Katz
Pathogenicity Echinococcosis
Pathogenicity Dyphillobothriasis
Scolex
Hyperchromic, Megaloblastic
Anemia, and Vitamin B12
Deficiency
Scolex

Gravid proglottid

Proglottid

Mature proglottid

Ova

always confused with

Ova
Paragonimus westermani ova
Spirometra spp. TREMATODES – flattened, leaf-like fluke
worms

Liver Species

1. Fasciola hepatica – Sheep Liver Fluke

2. Clonorchis sinensis – Chinese Liver Fluke

Intestinal Species

1. Fasciolopsis buski – Large Intestinal Fluke

2. Heterophyes heterophyes – Heterophyid Fluke

3. Metagonimus yokogawai – Heterophyid Fluke

Lung Species

Infective Procercoid larva and Plerocercoid 1. Paragonimus westermani – Oriental Lung Fluke
stage larva
Diagnostic Unembryonated egg Blood Species
stage
Hosts 1st IH: Copepods/Cyclops 1. Schistosoma mansoni – Manson’s Blood Fluke
2nd IH:
2. Schistosoma japonicum – Blood Fluke
Frogs and Snakes
Definitive hosts:
3. Schistosoma haematobium – Bladder Fluke
Dogs and cats
Accidental host:
Man
MOT Ingestion of contaminated ➢ All appear FLAT and LEAF-LIKE except
water/intermediate hosts Schistosomes
Lab diagnosis Biopsy ➢ All are HERMAPHRODITIC except
Pathogenicit Sparganosis Schistosomes-diodecious
y
➢ All eggs are OPERCULATED except
Scolex
Schistosomes
➢ INFECTIVE STAGE to FINAL HOSTS are
METACERCARIA except Schistosomes:
forked-tail cercariae
➢ MOT is INGESTION except Schistosomes:
skin penetration
➢ All flukes have TWO IH except
Schistosomes: 1 IH only

Schistosomes:

- Eggs: non-operculated
spoon-like
- Round (worm-like)
Proglottids
- Separated sexes: female and
male (Gynecophoral canal –
where the female blood fluke
resides)
- MOT – skin penetration

5 larval stages
Ova M – Miracidium

S – Sporocysts

R – Redia

C – Cercaria

M – Metacercaria (Fork-tailed
“FURCOCERCARIA”)

Founder: Theodor Bilharz

Bilharziasis (old) – Schistomiasis (new)

 SCHISTOSOMES SPP. Splendore – Heoppli Phenomenol (ova)

- Most romantic parasite of man - Eosinophilic precipitation of antigen

- Male are equipped with antibody complexes around
Gynecophoral canal where female is Schistosoma ova.
held Schistosome granuloma – accumulation of WBC
- All stages are in the BLOOD VESSELS in one area

Schistosom Schistosoma Schistosoma

a mansoni haematobiu
japonicum m
Common Oriental Manson’s blood Bladder fluke
name blood fluke fluke
Habitat Small Large intestine Urinary
intestine bladder
plexus
Infective Cercaria
stage
Diagnostic Eggs
stage
Hosts IH: Snail 1st IH: Snail IH: Snail
(Oncomelania) (Biophalaria) (Bulinus)
MOT Skin penetration
Lab Rectal Biopsy, Urine
diagnosis Kato- Katz examination,
DFS and
Micropore
filtration
Pathogen Schistosomiasis,
esis Bilharziasis,
Swamp fever,
Katayama fever
Ova

Clinical Manifestations:

Katayama fever (S. japonicum)

- Hypersensitivity reaction caused b

migrating larva through the tissues.

Swimmer’s Itch (Schistosoma spp.)

- Allergic reaction due to skin

penetration