COURSE IN

PSYCHODIAGNOSIS

Report of the analysis and

interpretation psychometric
test results
COURSE IN PSYCHODIAGNOSIS
Report of psychometric test results

Index

1. Objectives of the activity ……………………………………………………..…. 1

2. Procedure…………………………………………………………….……………... 2
3. Psychometric data and case information ……………………………………. 4
4. Description of the psychometric tools …………………………………………. 7
5. Example format ……………………………………………………………………. 10

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Objectives of the activity

The objective that is intended to be achieved with this resource is to offer a conceptual
framework for:

1. the interpretation of general intelligence test.

2. The redaction of a narrative report on the results of a general intelligence test.
3. The redaction of a narrative report on the results of a symptomatic questionnaire.

1. Work to be done
Your task is to interpret the results and write a narrative report of a general intelligence
test and a symptomatic questionnaire, both from an adult patient. You will find the
necessary data below in this document.

2. Procedure

1. Identify, describe, and interpret the profile of the Full Scale IQ (FSIQ), the four
secondary indices (Verbal Comprehension, Working Memory, Perceptual
Organization, and Processing Speed), and the individual subtests (Verbal
Comprehension: Vocabulary, Similarities, Information; Working Memory:
Arithmetic, Digit Span; Perceptual Organization: Picture Completion, Block Design,
Matrix Reasoning; Processing Speed: Digit Symbol coding, Symbol Search) that
compose each of the secondary indexes of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale
(WAIS-III).

2. Identify, describe, and interpret the patients´ symptomatic profile by means of the
questionnaire SCL-90R with its different dimensions (Somatization, Obsessive-
Compulsive, Interpersonal Sensitivity, Depression, Anxiety, Hostility, Phobic Anxiety,
Paranoid Ideation, Psychoticism) and global indices in relation to the general
population, in relation to the population with temporomandibular psychosomatic
dysfunction, and in relation to the psychiatric population.

3. Write for the patient a narrative report on the results of both tests.
• Recommendations:

– Follow the format described below.

– Follow a descriptive top-down structure (starting with the case description

and interpretation, followed by the description and interpretation of the
subareas).

– Remember to write the report in 3rd person in an impersonal style (the person
has been informed, it was detected that… )

– Remember to follow an objective writing style without personal judgements

and explain your statements through a logical-scientific interpretative
structure.

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3. Psychodiagnostic assessment data

1. General information
Name Andrés
Age 23 years
Sex Male
The main reason for the consultation was to ask for psychological help to
Reason for consultation understand his discomfort, sadness, tendency to ruminate thoughts and
events, distrusting his family and others.
Marital status Single

Family composition Father (50 years) – mother (49 years) - sister (30 years) - patient (23 years)

2. Clinical and personal history

Andrés exhibited a very strong and poorly regulated temperament
during his early childhood. During his adolescence, from 14 to 20 years,
he consumed psychoactive substances (stimulants, opiates, and
Clinical history
hallucinogens). Regarding possible family psychopathologies, a possible
psychotic disorder of the grandmother and the suicide of the maternal
uncle at the age of 40 stand out.
Andrés was born in Getafe and lived in this city together with his parents
Personal history
and sister until he was 8 years old, when his parents divorced.

3. Intelligence test WAIS-III

Wechsler Intelligence Test (WAIS – III)
Wechsler version WAIS-III
Total IQ 104
Verbal Comprehension (VC) 98
VC - homogeneity Yes
VC - Vocabulary - scalar 9
VC - Similarities - scalar 11
VC - Information - scalar 9
Perceptual organization (PO) 112
PO - homogeneity Yes
PO – Picture completion – scalars 10
PO – Block design - scalars 13
PO – Matrix reasoning - scalar 14
Processing Speed (PS) 109
PS - homogeneity Yes
PS - Symbol Search – Scalar 11
PS – Digit symbol coding - scalar 12
Working Memory (WM) 104
WM – homogeneity Yes
WM – Digit span – scalar 11
WM – Letter-number sequencing – scalar 13
WM - Arithmetic - scalar 9

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4. Symptom Checklist-90-R (SCL-90-R)

SCALE SCORE

Somatization (SOM) 0,83

Obsessive Compulsive (O-C) 0,8

Interpersonal Sensitivity (I-S) 0,78

Depression (DEP) 1,08

Anxiety (ANX) 1,7

Hostility (HOS) 3,2

Phobic Anxiety (PHOB) 0,48

Paranoid Ideation (PAR) 1,69

Psychoticism (PSY) 2,38

Global Severity Index (GSI) 1,63

Positive Symptom Total (PST) 86

Positive Symptom Distress Index (PSDI) 1,71

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5. Information on the assessment tools

• WAIS-III

Wechsler (1944) defined intelligence as "the subject's ability to act with a purpose, think
rationally, and relate adequately to the environment." The construct of general
intelligence (Total IQ) correlates with work performance and general psychological well-
being. The concept is based on an underlying general intelligence or "g factor"
(Spearman 1904, 1924), which largely explains the overall performance of an individual
in mental tasks. Research indicates that intelligence is made up of a number of specific
abilities that appear to be grouped into higher-level cognitive domains (Carroll, 1993;
Keith, 1990). Initially, Wechsler divided the measurement of his test into verbal (verbal
comprehension) and manipulative abilities (perceptual organization). More recent
revisions of the Wechsler scales have added more specific domains of cognitive abilities
(working memory and processing speed). In the case of mild intellectual disability (Total
IQ between 50-55 and 70), the World Health Organization recommends taking into
account the adaptive functioning of the individual in different areas such as
communication, daily living skills, social responsibility, autonomy and self-sufficiency.

Table 1. Description of the WAIS-III subtests

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• SCL-90-R

The Symptom Checklist-90-R (SCL-90-R) is a self-report questionnaire widely used in the

field of mental health to assess symptoms both in clinical samples and in the general
population. Each item on the SCL-90 is scored on a five-point scale from 1 to 5. One point
indicates no symptoms, and two points indicates mild symptoms. The Symptom Checklist-
90-R assesses psychological symptoms and distress through 90 items that make up nine
primary dimensions and three global distress indices. The following three global indices
provide a measure of the intensity and variety of a subject's distress: the Global Severity
Index (GSI) indicates the overall psychological distress; the Positive Symptom Distress
Index (PSDI) indicates the intensity of symptoms; and the Positive Symptom Total (PST)
indicates the number of self-reported symptoms. The nine primary symptomatologic
dimensions evaluated are the following: Somatization, Obsessive-Compulsive,
Interpersonal Sensitivity, Depression, Anxiety, Hostility, Phobic Anxiety, Paranoid Ideation,
and Psychoticism.

Table 2. Description of the Symptom Checklist-90-R dimensions

DIMENSION ITEM
Somatization 1 Headaches
4 Faintness of dizziness
12 Pains in heart or chest
27 Pains in the lower back
40 Nausea or upset stomach
42 Soreness of your muscles
48 Trouble getting your breath
49 Hot or cold spells
52 Numbness or tingling in parts of your body
53 A lump in your throat
56 Feeling weak in parts of your body
58 Heavy feeling in your arms or legs
Obsessive- 3 Unwanted thoughts, words, or ideas
Compulsive 4 Faintness of dizziness
9 Trouble remembering things
10 Worried about sloppiness or carelessness
28 Feeling blocked in getting things done
38 Having to do things very slowly to insure correctness
45 Having to check and double-check what you do
46 Difficulty making decisions
51 Your mind going blank
55 Trouble concentrating
65 Having to repeat the same actions such as counting, washing
Interpersonal 6 Feeling critical of others
Sensitivity 21 Feeling shy or uneasy with the opposite ex
34 Your feelings being easily hurt
36 Feeling others do not understand you or are unsympathetic
37 Feeling that people are unfriendly or dislike you
41 Feeling inferior to others
61 Feeling uneasy when people are watching or talking about you
69 Feeling very self-conscious with others
73 Feeling uncomfortable about eating or drinking in public
Depression 5 Loss of sexual interest or pleasure
14 Feeling low in energy or slowed down
15 Thoughts of ending your life
20 Crying easily
22 Feeling of being trapped or caught
26 Blaming yourself for things
29 Feeling lonely
30 Feeling blue
31 Worrying too much about things
32 Feeling no interest in things

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54 Feeling hopeless about the future
71 Feeling everything is an effort
79 Feelings of worthlessness
Anxiety 2 The nervousness of shakiness inside
17 Trembling
23 Suddenly scared for no reason
33 Feeling fearful
39 Heart punding or racing
57 Feeling tense or keyed up
72 Spells of terror or panic
78 Feeling so restless you couldn´t sit still
80 Feeling that something bad will happen
86 Thoughts or terrific images that make you feel afraid
Hostility 11 Feeling easily annoyed or irritated
24 Temper outbursts that you could not control
63 Having urges to beat, injure, or harm someone
67 Having urges to break or smash things
74 Getting into frequent arguments
81 Shouting or throwing things
Phobic Anxiety 13 Feeling afraid in open spaces or on the streets
25 Feeling afraid to go out of your house alone
47 Feeling afraid to travel on buses, subways, or trains
50 Having to avoid certain things, places, or activities because they frighten you
70 Feeling uneasy in crowds, such as shopping or at a movie
75 Feeling nervous when you are left alone
82 Feeling afraid you will faint in public
Paranoid Ideation 8 Feeling others are to blame for most of your troubles
18 Feeling that most people cannot be trusted
43 Feeling that you are watched or talked about by others
68 Having ideas or beliefs that others do not share
76 Others not giving you proper credit for your achievements
83 Felling that people will take advantage of you if you let them
Psychoticism 7 The idea that some else can control your thoughts
16 Hearing words that others do not hear
35 Other people being aware of your private thoughts
62 Having thoughts that are not your own
77 Feeling lonely even when you are with people
84 Having thoughts about sex that bother you a lot
85 The idea that you should be punished for your sins
87 The idea that something serious is wrong with your body
88 Never feeling close to another person
90 The idea that something is wrong with your mind
Additional scale 19 Poor appetite
44 Trouble falling asleep
59 Thoughts of death or dying
60 Overeating
64 Awakening in the early morning
66 Sleep that is restless or disturbed
89 Feelings of guilt

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4. Example format
In what follows, an example format of a narrative report for the psychometric tests
object of this activity is presented. Epigraphs and sections that are considered
necessary depending on the proposed activities may be added.

1. INTRODUCTION
Mr. Jaime, 35 years old, has undergone a psychodiagnostic evaluation for the
construction of a functional profile and personality profile. Jaime has arrived at the
Psychology Service of the Simulated Hospital of the European University of his own free
will. The main reason for the consultation was to request a specialized assessment related
to difficulties at work and social and labor relationships. At the time of the evaluation, Mr.
Jaime was oriented in time, place, and person. The evaluation of cognitive functions has
been carried out through the Wechsler WAIS-III intelligence test. The symptoms were
assessed using the SCL-90-R symptom inventory. The writing of the clinical and personal
history has been carried out through a clinical interview.
2. INTELLIGENCE
In the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale1 (WAIS-III), Jaime has obtained a non-
interpretable global score. On the one hand, the Full-Scale IQ (FSIQ) was 90, which is a
score within average in the population of his age.2 However, this estimate of general
intelligence must be interpreted with caution, since there is variability between the scores
of the four indices that make it up: Processing Speed (PS: 117), Perceptual Organization
(PO: 93), Verbal Comprehension (VC: 88) and Working Memory (WM: 83).3 Regarding the
indices that compose the test, a significantly higher performance was detected in
Processing Speed, contrasting with a medium-low performance in Verbal IQ and in
Working Memory (Table 1).

Table 1 – Global indices of the WAI-III (IQ sores, Media 100, DT 15)

Index IQ Confidence interval (95%) Homogeneity

Verbal Comprehension (VC) 90 85-95 Yes
Perceptual Organization (PO) 93 82-93 Yes
Working Memory (WM) 83 76-87 Yes
Processing Speed (PS) 117 109-121 Yes
Verbal IQ 82 76-85 Yes
Performance IQ 102 98-105 Yes
Full-Scale IQ (FSIQ) 90 86-95 NO

Regarding the Processing Speed (PS) of visual information, skills above the average of
this age range were detected (PS 117; PCTL 87),4 with homogeneous results among the
subtests in this area and higher than all the other skills that were evaluated. Processing
speed (PS) is a measure of the velocity at which simple tasks are performed and is related
to the monitoring, and filtering of visual task-relevant information. Jaime has achieved
scores that indicate an improved ability to efficiently perform mechanical and repetitive
tasks in a limited time while paying simultaneously attention to task-relevant details
(Symbol Search, PCTL14; Letter-Number Sequencing, PCTL 12).5

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Table 2 shows the results of each subtest that compose the indices of the scale
separately.

Table 2 - WAIS-III by subtests and areas (scalar scores, mean 10, SD 3)

Verbal Perceptual Working

Processing Speed
Test Comprehension Organization Memory VERBAL PERFORMANCE
(PS)
(VC) (PO) (WM)
Picture Completion 8 8
Vocabulary 7 7
Digit Symbol-Coding 12 12
Similarities 9 9
Block Design 9 9
Arithmetic (optional) 6 6
Matrix Reasoning 10 10
Digit Span 7 7
Information 8 8
Symbol Search 14 14
Comprehension 6 6
Letter-Number 8
8
Sequencing

On the other hand, in the Perceptual Organization (OP), fluid reasoning and
visuospatial classification scores were within the average expected for this age range
(PO 93; PCTL 32) and findings across subtests were homogeneous.6 The Perceptual
Organization (PO) is a measure of fluid and perceptive intelligence, that is, the ability to
reason, form concepts, and solve problems using unknown information or new
procedures. So, Jaime has shown an adequate level: (a) solving visuospatial problems,
when he was asked to build a shape using several three-dimensional cubes (PCTL 9
Cubes); (b) in the test in which he was required to choose the appropriate figure among
five figures to complete a matrix that was missing a part (Matrixes, PCTL 10); (c) in the test
that required him to identify the missing elements in two-dimensional images (Picture
Completion, PCTL 8).
In the tests that measure Verbal Comprehension (VC), crystallized intelligence
competencies have been detected that are appropriate to age and homogeneous
among the different subtests (VC 88; PCTL 21).7 Crystallized intelligence represents the
ability to reason using previously learned verbal information. On the one hand, Jaime has
demonstrated normal abstraction and verbal concept formation skills (Similarities, PCTL
9); a normal level of general knowledge (Information PCTL 8), and knowledge of the
meaning of words at the lower limit of the average (Vocabulary, PCTL 7). On the other
hand, he has shown a specific difficulty in answering questions that involve knowledge
related to social and practical situations (Comprehension, PCTL 6).
In relation to Working Memory (WM), scores below the expected average for this age
range, and homogeneous among subtests, were detected (WM 83; PCTL 13). 8 Working
memory (WM) refers to the ability to temporarily retain and mentally manipulate
information and generate a result. On the one hand, Jaime has shown normal skills in
short-term auditory memory and working with letters and numbers (Letter-Number
Sequencing, PCTL 8; Digit Span, PCTL 7). On the other hand, lower scores have been
detected in carrying out basic arithmetic operations based on mental calculation
(Arithmetic, PCTL 6). The longest-remembered series of digits has been four elements in
both forward and reverse order.
3. SYMPTOMATIC PROFILE
The symptomatic profile detected through the Symptom Checklist-90 (SCL-90R)9
questionnaire indicates the presence of marked discomfort, characterized by symptoms
mainly related to low mood. Some of the most prominent symptoms are sadness, lack of
interest, and loss of sexual desire (depression). On the other hand, results also indicate
interpersonal sensitivity, restlessness, and worries (anxiety). The wide variety of symptoms
reflect discomfort which is perceived by Jaime as intense.

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4. PERSONAL AND CLINICAL HISTORY

From an early age, Jaime was treated by different specialists (neurologist, speech
therapist, psychologist, and psychiatrist), and underwent numerous evaluations and
treatments. In the different reports provided by the family, common aspects have been
detected in Jaime's different diagnoses: (a) the IQ scores (Weschler) were always in the
average for this population; (b) a delay in the acquisition and subsequent language and
communication deficits; (c) difficulties in social interaction; (d) the presence of rituals and
stereotyped behaviors.
Jaime was adopted at the age of 3 (1983) in Gijón. No information is available about
his early childhood. From the moment of adoption, he moved to Barcelona with his
parents and his older brother until he was 6 years old. Already as a young child, his
parents perceived him as a difficult child, insecure, who did not like physical contact and
had marked communication problems. These difficulties were also detected in the
kindergarten and, since then, Jaime has always been followed up by different specialists
(with speech therapy, psychological and psychopharmacological treatment) and, at
school, he has always received special support and curricular adaptations. From the age
of 6 to 13, he moved with his family to Granada and later moved back to Alcobendas
(Madrid) where he currently resides. Jaime has obtained the title of school graduate with
curricular adaptation (equivalent to 2nd year of secondary education) and then he has
completed a vocational training in restaurant services. At the end of his training, he
worked in a restaurant for approximately 4 years, with several internship contracts. He
has also worked as a waiter and street sweeper. At the age of 27, he married and went
to live near his parents, and became father (his son is currently 5 years old). According
to the parents, Jaime's relationship with his wife and son is adequate. The spouse is the
one in charge of managing the family economy.
Jaime is currently unemployed and, although he is a hard-working person who
complies with schedules and obligations, his immediate environment has strong
concerns about his ability to compete autonomously in the labor market. This concern is
mainly based on his difficulty to establish social relationships and to adapt to complex
situations.

5. NOTES
1 Wechsler (1944, page 3) defined intelligence as "the subject's ability to act with a purpose, think rationally,
and relate adequately to the environment." The construct of general intelligence (CIT) correlates with work
performance and general psychological well-being. The concept is based on the concept of an underlying
general intelligence or "g factor" (Spearman 1904, 1924), which largely explains the overall performance of an
individual in mental tasks. Research indicates that intelligence is made up of a number of specific abilities that
appear to be grouped into higher-level cognitive domains (Carroll, 1993; Keith, 1990). Initially, Wechsler divided
the measurement of his test into verbal and manipulative abilities. More recent revisions of the Wechsler scales
have added more specific domains of cognitive ability (verbal comprehension, perceptual organization,
processing speed, and working memory) to the measurement of verbal and es abilities. In the case of mild
intellectual disability (CIT between 50-55 and 70), the World Health Organization recommends taking into
account the adaptive functioning of the individual in different areas such as communication, daily living skills,
social responsibility, autonomy and self-sufficiency.
2 Total Intellectual Quotient (TIQ). Mean=100, SD=15. TIQ: 90 / NORMAL – AVERAGE (PC 25). JAIME's Total
Intellectual Quotient (TIQ) cannot be interpreted as it has presented too much variability in the results. This
variability was registered both in the two main indices that make up the TIQ (VERBAL IQ and MANIPULATIVE IQ)
and in the rest of the test indices. The difference between the main indices (82 in VERBAL IQ and 102 in
MANIPULATIVE IQ) is 20 points, so it does not exceed the cut-off point of 23 points, making its TIQ interpretable.
On the other hand, a marked non-homogeneity has been detected between the four secondary indices
(Verbal Comprehension, Perceptual Organization, Working Memory, and Processing Speed). If the score
obtained is considered, JAIME would present a Total Intellectual Quotient of 90, which would identify him with
a NORMAL - AVERAGE level of general intelligence. He would have a good probability (95%) that his true TIQ is

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between the values 82 and 98. This TIQ would be in the 25th percentile, that is, it would exceed 25% of the cases
of the same age in the normative sample.
3Comparisons between indices. Verbal Comprehension (CV) – Perceptual Organization (PO) = -5 (critical value
4.56 - significant difference at a confidence level of 95%); Verbal Comprehension (CV) – Working Memory (WM)
= 5 (critical value 5.46, non-significant difference at a 95% confidence level); Verbal Comprehension (CV) –
Processing Speed (VP) = -29 (critical value 5.15 - significant difference at a confidence level of 95%); Perceptual
Organization (OP) – Working Memory (WM) =10 (critical value 5.12 significant difference at a confidence level
of 95%); Perceptual Organization (OP) – Processing Speed (VP) = -24 (critical value 4.79 significant difference
at a confidence level of 95%); Working Memory (MT) – Processing Speed (VP) = -34 (critical value 5.65 significant
difference at a confidence level of 95%).
4 Processing Speed (PS). Mean=100, SD=15. JAIME presents a PS of 117 that is identified with a MEDIUM - HIGH
processing speed. He has a good probability (95%) that his true PS is between the values 114 and 120. This PS
would be located in the 87th percentile, that is, it is higher than 87% of the cases of the same age in the
normative sample. Processing Speed Index (PS) represents the velocity at which JAIME's can perform simple
tasks. Various studies point out a significant correlation between processing speed and general cognitive ability
(Jenkinson, 1983; Jensen, 1982), and the relationship between these two measures and clinical conditions such
as ADHD, learning disorders, or traumatic brain injury (Donders & Warschausy, 1997; Mayes, Calhoun, and
Crowell, 1998a, 1998b; Prifitera, Weiss, and Saklofske, 1998). The VP index provides a measure of the subject's
ability to quickly and efficiently explore, order, or discriminate simple visual information. Fast information
processing can save working memory resources. This composite score also measures short-term visual memory,
attention, and eye-motor coordination. This capacity has been evaluated in JAIME through two tasks. One
asked him to quickly copy symbols that were paired with numbers according to specific pattern (Digit Symbol
Coding, PE12). Another required him to identify the presence or absence of a symbol in a row of symbols
(Symbol Search, PE4). In the case of JAIME, the difference between the highest (PE14 in Symbol Search) and
the lowest (PE12 Digit Symbol Coding) is not large (less than 5 points) suggesting that the result is a consistent
measure of processing speed.
5 Scalar scores (PE): Mean = 10; SD = 3.
6 Perceptual organization (PO). Mean=100, SD=15. JAIME presents a PO of 93 (CI = 89 – 97) which is within the
average for his age group. His PO is in the 32nd percentile, that is, it exceeds 32% of the cases of the same age
in the normative sample. The Perceptual Organization (OP) index is a measure of fluid and perceptual
reasoning, spatial processing, and visuomotor integration. Fluid reasoning is the ability to reason, form concepts,
and solve problems using unknown information or new procedures. Fluid reasoning can be measured in tasks
that involve abstract concepts, changing rules, logical relationships, and problem-solving. JAIME's Perceptive
Organization has been evaluated through tasks that required him to (1) choose, among five figures presented,
the appropriate one to complete a matrix that was missing a part (Matrix Reasoning, PE10); (2) build with several
cubes a shape, in a limited time, from some models presented visually on paper (PE9 Block Design); (3) identify
the missing elements in images presented visually on paper (Picture Completion, PE8). In the case of JAIME, the
difference between the highest (PE10 in Matrix Reasoning) and the lowest (PE8 in Picture Completion) is not
large (less than 5 points) and suggests that the result in PO is a consistent measure of fluid reasoning.
7 Verbal comprehension (VC). Mean=100, SD=15. JAIME presents a VC of 88 (CI 95%, 84 – 92), which is
considered as a NORMAL - AVERAGE level of verbal comprehension. His VC is in the 21st percentile, that is, it is
higher than 21% of the cases of the same age in the normative sample. The Verbal Comprehension Index (VC)
is a measure of crystallized intelligence and represents JAIME's ability to reason with previously learned
information. This crystallized capacity develops largely as a function of formal and informal educational
opportunities and experiences. JAIME's VC has been evaluated through tasks that required him to define words
(Vocabulary, PE7), express conceptual similarities between words (Similarities PE9), answer questions that imply
knowledge of general cultural information (Information PE8) and related to social situations. (Comprehension
PE6). In the case of JAIME, the difference between the highest (PE9 in Similarities) and the lowest (PE6 in
Comprehension) is not large (less than 5 points) suggesting that the result in VC is a good measure of crystallized
intelligence.
8 Working Memory (WM). Mean=100, SD=15. JAIME presents a WM of 83 that is identified with a working memory
level BELOW AVERAGE (CI 95% 79 – 87), located in the 13th percentile. The Working Memory (WM) index is a
measure of the ability to temporarily store and manipulate information that is no longer present in memory.
Working memory involves attention, concentration, mental control, and reasoning. Research indicate that
working memory is an essential component of other higher cognitive processes and is closely related to
academic performance and learning abilities(Fry & Hale, 1996; Kyllonen & Cristal, 1990; Perlow et al. 1997;
Swanson, 1996 ). JAIME's working memory has been evaluated through tasks that required him to answer
mathematical problems (Arithmetic, PE8), remember and order mixed series of letters and numbers,
progressively ordering the letters before and then the numbers (Letter-Number Sequencing, PE8), remember
short-term series of numbers in order, as well as hearing them and then inverting them (Digit Span, PE7). In the
case of JAIME, the difference between the highest (PE8 in Arithmetic and Letter-Number Sequencing) and the
lowest (PE6 in Digit Span) is not large (less than 5 points) suggesting that the results are a consistent measure of
working memory.
9 Symptom Checklist SCL-90R. T scores, Mean=50 and SD=10. The Symptom Checklist-90-R (SCL-90-R) is a self-
report questionnaire widely used in the field of mental health to assess symptoms both in clinical samples and
in the general population. The Symptom Checklist-90-R assesses psychological symptoms and distress through
90 items that make up nine primary dimensions and three global indices. The following three global indices

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provide a measure of the intensity and variety of a subject's distress: General Symptom Index (GSI), Positive
Symptom Distress Index (PSDI), and Total Symptom Distress Index (PSDI). The nine primary symptomatologic
dimensions evaluated are the following: Somatization, Obsessive-Compulsive, Interpersonal Sensitivity,
Depression, Anxiety, Hostility, Phobic Anxiety, Paranoid Ideation, and Psychoticism. The scores obtained by
Jaime in comparison with a healthy sample, a psychiatric sample, and a sample of patients with
temporomandibular psychosomatic dysfunction are listed below.
General Symptom Index (GSI) - [T score Mean=50 and SD=10]. RECORDED GROSS SCORE: 1.27. It is a global
measure of the intensity of mental and psychosomatic suffering expressed in the questionnaire. Non-clinical
general population: T SCORE 73 (98 PERCENTILE). General population with temporomandibular psychosomatic
dysfunction: T SCORE 48 (48 PERCENTILE). Psychiatric sample: T SCORE 45 (30th PERCENTILE).
• Positive Symptom Alteration Index (PSDI) - [T scores Mean=50 and SD=10]. RECORDED GROSS SCORE: 1.70.
It is a measure of the average symptomatic intensity expressed in the questionnaire. Non-clinical general
population: T SCORE 52 (57 PERCENTILE). General population with temporomandibular psychosomatic
dysfunction: T SCORE 62 (PERCENTILE 87). Psychiatric sample: T SCORE 57 (PERCENTILE 75).
• Total, of Positive Symptoms (PST) - [T score Mean=50 and SD=10]. RECORDED RAW SCORE: 67. It is a measure
of the diversity of the symptoms expressed in the questionnaire. In the general population, raw scores equal
to or less than 3 (in men) and equal to or less than 4 (in women) indicate an attempt to appear better than
they really are. On the other hand, raw scores greater than 50 (in men) and 60 (in women) indicate a
tendency to exaggerate the pathology. Non-clinical general population: T SCORE >75 (99 PERCENTILE).
General population with temporomandibular psychosomatic dysfunction: T SCORE 62 (PERCENTILE 87).
Psychiatric sample: T SCORE 57 (PERCENTILE 75).
• Symptoms of psychoticism (PSI) - [T score Mean=50 and SD=10]. RECORDED GROSS SCORE: 1.20. Non-
clinical general population: T SCORE >75 (99 PERCENTILE). General population with temporomandibular
psychosomatic dysfunction: T SCORE 63 (PERCENTILE 90). Psychiatric sample: T SCORE 54 (PERCENTILE 65).
Symptoms: the idea that something is wrong in your mind (a lot or extremely), feeling lonely, even if you are
with more people (quite a lot), having thoughts about sex that disturb you a lot (quite a lot), the idea that
something serious is wrong bad in your body (quite a lot), always feeling distant, no feeling of intimacy with
anyone (quite).
• Depression (DEP) - [T scores Mean=50 and SD=10]. RECORDED GROSS SCORE: 1.92. Non-clinical general
population: T SCORE 75 (99 PERCENTILE). General population with temporomandibular psychosomatic
dysfunction: T SCORE 58 (80th PERCENTILE). Psychiatric sample: T SCORE 54 (PERCENTILE 65). Symptoms: loss
of sexual desire or pleasure (a lot or extremely), feeling sad (a lot or extremely), not feeling interested in
anything (a lot or extremely), feeling low or down (quite a lot), feeling trapped or as locked in (a lot),
worrying too much about everything (a lot), feeling hopeless about the future (a lot), feeling that everything
requires a lot of effort (a lot), feeling useless or worthless (a lot).
• Symptoms of interpersonal sensitivity (INT) - [T scores: Mean=50 and SD=10]. RECORDED GROSS SCORE: 1.44.
Non-clinical general population: T SCORE 70 (97 PERCENTILE). General population with temporomandibular
psychosomatic dysfunction: T SCORE 57 (PERCENTILE 75). Psychiatric sample: T SCORE 54 (PERCENTILE 65).
Symptoms: seeing people negatively, always finding fault (quite a bit), being overly sensitive or easily hurt
(quite a bit), feeling that other people are unfriendly or disliked (quite a bit), feeling inferior to others (a lot),
feeling uncomfortable when people look at you or talk about you (a lot).
• Anxiety symptoms (ANS) - [T scores: Mean=50 and SD=10]. RECORDED GROSS SCORE: 1.20. General non-
clinical population: T SCORE 55 (PERCENTILE 70). General population with temporomandibular
psychosomatic dysfunction: T SCORE 57 (PERCENTILE 75). Psychiatric sample: T SCORE 50 (50 PERCENTILE).
Symptoms: frightening or frightening thoughts or images (very or extremely), nervousness (quite a bit), fast
or very fast heart beat (quite a bit), feeling so restless that you can't even sit still (quite a bit), thoughts that
something bad is going to happen (quite a lot).

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