Green Engineering & It's 12 Principles » Green Engineering is the development and commercialization of indu: processes that are economically feasible and reduce the risk to human health the environment. » Systematic integration of these principles is key to achieving ge sustainability for the simultaneous benefit of the environment, economy society. + The 12 Principles of Green Engineering can be used to re-engineer | systems.» Principle 1: Inherent rather than circumstantial * Though the negative impacts of hazardous substances can be minimised, th often at the expense of a significant amount of time and resources (hu materials and energy), which further impose environmental and social impact + Designers should take into consideration the inherent nature of the sele material to ensure that it is as benign as possible (i.e. non-toxic, and/or mit energy and materials inputs required to complete the process).Polyacry lamide. used in Papermaking. oil recoy ery y Highly toxic, causes CNS par Personal Care. Water treatment Poly(N-y of the sa ormamide), many € uses, hydrolyzed to Not a Neurotoxin lamineAcrylamide Synthesis H,O a NH> CN ; ON 2 UN Tee Cu catalys iH O Hh —_ Enz i oute newest, green appple 2: Prevention instead of treatment. The concept of waste can bg assigned to material or energy that existing processes cannot turn int useful products. » The generation and handling of physical waste further creates other wastes -waste of time, money and effort. Using materials and processes thc generate minimal waste removes the costs and risks associated substances that would otherwise have to be handled, treated and dis ofExamples - Implementation of new technology Solvent substitution » Eliminate toxic intermediates * New reaction paths/new chemistryNVF Production 0 bs CN oCNa = | and Hv, ‘OH : 0 BASF Process HCN+ Aw — CN o ie Heat — ye ot i HCN, an inherent hazard, raises costs nee Product green, Process not =<3: Design for Separation * Separation of products typically expends much of the energy and resources of most manufacturing processes. * Designing products with physical and chemical properties that permit self separation processes rather than induced conditions (such as high energy] temperature processes or the use of solvents) decreases waste, saves cost and reduces processing times. * Examples:rinciple 3: Design for Separation Separation of products typically expends much of the energy and resources f »f most manufacturing processes. Designing products with physical and chemical properties that permit self separation processes rather than induced conditions (such as high ener | temperature processes or the use of solvents) decreases waste, saves c nd reduces processing times. + Examples:nciple 4: Maximize mass, energy, space and time efficiency. - If asystem is designed and applied at less than maximum efficiency, resourc are being wasted throughout the process. -roducts, processes, and systems should be designed to maximize md snergy, space and time efficiency. =xamples -* Princ iple 5: Output-pulled vs Input-pushed, Le Chatelier's Principle essenti States that when a stress (such as temperature or pressure) is applied more inputs (stresses) leads to the generation of more outputs. But the : principle can be applied the other way ~output-pulled’ -where the output Continually minimised or removed from the system and the output is then 'p through the system to minimise the amount of materials or energy usedPrinciple 6: Conserve Complexity » Products that require more materials, energy and time are generally mo complex, high-entropy substances. Such materials should be designed f reuse, where as materials of minimal complexity have more favoural ; | properties for recycling. C-1 (carbon) as a “Flaring” methane at - ae feedstock for va petroleum refineries added mat + Microbial Gas fermentation represents versatile industrial platform 2 as sustainable production of commodity chemicals and fuels from divers from industrial processes, coal, biomass municipal solid waste derived d natural gas* Methane, the main component of natural gas, is also a byproduct of oil drilli Flaring is a way to convert unsellable gas into compounds such as cart dioxide, which still cause global warming but are less harmful in the near-te Flares are designed to eliminate at least 98% of the methane that pas through them, and that is the default amount used when estimating emissions they create. * Our findings indicate that flaring is responsible for five times more m¢ entering the atmosphere than we previously thought,” says Geneviev lead author and assistant research scientist at the University ofe 7: Durability rather than immortality oducts that last beyond their useful life often are the cause o ironmental problems such as waste to landfill, persistence an ioaccumulation designing products that in addition to withstanding anticipated op onditions (supported by maintenance and repair) possess a fetime, such issues can be avoidedExample: CFC’s * Long-lived, migrate to upper atmosphere * UV-induced fragmentation In upper atmosphere eads to ozone depletion - C.Aeel, ¢ Non-flammable ¢ Non-toxic i « Inexpensive | * Effectiveiple 8: Meet need, minimise excess ‘design for unnecessary capacity or capability (e.g. ‘one size fits all’ solutions should be considered a design flaw” * Don't over design things: - keep contingency factors low; + Extra size means wasted material and energyrinciple 9: Minimise material diversity » Products such as computers, due to their diversity of materials used slectronic and packaging components, are difficult to recycle with exist methods while upfront designs that satisfy the same need with less matey diversity have more options for recyclability and reuse. 1 Examples: + Automobile design: use single materials rather than alloys (m polymeric) Additives: create multi-functional additives rather than paIntegrate local material and energy flows. roducts, processes and systems should be designed to use local materials ai energy resources that is, resources that are as close as possible to the sour f operation to minimise inefficiencies and consumption associated w transportation. gn of products, processes, and systems must include integra interconnectivity with available energy and materials flows.