To Transmit a signal from one user to another

, the information must be sent over a channel

that is possibly shared with many others
users simultaneously transmitting their own
signals.
 A key issue therefore regards ways in which
this communication channel is partitioned
among the various users such that each
receiver is able to accurately recover the
signal the sender intended to transmit.

There is a need for techniques that allow the

multiple users to share the same frequency
especially as wireless telecommunication
continues to increase in popularity.
Currently three types of schemes are used:

• Time division Multiple Access ( TDMA)

• Frequency division Multiple Access
(FDMA)
• Code division Multiple Access ( CDMA)
Multiple access schemes
Time division Multiple Access
(TDMA)
Time Division Multiple Access is a channel access
method for shared medium networks. It allows
several users to share the same frequency
channel by dividing the signals into different
time slots. The users transmit in rapid
succession, one after the others, each using his
own time slots . this allows multiple station to
share the same transmission medium while
using only the part of its bandwidth they require.
In other words in TDMA system ,each user
uses the whole channel bandwidth for a
fraction of time.

TDMA is a type of time division multiplexing,

with the special point that instead of
having one transmitter connected to one
receiver, there are multiple transmitters.
• Non-continuous transmission makes handoff
simpler.
• Slots assigned cyclically can be assigned on
demand in dynamic TDMA.
• Less stringent power control than CDMA due to
reduced intra cell interference.
• Cell breathing is more complicated.
• complex frequency/slot allocation.
Advantages
• Shares single carrier frequency with
multiple users.
• Non continuous transmission makes
handoff simpler
• slots can be assigned on demand.
• Bandwidth supplied on demand.
• Less stringent power control due to
reduced inter-user interference.
Applications

TDMA is used in the digital 2g cellular

system such as GSM , GPRS, EDGE,
standard for portable phones, etc.
Frequency Division Multiple
Access
FDMA is the oldest of these schemes and
the least efficient. It started in the 1930;
The telephone companies began to use
FDM to combine multiple analog voice
signals over the one line to maximize
efficiency of their long distance trunks.
With FDMA , only one transmission is
propagated over the each channel at a
time.
 The channel is dedicated to that one
transmission regardless of whether data is
being transmitted and the channel is not
available for another user until the device
using it terminates the transmission.
 In FDMA , the channel bandwidth of the
available spectrum is divided into separate
channels. Each individual channel
frequency being allocated to a different
user.
FDMA Features

• Best suited for analog links.

• Continues transmission.
• No framing and synchronization.
• If channel not in use , sites idle.
• Relative narrow channel bandwidth
• FDMA requires high performance filters
to minimize interference in contrast to
TDMA
• Simplest system.
How FDMA works
FDMA works : For system using Frequency
Division Multiple Access, the available
bandwidth is subdivided into a number of
narrow band channels . Each users is
allocated a unique frequency band in
which to transmit and receive on. During a
call, no other user can use the same
frequency band . Each users is allocated a
forward link channel and a reverse
channel each being a single way link.
Advantages

• FDMA is flexible and simple.

• Narrow bandwidth is required
• Continues transmission
• Little or no synchronization required
Disadvantages
• Crosstalk which causes interference on
the other frequency and may disrupt the
transmission.
• Required expensive and bulky duplex
filters.
• FDMA is a wasteful of; the channel is
assigned to a single conversation
whether or not somebody is speaking.
• Cannot handle other form of data accept
voice transmission.
Code division Multiple Access
(CDMA)
Decades ago , the military organization of the
world adopted the Code Division Multiple
Access scheme to meet the need for highly
secure and easily concealed communication.
CDMA uses a spreading code to scramble the
data spread the bandwidth. IN the past 15
years CDMA has become popular in
commercial, wireless and satellite
communication.
CDMA does let everyone transmit at the
same time. Each users signal is spread
over the entire bandwidth by a unique
spreading code. At receiver , that same
unique code is used to recover the signal .
Multiple calls are overlaid on channel . It
can be understood from following
examples that imagines a room full of
people , all trying to carry on one to one
conversations. In CDMA each couples
talks at same time .But they all use a
different language
Features

• CDMA has a very high “spectral

efficiency”. It can accommodate more
users per MHz of bandwidth than any
other technology
• Bandwidth efficiency of up to 13 times
than that of TDMA and between 20 to 40
times that of analog transmission
• Spread spectrum technology is more
secure and offers high transmission quality
• All users use same frequency may
transmit simultaneously
• Narrowband message signal multiplied by
wideband spreading signal or codeword
• Each user has its own pseudo-codeword
• Receivers detect only the desired
codeword. All other appear as noise
• Information security
• Accurate Ranging
• Multiple User access
• Multipath tolerance
• Signal hiding and non-interference with
existing systems
Basic principle of CDMA

What makes CDMA work on a special

type on a special type of digital
modulation called “Spread Spectrum” .
CDMA is a form of spread spectrum, which
simply means that data is sent in small
pieces over a number of the discrete
frequencies available for use at any time
in specified range
cdma
Advantages

• Can accommodate more users per MHz of

bandwidth than any other technology
• Bandwidth efficiency of up to 12 times
than that of TDMA and between 20 to 40
times that of analog transmission
• All users use same frequency and may
transmit simultaneously
• Wide frequency spectrum reduces fading
• Narrow band interference rejection
• Spread spectrum technology is both more
secure offers high transmission quality
• Information security
• Multiple user access
Disadvantages

• Soft capacity limit: system performance

degrades for all users as number of users
increase
• Receivers must know transmitter’s code
word
• Self-jamming problem
• High Bandwidth is needed
• Complex Hardware
• Synchronization problem
• Tradeoff between precision of control and
capacity
• Channel pollution