Experiment No.

1 (Part B)
Tensile Test

Date of practical conduction: -

Date of Submission: -

Group No: -

Submitted by group members (Name & Roll No.): -

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Signature

Name of Faculty in Charge:

Name of the Technical Assistant

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 Practical No. 1 (Part B)

Title: Tensie Test on Cast Iron

Aim: Tension Test for Brittle Material on Universal Testing

Machine Using Extensometer

Theory:
Tensile Test on Cast Iron
In this test ends of a test piece are fixed into grips connected to a straining
device and to a load measuring device. The test involves straining a test
piece by tensile force generally to fracture for the purpose of determining
one or more of the mechanical properties. Brittle materials such as cast
iron do not have a yield point, and do not strain-harden. Therefore, the
ultimate strength and breaking strength are the same.

The machine consists essentially of a Straining Unit, Control Panel, and

Load Indicator System. Straining unit consists of main hydraulic cylinder
with robust base inside and piston which moves up and down. The lower
table connected to main piston through a ball & the ball seat is joined to
ensure axial loading. There is a connection between lower table and
upper head assembly that moves up and down with main piston. The
control Panel consists of a power pack complete with drive motor and an
oil tank, control valves and an autographic recorder. Load Indicator
system consists of a large dial and a pointer. A dummy pointer is provided
to register the maximum load reached during the test. Different
measuring ranges can be selected by operating the range selection knob.

Load is applied by a hydrostatically lubricated ram. Main cylinder

pressure is transmitted to the cylinder of the pendulum dynamometer
system housed in the control panel. The cylinder of the dynamometer is
also of self-lubricating design. The load transmitted to the cylinder of the
dynamometer is transferred through a lever system to a pendulum.

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Displacement of the pendulum actuates the rack and pinion mechanism
which operates the load indicator pointer and the autographic recorder.
The deflection of the pendulum represents the absolute load applied on
the test specimen. Return movement of the pendulum is effectively
damped to absorb energy in the event of sudden breakage of a specimen
.
The dial micrometre or dial indicator can be used to measure the
extensions. The micrometre is so fixed that its spindle bears against the
surface of the lower cross head. Therefore, the upward movement of the
cross head is transferred to the spindle. The motion of the spindle
actuates the lever or a gear train, which in turn operates the pointer on
graduated dial. While fixing the dial gauge care should be taken to ensure
that the spindle of the dial indicator is vertical and has a point contact with
the surface of the crosshead. This can be checked by dropping the
spindle through a small height on the surface of contact and observing
the reading on the dial. A constant reading indicates the verticality of the
spindle.

Brittle fracture is characterized by very low plastic deformation and low

energy absorption prior to breaking. A crack, formed as a result of the
brittle fracture, propagates fast and without increase of the stress
applied to the material. The brittle crack is perpendicular to the stress
direction.

There are two possible mechanisms of the brittle fracture:

1)Transgranular fracture(A): In trans granular fracture, the fracture travels

through the grain of the material. The fracture changes direction from
grain to grain due to the different lattice orientation of atoms in each grain.
In other words, when the crack reaches a new grain, it may have to find a
new path or plane of atoms to travel on because it is easier to change
direction for the crack than it is to rip through. Cracks choose the path of
least resistance. You can tell when a crack has changed in direction
through the material, because you get a slightly bumpy crack surface.

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2)Transgranular fracture(A): In trans granular fracture, the fracture
travels through the grain of the material. The fracture changes direction
from grain to grain due to the different lattice orientation of atoms in each
grain. In other words, when the crack reaches a new grain, it may have to
find a new path or plane of atoms to travel on because it is easier to
change direction for the crack than it is to rip through. Cracks choose the
path of least resistance. You can tell when a crack has changed in
direction through the material, because you get a slightly bumpy crack
surface.

Typical brittle materials like glass do not show any plastic deformation
but fail while the deformation is elastic. One of the characteristics of a
brittle failure is that the two broken parts can be reassembled to produce
the same shape as the original component as there will not be a neck
formation like in the case of ductile materials.

Cast Iron do not yield, for such materials which do not have well defined
yield point, yield stress is determined by the offset method. This method
consist of drawing a line parallel to the initial tangent of a stress strain
curve; this line starts at a prescribed offset strain, usually 0.2 %(e=0.002).
The intersection of this line with the stress strain curve is called the yield
point at 0.2% offset.

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FAILURE PATTERN:

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Procedure:
Click on the Tensile Test on Cast iron file, a window will open as shown.

Click on the NEXT button to move to the next step.

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1.To measure the diameter of the specimen click on Vernier Caliper.

2.To measure the length of the specimen between the grips click on
measuring scale.

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3.Click on hammer to make punch mark at 2.5d.

4.Click on the rotating lever to lower the machine bottom part, drag the
specimen and place it on the position where the arrow is pointing ,then
again click on rotating lever to adjust the height and then the dial gauge
is mounted.

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5.Click on the green button to ON the Machine to get the extensometer
readings for different load interval there is a option to download the dial
gauge reading.

6.Click on Join the pieces of the specimen to join it to measure the

change in diameter

7.Join the two specimen to measure the change in specimen length.

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Observation:

Graph of Load vs Dial Gauge Reading obtained, click on View Data or

View Slope to view the test results.

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 Calculations:

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Conclusion: We have been learned about Fractures in Brittle
Material and also the Tensile Strength of the Brittle Material
(Cast Iron).

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