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TECHNIQUES FOR
WIRELESS
COMMUNICATION
SAMMAR ZAHRA
International Islamic University, Islamabad
FDMA
Frequency division multiple access
FDMA is the division of the frequency band
allocated for wireless cellular telephone
communication into channels
FDMA in Analogue Advanced Mobile Phone
System (AMPS)
The Digital-Advanced Mobile Phone Service (D-
AMPS) also uses FDMA but adds time division
multiple access (TDMA)
Each channel can be assigned to only one user
at a time.
FDMA is a
method that lets
more than one
user to share a
single radio
frequency
spectrum. This is
done by
assigning active
users a different
frequency
channel.
FDMA puts each
call on a separate
frequency.
Frequency division multiplexing
GUARD BANDS
2. It is subjected to multipath
distortion. A signal coming
from a tower to a handset
might come from any one of
several directions. It might
have bounced off several
different buildings before
arriving.
CDMA
There is no restriction on time and frequency in this scheme.
Parallel communication without collision and whole bandwidth
can be used
Users are separated by code not by time slot and frequency slot
CDMA ANALOGY
10 people in a room.
5 speak English, 2 speak Spanish, 2 speak
Chinese, and 1 speaks Russian.
Everyone is talking at relatively the same
time over the same medium – the air.
Who can listen to whom and why?
Simple idea of
communication with code
Chip sequences
Data Representation
in CDMA
12.21
Data Retrieving
ADVANTAGES
Potentially larger capacity (more users can communicate
simultaneously)
If users don’t use the medium all the time (e.g., they are just reading e-
mail), CDMA will allow much more users to communicate
simultaneously. In other words, CDMA will use the resource (the radio
spectrum) more efficiently.
Provides larger spread spectrum, thus more robust against noise bursts and
multipath frequency selective fading
GSM bandwidth = 200 kHz
IS-95 bandwidth = 1.25 MHz
W-CDMA (3G) bandwidth = 10MHz
The transition from one BS to another (handoff) is not abrupt, as in TDMA, and
provides better quality
No absolute limit on the number of users
Easy addition of more users
Impossible for hackers to decipher the code sent
Better signal quality
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DISADVANTAGES