1.

Active judge Judecător activ A judge in the full-time service The active judge presided over the
of the court. Compare to senior courtroom, carefully listening to the evidence
judge. presented by both sides in the case.
2. Admissible Admisibil A term used to describe The attorney argued that the document in
evidence that may be question was admissible as evidence in the
considered by a jury or judge in trial.
civil and criminal cases.
3. Adjourn Amână the postponement of a court The judge decided to adjourn the trial to a
pronunțarea hearing. later date due to unforeseen circumstances in
the courtroom.
4. Affidavit Declarație pe A written or printed statement The witness swore under oath and signed the
proprie made under oath. affidavit, providing a written statement of
răspundere their testimony for the court.
5. Appellant Recurent The party who appeals a district
court's decision, usually seeking The appellant filed an appeal with the higher
reversal of that decision. court, seeking a review of the lower court's
decision in their case.
6. Abuse of Law Abuz de drept unfair or improper legal action The active judge addressed the issue of abuse
that has been initiated with of law during the trial, emphasizing the
selfish or malicious intentions. importance of adhering to legal principles and
The abuse of law can originate ethics in the proceedings.
from nearly any part of the legal
system and may include
careless or corrupt attorneys,
abuses by law enforcement or
misconduct from the judiciary.
7. Ab initio Ab initio the start of something (Latin
 phrase).
8. Administrator Administrator An Insolvency Practitioner (IP) The court appointed an administrator to
appointed by the court under an oversee the distribution of assets in the estate
administration order or by a of the deceased individual.
floating charge holder or by the
company or its directors filing
the requisite notice at court.
9. Advocate Avocat a lawyer who speaks in court on The skilled advocate passionately presented
behalf of their client. the case, arguing for the client's innocence
with strong legal arguments and persuasive
reasoning.
10. Agreement Acord where a consensus is reached The parties reached a mutually beneficial
between parties. agreement outside of court, resolving the
dispute amicably without the need for a
lengthy legal battle.
11. Bail Cauțiune a payment, or promise of The judge set a reasonable bail amount for
payment, which is made in the defendant, allowing them to be released
order for an individual who is from custody while awaiting their trial.
accused of a criminal act to be
released from custody pending
trial.
12. Bailiff Executor an officer of the court whose The bailiff served the eviction notice to the
judecătoresc duty is to carry out court orders, tenant, following the court's order to
such as taking debtors goods repossess the property.
and selling them to get money
to pay a debtor’s debt. A bailiff
may also personally serve
 documents on people.
13. Bankrupt Faliment Someone against whom a After accumulating overwhelming debts, the
bankruptcy order has been made individual was declared bankrupt by the
and who has not been court, and their assets were liquidated to pay
discharged from bankruptcy. off creditors.
14. Bare trust Nedreptate where the beneficiary of a trust The assets in the bare trust were held by the
has an immediate and absolute trustee for the ultimate benefit of the
right to both the trust capital beneficiary, with the trustee having limited
and income received by the control and discretion over those assets.
same.
15. Break clause Clauză de the failing to carry out The lease agreement included a break clause,
rupere something which is required by allowing either party to terminate the contract
law, or doing something that the with proper notice before the end of the fixed
law forbids. term, providing flexibility for both the
landlord and tenant.
16. Cancellation Clauză de a provision in contract that The contract had a cancellation clause that
clause anulare permits the termination of the outlined the conditions and penalties for
contract by one of the parties either party to terminate the agreement before
before it’s expiration under its specified end date.
specific terms and contracts.
17. Capital gain Câștig de the profit that is made when a When John sold his investment property for a
capital long term asset is sold for more substantial profit, he had to report the capital
than its original cost. gain on his tax return and plan for the
associated tax liability.
18. Case law Jurisprudență law that is based on the result
of previous court cases. The judge cited a relevant case law precedent
to support the legal argument in the
 courtroom, demonstrating how similar issues
had been resolved in previous cases
19. Chit Chit a short note recording a sum In some regions, a chit is a written agreement
owed. or voucher used in informal financial
transactions, often within small or close-knit
communities, to record debts, loans, or
contributions among individuals.

20. Civil Law Drept civil the law which covers disputes Civil law is a legal system that primarily
which are not criminal in deals with private disputes and conflicts
nature. between individuals or entities, rather than
criminal matters. It is characterized by a
comprehensive set of codified laws and
statutes that provide a framework for
resolving civil disputes, such as contract
disputes, family law matters, property issues,
and personal injury cases.
21. Claim Revendicare a legal demand given by a The plaintiff's claim alleged that the
person seeking compensation defendant's negligence had resulted in
for loss. significant financial losses and sought
compensation for the damages incurred.
22. Claimant Reclamant the person making a claim. The claimant, who had suffered injuries in a
car accident, filed a lawsuit against the
responsible party to seek compensation for
 medical expenses and pain and suffering.
23. Common law Drept comun a system of laws based on In a common law jurisdiction, such as the
customs and court decisions United Kingdom or the United States, legal
made by judges rather than Acts decisions made by higher courts in similar
of Parliament. Common law cases serve as a foundation for resolving new
forms the basis of the legal legal disputes, ensuring consistency and
system in the UK and is predictability in the application of the law.
constantly changing.
24. Compensation Despăgubire money paid to make up for loss, The injured party was awarded substantial
damage, injury or suffering. compensation to cover their medical
expenses, lost wages, and pain and suffering
resulting from the accident.
25. Contract Contract an agreement between two or After carefully reviewing the contract, both
more parties which creates legal parties signed the agreement, formalizing
obligations for both to perform their commitment to collaborate on the
specific acts. construction project.
26. Costs Law Legea the law regarding legal costs In the aftermath of the civil trial, the
costurilor cases. presiding judge invoked costs law,
compelling the unsuccessful party to bear the
financial burden of both their own legal
expenses and those incurred by the prevailing
party during the litigation process
27. Costs Lawyers Costuri Avocați a lawyer regulated by the Clients often turn to costs lawyers to navigate
Association of Costs Lawyers. the intricacies of legal expenses, ensuring that
their financial obligations in a case are
accurately assessed and fairly represented.
28. Creditor Creditor Someone owed money by an The creditor patiently awaited the debtor's
 individual or company
29. Decision Decizie a form of secondary legislation
produced by the European
Union and is binding on
whoever is addressed by it.
30. Directive Directiva a form of secondary legislation
that is produced by the
European Union and is
addressed to all member states.
31. Direct Loss Pierdere directă is the natural result of the
breach in the usual course of
things. Most foreseeable kinds
of loss are direct, including
financial losses such as loss of
profits and loss of business or
goodwill.
32. Discrimination Discriminare usually used in employment law
in workplace
discrimination claims to
describe the act of being treated
unfairly or differently because
of certain legally protected
characteristics (in the Equality
Act 2010).
repayment, emphasizing the importance of
fulfilling financial obligations in a timely
manner
After careful consideration of all the evidence
presented, the judge reached a decisive
verdict, delivering a well-reasoned decision
that would shape the outcome of the legal
dispute.
The manager issued a directive to all
employees, outlining the new company
policies and emphasizing the importance of
adhering to the updated guidelines."
The company experienced a direct loss in
revenue due to the unexpected shutdown of
its primary manufacturing facility.
The company implemented a strict policy
against any form of discrimination, ensuring
a workplace environment that values
diversity and treats all employees fairly.
33. Doctrine Doctrină a rule or principle of the law. The doctrine of separation of powers is a
fundamental principle in many democratic
systems, delineating distinct roles and powers
among the legislative, executive, and judicial
branches of government.
34. Elder law Legea a speciality in legal practice that Elder law is a specialized legal field focused
persoanelor în covers estate planning, wills, on addressing the unique needs and concerns
vârstă trusts, arrangements for care, of older individuals, covering areas such as
social security and retirement estate planning, long-term care, guardianship,
benefits. and social security, to ensure the well-being
and protection of the elderly in legal matters.
35. Employment Ocuparea forței the hiring of a person for Employment opportunities have significantly
de muncă compensation. increased in the technology sector, providing
job seekers with a diverse range of options in
areas such as software development, data
analysis, and cybersecurity.
36. Endorsement Înscriere the act of the payee or owner The celebrity's endorsement of the new
signing his/her name to a skincare product significantly boosted its
negotiable instrument i.e. a bill credibility and popularity among consumers.
or check.
37. Entity Entitate term for any institution, The multinational corporation operates as a
company, partnership, single economic entity despite having
government agency or any subsidiaries in various countries
organisation that is
distinguished from other
individuals.
38. Escape clause Clauza de a provision in a contract The contract included an escape clause that
 salvare allowing one of the partied to be
relieved of obligation in the
occurrence of a certain event.
39. Escrow Escrow an agreement between two
people or organisations in
which money or property is kept
by a third person or organisation
until a particular condition has
been met.
40. Estate Moștenire Used predominately in wills
and probate law to describe the
net worth of an individual
including all property,
possessions, financial securities
and money.
41. Evidence Dovada proof that is legally presented at
trial with the intention to
convince a judge or jury of
alleged facts in relation to the
case. Examples can include the
testimony of a witness,
documents, public records or
photographs.
42. Executor Executor A term used in probate to
testamentar describe a person named in a
will that acts as a trustee of the
deceased’s estate and ensures
allowed either party to terminate the
agreement with written notice and without
penalty within 30 days of a specified event
When purchasing a house, the buyer and
seller may use an escrow service to securely
hold the funds until all conditions of the sale
are met, ensuring a smooth and fair
transaction.
She inherited a vast estate from her late
grandfather, including a sprawling mansion
and acres of picturesque land.
The prosecutor presented compelling forensic
evidence linking the suspect to the crime
scene, leaving the jury with a clear
understanding of the case's strength.
The executor diligently carried out the
deceased's wishes as outlined in the will,
ensuring the proper distribution of assets
among the beneficiaries.
 the directions of the will are
carried out.
43. False Pretenții false the crime of knowingly making John was charged with obtaining money
pretences untrue statements for the under false pretenses after he deceived
purpose of obtaining money or investors by presenting a fictitious business
property fraudulently. plan and misrepresenting the financial health
of his company.
44. Floating Taxă flotantă A charge held over general In financial and legal contexts, a floating
Charge assets of a company. The assets charge is a type of security interest or lien
may change (such as stock) and that covers a fluctuating pool of assets,
the company can use the assets allowing a company to use, sell, or otherwise
without the consent of the deal with those assets in the ordinary course
secured creditor until the charge of business until certain triggering events
“crystallises” (becomes fixed). occur, such as default or insolvency.
Crystallisation occurs on the
appointment of an
administrative receiver, on the
presentation of a winding-up
petition or as otherwise
provided for in the document
creating the charge.
45. Franchise Franciză a licensing contract that allows Opening a franchise allows entrepreneurs to
a business to give the right to a leverage an established brand, proven
third party to operate using their business model, and ongoing support from
trade-name. This may be the franchisor to increase their chances of
through manufacturing, success in the competitive market
distribution or sales.
46. Fraud Fraudă lying or deceiving to either The company discovered a case of fraud
make a profit or gain an within its accounting department, leading to a
advantage, or cause someone thorough investigation and subsequent legal
else to suffer a disadvantage. action
47. Grant Grant proof that you are entitled to The foundation decided to grant a substantial
deal with a person’s estate who sum of money to support innovative research
has dies. The grant is used by in the field of renewable energy.
the probate registry.
48. Grasum Grassum A sum of money that is paid A sum of money that is paid when first taking
when first taking up a lease in up a lease in addition to the required rent
addition to the required rent payment.
payment.
49. Guarantee Garanție An agreement to pay a debt The company provided a written guarantee
owed by a third party. It must assuring customers that their products would
be evidenced in writing for it to be free from defects for a period of one year.
be enforceable.
50. Guardian Gardian someone who is appointed to a The vigilant guardian stood watch over the
child or someone incapable ancient castle, ensuring its secrets remained
formally to look after their hidden from prying eyes
interests.
51. Guilty Vinovat a courts verdict that someone is The defendant was found guilty of the
to be charged with the crime charges, leading to a conviction in the court
they committed. of law.
52. Hostile Martor ostil a witness who either refuses to During the cross-examination, the opposing
witness testify in support of the people counsel declared the witness to be hostile
who called them; or testifies in after consistently providing uncooperative
a way that differs from their and adverse responses to the questions posed.
 previous statement
53. Hard law Legea dură legal obligations that are Hard law, as opposed to soft law, refers to
binding on the parties who are legally binding and enforceable rules and
involved and can be legally regulations that carry mandatory obligations,
enforced by court. ensuring compliance through legal
consequences and sanctions.
54. Hearsay Proba de auzite evidence that is given in court Hearsay evidence, or statements made by
evidence of something said to the witness someone other than the witness testifying, is
by another person generally not admissible in court unless it
falls under specific exceptions, as the legal
system places importance on firsthand
information to ensure reliability and accuracy
in the judicial process.
55. Indemnity Indemnizație security against a loss. The insurance policy provided
comprehensive indemnity, protecting the
policyholder against financial losses resulting
from covered events or liabilities
56. Injunction Injuncție an order made by the court The judge granted an injunction, preventing
requiring someone to do the company from further distributing the
something or not do something. patented technology until the legal dispute
was resolved.
57. Insolvent Insolvabilitate where you are unable to pay pay Following a prolonged financial downturn,
debts when they fall due or the company found itself insolvent, unable to
where liabilities exceed assets. meet its financial obligations and prompting
the need for bankruptcy proceedings
58. Intangible Bunuri non-tangible property such as Intellectual property, such as patents,
Property necorporale intellectual property rights. trademarks, and copyrights, represents a
 category of intangible property that derives
its value from intangible assets rather than
physical characteristics.
59. Intellectual Proprietate your intangible property, such Companies often invest heavily in research
Property intelectuală as inventions, which are and development to create innovative
protectable via copyrights, products, and protecting their Intellectual
patents, design rights and Property through patents, trademarks, and
trademarks. copyrights is crucial to safeguarding their
unique ideas and creations from unauthorized
use or reproduction by competitors
60. Judge Judecător the individual who presides The judge carefully considered the evidence
over court proceedings and presented during the trial before delivering a
adjudicate them. fair and impartial verdict.
61. Judgment Hotărâre Is the decision given by a court After careful consideration of the evidence
judecătorească at the conclusion of a trial. presented, the judge delivered a well-
reasoned judgment, ruling in favor of the
plaintiff and awarding appropriate damages
in the civil lawsuit.
62. Judgment Creditor al the individual who is owed The judgment creditor successfully obtained
creditor hotărârii money after obtaining a a court order granting them the right to
judecătorești judgment at court in their collect the awarded monetary amount from
favour. the judgment debtor.
63. Jury Juriu a sworn body, usually of 12 The jury, composed of twelve individuals,
people, that review evidence carefully considered the evidence presented
during a trial and attempt to during the trial before reaching a unanimous
come to an impartial decision verdict
(the verdict).
64. Lawyer Avocat a professional who is The lawyer meticulously prepared her case,
authorised to carry on legal presenting compelling arguments and
activities by the Solicitors thorough legal research to advocate for her
Regulation Authority client's rights in the courtroom.
65. Legacy Moștenire gift left to an individual via a The philanthropist's generous contributions to
will. Land cannot be a legacy. education left a lasting legacy, transforming
countless lives for generations to come.
66. Liable Răspunzător where an individual is legally The driver who caused the accident was
responsible for something. found liable for the damages, leading to a
legal obligation to compensate the injured
parties.
67. Licence Licență authority given which allows After completing the required training, Sarah
the holder to do something obtained her professional license, allowing
which would otherwise be her to practice law in the state
unlawful.
68. Liquidator Lichidator The Official Receiver or an After the company went bankrupt, the
insolvency practitioner appointed liquidator worked diligently to
appointed to administer the assess its assets, settle outstanding debts, and
liquidation of a company or distribute any remaining funds to creditors in
partnership. accordance with the applicable legal
procedures.
69. Litigant Litigant the individual who is party to a The litigant presented a compelling case in
court action. court, supported by extensive evidence and a
skilled legal team, in hopes of securing a
favorable outcome in the ongoing litigation
70. Loan capital Capital de money raised by an The company decided to expand its
împrumut organisation. operations by securing additional funds,
 opting for loan capital to finance the
construction of a new manufacturing facility.
71. Mortgage Ipotecă A transfer of an interest in land Securing a mortgage enabled the couple to
or other property by way of fulfill their dream of homeownership, as they
security, redeemable upon eagerly signed the loan agreement to
performing the condition of purchase their first house.
paying a given sum of money.
72. Magistrates Curtea de the lowest court in England and
Court magistrați Wales which generally deals
with minor criminal cases.
73. Notice of Notificare de a written notice informing the
hearing audiere parties of the date, time and
place that a scheduled hearing
will take place.
74. Notice to quit Notificare de A document from a landlord to
renunțare a tenant informing them to leave
the rental premises.
75. Notice to treat Notificare de Is a notice that is served by
tratare authority on a land owner
wanting to obtain land by an
agreement.
76. Order Ordinul the instruction or command of
the court.
77. Obiter Obiter a non-essential opinion which
forms part of a Judge’s written
judgement and does not become
legal precedent.
78. Obligation Obligație the requirement, usually by
contract, to perform a particular
action.
79. Offer Ofertă a promise or willingness to do
something or refrain from doing
something. Once accepted this
becomes legally binding
contract.
80. Penalty Sancțiune a clause in a contract that
operates when the contract is
breached to compensate or
protect the innocent party.
81. Perjury Sperjur an offence for giving false
evidence or evidence which you
do not believe to be true.
82. Petition Petiție A formal application made to a
court.
83. Quantum Quantum the value of the claim.
84. Receiver Administratoru The commonly used name for
l judiciar an administrative receiver. The
term can also mean a person
appointed by the court or with
the power to receive the rents
and profits of property.
Receivers who are not
administrative receivers do not
need to be insolvency
 practitioners.
85. Restriction Restricție a limitation of the right of a
registered proprietor to deal
with the land or charge in
registered title.
86. Resolution Rezoluție is a decision taken by the
members of a company in a
meeting.
87. Restriction Ordin de is an order which a court may
order restricție issue to prevent a person from
doing a particular thing.
88. Retainer Reținere is a payment to a barrister to
act in a case.
89. Superior Instanțe the higher courts in English
courts superioare law. These include the High
Court, the Court of Appeal, the
Crown Court and the House of
Lords.
90. Supreme Curtea the Highest court below the
Court Supremă House of Lords.
91. Tribunal Tribunalul a person or group who
collectively have the authority
to determine a dispute as a form
of alternative dispute resolution.
92. Unregistered Societate a company which is not
company neînregistrată registered under the Companies
Act.
93. Unsecured Creditor A creditor who does not hold
Creditor negarantat security (such as a mortgage)
for money owed. Some
unsecured creditors may also be
preferential creditors.
94. Voluntary Lichidare A method of liquidation not
Liquidation voluntară involving the courts or the
Official Receiver. There are 2
types of voluntary liquidation –
members’ voluntary liquidation
for solvent companies and
creditors’ voluntary liquidation
for insolvent companies.
95. Warrant Mandat a legal document permitting the
police to take certain actions
such as arresting a suspect or
searching a property.
96. Winding-up Ordin de Order of a court, usually based
Order lichidare on a creditor’s petition, for the
compulsory winding up or
liquidation of a company or
partnership.
97. Without Fără prejudiciu when this is written on the
prejudice document it can not be used as
evidence.
98. Witness Martor someone who watches a
document being signed to verify
 the authenticity of the
document; or testifies regarding
an event that they know
information about.
99. Waiver Renunțare an act of relinquishing or
refraining from asserting a legal
right
100. Will Testament a legal document declaring a
person’s wishes about the way
their estate should be distributed
upon their death.