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Final Multiple Access Tech.
Final Multiple Access Tech.
Wireless Communications
By- Gaurav Khanna
13/PIT/082
M.Tech ( WCN)
Table of Contents:
• Introduction
• FDMA
• TDMA
• CDMA
• SS (Spread Spectrum)
• FHSS
• DSSS
• Hybrid
• Packet Radio
• Pure ALOHA
• Slotted ALOHA
• CSMA
• Reservation Protocol
• Reservation-ALOHA
• PRMA
• NC-PRMA
Introduction:
• Multiple Access:
• Enable many mobile users to share simultaneously
radio spectrum.
• If an FDMA channel is not in use, then it sits idle and can’t be used by other
users.
• FDMA uses duplexers since both TX and RX operate at the same time.
Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)
Allows a transmitter to access the channel at any time that is not being used
by another transmitter.
FDMA compared to TDMA
• Compromise needed.
SDMA and PDMA in satellites
• INTELSAT IVA
• SDMA dual-beam receive
antenna.
• simultaneously access from
two different regions of the
earth.
SDMA and PDMA in satellites
• COMSTAR 1
• PDMA
• separate antennas.
• simultaneously access
from same region.
SDMA and PDMA in satellites
• INTELSAT V
• PDMA and SDMA
• Two hemispheric coverage
by SDMA.
• Two smaller beam zones by
PDMA.
• orthogonal polarization.
Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)
Low-Bandwidth Signal:
...repeated...
CDMA example
Low-Bandwidth Signal:
… and transmit.
CDMA example
… to get ...
… to get ...
What if we use the wrong code?
… for example, let's just shift the same code left a bit:
What if we use the wrong code?
Take the same signal:
… We get ...
Each bit is transmitted as a single pulse, with the value of j-th bit
determined by whether it arrives before or after the reference time tj.
TH-PPM
Ns 1
Str t wtr t iTs jT f ciN s jTc d i
i j 0
Spread Spectrum Multiple Access
• Randomness
Uniform distribution
Balance property
Run property
Independence
Correlation property
• Unpredictability
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS)
1. Fast hopping
2. Slow hopping
Slow and Fast FHSS:
Slow Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum
using MFSK (M=4, K=2):
Fast Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum
using MFSK (M=4, K=2):
Modulation
Performance in the presence of interference
Narrowband interference
Wideband interference
Gaussian noise
Narrowband interference
Wideband interference
Gaussian noise
Hybrid FDMA/CDMA (FCDMA):
Vp , vulnerable period is
defined as the time interval
during which the packets are
susceptible to collisions with
transmission form other user.
e R
Pr( n )
n!
Pr(0) e R
Type of Access
persistent CSMA
Non-persistent CSMA
p-persistent CSMA
CSMA/CD
Frame N