Mole Concept Theory-Exercise

MOLE CONCEPT
CONTENTS
Topic Page No.
Theory 01 – 22
Exercise - 1 23 – 31
Part - I : Subjective Questions
Part - II : Only One Option Correct Type
Part - III : Match the Columns
Part - I : Only One Option Correct Type
Part - II : Single or Double Digit Integer Type Questions
Part - III : One or More Than One Options Correct Type
Part - IV : Comprehensions
Part - I : JEE(ADVANCED) / IIT-JEE Problems (Previous Years)
Part - II : JEE(MAIN) / AIEEE Problems (Previous Years)
Answer Key 42 – 44
Advanced Level Problems 45 – 57
Part - I : PRACTICE TEST-1 (IIT-JEE (MAIN Pattern))
Part - II : NATIONAL STANDARD EXAMINATION IN CHEMISTRY (NSEC) STAGE-I
Part - III : ADDITIONAL PROBLEMS
Part - IV : PRACTICE TEST-2 (IIT-JEE (ADVANCED Pattern))
ALP Key 58
ALP Solutions 59 – 71
JEE (Advanced) Syllabus

Concept of atoms and molecules; Dalton's atomic theory; Mole concept; Chemical formulae; Balanced chemical
equations; Calculations (based on mole concept) involving common oxidation reduction, neutralisation, and
displacement reactions; Concentration in terms of mole fraction, molarity, molality.
JEE (Main) Syllabus

Matter and its nature, Dalton's atomic theory; Concept of atom, molecule, element and compound; Physical
quantities and their measurements in Chemistry, precision and accuracy, significant figures, S.I. Units,
dimensional analysis; Laws of chemical combination; Atomic and molecular masses, mole concept, molar
mass, percentage composition, empirical and molecular formulae; Chemical equations and stoichiometry.
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Mole Concept
Introduction :
There are a large number of objects around us which we can see and feel.
Anything that occupies space and has mass is called matter.
Ancient Indian and Greek Philosopher’s beleived that the wide variety of object around us are made from
combination of five basic elements : Earth, Fire, Water, Air and Sky.
The Indian Philosopher Kanad (600 BC) was of the view that matter was composed of very small, indivisible
particle called “parmanus”.
Ancient Greek Philosophers also believed that all matter was composed of tiny building blocks which were
hard and indivisible.
The Greek philosopher Democritus named these building blocks as atoms, meaning indivisible.
All these people have their philosophical view about matter, they were never put to experimental tests, nor
ever explain any scientific truth.
It was John Dalton who firstly developed a theory on the structure of matter, later on which is known as
Dalton’s atomic theory.
Th1: DALTON’S ATOMIC THEORY :

 Matter is made up of very small indivisible particles called atoms.
 All the atoms of a given element are identical in all respect i.e. mass, shape, size, etc.
 Atoms cannot be created or destroyed by any chemical process.
 Atoms of different elements are different in nature.
Classification of matter
on the basis of physical behaviour on the basis of chemical behaviour
Solids Liquids Gases Pure substances Mixtures
Element Compound
Basic Definitions :
D1: Relative atomic mass :
One of the most important concept come out from Dalton’s atomic theory was that of relative atomic mass
or relative atomic weight. This is done by expressing mass of one atom with respect to a fixed standard.
Dalton used hydrogen as the standard (H = 1). Later on oxygen (O = 16) replaced hydrogen as the reference.
Therefore relative atomic mass is given as
Mass of one atom of an element
On hydrogen scale : Relative atomic mass (R.A.M) = mass of one hydrogen atom

On oxygen scale : Relative atomic mass (R.A.M) = 1
 mass of one oxygen atom
16
 The present standard unit which was adopted internationally in 1961, is based on the mass of one
carbon-12 atom.
Relative atomic mass (R.A.M) = 1
 mass of one C  12 atom
12
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ADVMOL -1
Mole Concept
Atomic mass unit (or amu) :
th
 1
D2: The atomic mass unit (amu) is equal to   mass of one atom of carbon-12 isotope.
 12 
1
 1 amu = × mass of one C-12 atom
12
~ mass of one nucleon in C-12 atom.
= 1.66 × 10–24 g or 1.66 × 10–27 kg
 one amu is also called one Dalton (Da).

 Today, amu has been replaced by ‘u’ which is known as unified mass
Atomic & molecular mass :

Atomic mass is the mass of 1 atom of a substance, it is expressed in amu.
 Atomic mass = R.A.M × 1 amu
Molecular mass is the mass of 1 atom of a substance, it is expressed in amu.

 Molecular mass = Relative molecular mass × 1 amu
Note : Relative atomic mass is nothing but the number of nucleons present in the atom.
Example-1 Find the relative atomic mass of ‘O’ atom and its atomic mass.
Solution The number of nucleons present in ‘O’ atom is 16.

 relative atomic mass of ‘O’ atom = 16.
Atomic mass = R.A.M × 1 amu = 16 × 1 amu = 16 amu
Mole : The Mass / Number Relationship

Mole is a chemical counting S unit and defined as follows :
D3: A mole is the amount of a substance that contains as many entities (atoms, molecules or other
particles) as there are atoms in exactly 0.012 kg (or 12 g) of the carbon-12 isotope.
From mass spectrometer we found that there are 6.023 × 1023 atoms present in 12 g of C-12 isotope.
The number of entities in 1 mol is so important that it is given a separate name and symbol known as
Avogadro constant denoted by NA.
i.e. on the whole we can say that 1 mole is the collection of 6.02 × 1023 entities. Here entities may represent
atoms, ions, molecules or even pens, chair, paper etc also include in this but as this number (N A) is very
large therefore it is used only for very small things.
HOW BIG IS A MOLE ?
Amount of water in Age of earth (seconds)

world's oceans (litres) Population of earth
Avogadro's number 602,200,000,000,000,000,000,000
Distance from earth

to sun (centimeters)
 Note : In modern practice gram-atom and gram-molecule are termed as mole.
ADVMOL -2
Mole Concept
Gram Atomic Mass :
D4: The atomic mass of an element expressed in gram is called gram atomic mass of the element.
or
It is also defined as mass of 6.02 × 1023 atoms.
or
It is also defined as the mass of one mole atoms.
For example for oxygen atom :
Atomic mass of ‘O’ atom = mass of one ‘O’ atom = 16 amu
gram atomic mass = mass of 6.02 × 1023 ‘O’ atoms
= 16 amu × 6.02 × 1023
= 16 × 1.66 × 10–24 g × 6.02 ×1023 = 16 g
( 1.66 × 10–24 × 6.02 × 1023 ~ 1 )
Example-2 How many atoms of oxygen are their in 16 g oxygen.

Solution Let x atoms of oxygen are present
So, 16 × 1.66 × 10–24 × x = 16 g
1
x= = NA
1.66 x 10 24
Gram molecular mass :

D5: The molecular mass of a substance expressed in gram is called the gram-molecular mass of the substance.
or
It is also defined as mass of 6.02 × 1023 molecules
or
It is also defined as the mass of one mole molecules.
For example for ‘O2’ molecule :
Molecular mass of ‘O2’ molecule = mass of one ‘O2’ molecule
= 2 × mass of one ‘O’ atom
= 2 × 16 amu
= 32 amu
gram molecular mass = mass of 6.02 × 1023 ‘O2’ molecules = 32 amu × 6.02 × 1023
= 32 × 1.66 × 10–24 g × 6.02 × 1023 = 32 g
Example-3 The molecular mass of H2SO4 is 98 amu. Calculate the number of moles of each element in 294 g of
H2SO4.
Solution Gram molecular mass of H2SO4 = 98 g
294
moles of H2SO4 = = 3 moles
98
H2SO4 H S O
One molecule 2 atom one atom 4 atom
1 × NA 2 × NA atoms 1 × NA atoms 4 × NA atoms
 one mole 2 mole one mole 4 mole
 3 mole 6 mole 3 mole 12 mole
Gay-Lussac’s Law of Combining Volume :

D6: According to him elements combine in a simple ratio of atoms, gases combine in a simple ratio of their
volumes provided all measurements should be done at the same temperature and pressure
H2 (g) + Cl2 (g)  2HCl
1 vol 1 vol 2 vol
ADVMOL -3
Mole Concept
Avogadro’s hypothesis :
D7: Equal volumes of all gases have equal number of molecules (not atoms) at the same temperature and
pressure condition.
S.T.P. (Standard Temperature and Pressure)
At S.T.P. condition : temperature = 0°C or 273 K
pressure = 1 atm = 760 mm of Hg
and volume of one mole of gas at STP is found to be experimentally equal to 22.4 litres which is known as
molar volume.
Note : Measuring the volume is equivalent to counting the number of molecules of the gas.
Example-4 Calculate the volume in litres of 20 g hydrogen gas at STP.

Mass 20 gm
Solution No. of moles of hydrogen gas = = 2 gm = 10 mol
Molecular mass
volume of hydrogen gas at STP = 10 × 22.4 lt.
App-1: Y-map : Interconversion of mole - volume, mass and number of particles :

Number lt Volume at STP
×N
22.4
 A
× lt
N 2.4
A
2
Mole
 mol. wt. × mol. wt.

 At. wt. × At. wt.
Mass
Percentage Composition :
Here we are going to find out the percentage of each element in the compound by knowing the molecular
formula of compound.
We know that according to law of definite proportions any sample of a pure compound always possess
constant ratio with their combining elements.
Example-5 Every molecule of ammonia always has formula NH3 irrespective of method of preparation or sources.
i.e. 1 mole of ammonia always contains 1 mol of N and 3 mole of H. In other words 17 g of NH 3
always contains 14 g of N and 3 g of H. Now find out % of each element in the compound.
Mass of N in 1 mol NH3
Solution Mass % of N in NH3 =  100 = 14 gm × 100 = 82.35 %
Mass of 1 mol of NH3 17
Mass of H is 1 mol NH3 3
Mass % of H in NH3 = Mass of 1 mol e of NH  100 = × 100 = 17.65 %
3 17
Empirical and molecular formula :

We have just seen that knowing the molecular formula of the compound we can calculate percentage
composition of the elements. Conversely if we know the percentage composition of the elements initially, we
can calculate the relative number of atoms of each element in the molecules of the compound. This gives us
the empirical formula of the compound. Further if the molecular mass is known then the molecular formula
can easily be determined.
ADVMOL -4
Mole Concept
D8: The empirical formula of a compound is a chemical formula showing the relative number of atoms in the
simplest ratio. An empirical formula represents the simplest whole number ratio of various atoms present in
a compound.
D9: The molecular formula gives the actual number of atoms of each element in a molecule. The molecular
formula shows the exact number of different types of atoms present in a molecule of a compound.
The molecular formula is an integral multiple of the empirical formula.
molecular formula mass
i.e. molecular formula = empirical formula × n where n = empirical formula mass
Example-6 Acetylene and benzene both have the empirical formula CH. The molecular masses of acetylene
and benzene are 26 and 78 respectively. Deduce their molecular formulae.
Solution  Empirical Formula is CH
Step-1 The empirical formula of the compound is CH
 Empirical formula mass = (1 × 12) + 1 = 13.
Molecular mass = 26
Step-2 To calculate the value of ‘n’
Molecular mass 26
n = Empirical formula mass = =2
13
Step-3 To calculate the molecular formula of the compound.
Molecular formula = n × (Empirical formula of the compound)
= 2 × CH = C2 H2
Thus the molecular formula is C2 H2
Similarly for benzene
To calculate the value of ‘n’
Molecular mass 78
13
thus the molecular formula is 6 × CH = C6H6
Example-7 An organic substance containing carbon, hydrogen and oxygen gave the following percentage
composition.
C = 40.684% ; H = 5.085% and O = 54.228%
The molecular weight of the compound is 118 g. Calculate the molecular formula of the compound.
Solution Step-1
To calculate the empirical formula of the compound.
Element Symbol Percentage At. mass Relative no. Simplest Simplest whole
Percentage
of element of element of atoms = atomic ratio no. atomic ratio
At. mass
Carbon C 40.687 12 40.687 3.390

= 3.390 =1 2
12 3.389
5.085 5.085
Hydrogen H 5.085 1 = 5.085 =1.5 3
1 3.389
54.228 3.389
16 = 3.389 =1 2
Oxygen O 54.228 16 3.389
 Empirical Formula is C2 H3 O2
Step-2 To calculate the empirical formula mass.
The empirical formula of the compound is C2 H3 O2 .
 Empirical formula mass = (2 × 12) + (3 × 1) + (2 × 16) = 59.
Step-3 To calculate the value of ‘n’
Molecular mass 118
59
ADVMOL -5
Mole Concept
Step-4 To calculate the molecular formula of the salt.
Molecular formula = n × (Empirical formula) = 2 × C2 H3 O2 = C4 H6 O4
Thus the molecular formula is C4 H6 O4.
Th2: Chemical Reaction :

It is the process in which two or more than two substances interact with each other where old bonds are
broken and new bonds are formed.
Chemical Equation :
All chemical reaction are represented by chemical equations by using chemical formula of reactants and
products. Qualitatively a chemical equation simply describes what the reactants and products are. However,
a balanced chemical equation gives us a lot of quantitative information. Mainly the molar ratio in which
reactants combine and the molar ratio in which products are formed.
Attributes of a balanced chemical equation:
(a) It contains an equal number of atoms of each element on both sides of equation.(POAC)
(b) It should follow law of charge conservation on either side.
(c) Physical states of all the reagents should be included in brackets.
(d) All reagents should be written in their standard molecular forms (not as atoms )
(e) The coefficients give the relative molar ratios of each reagent.
Example-8 Write a balance chemical equation for following reaction :

When potassium chlorate (KClO3) is heated it gives potassium chloride (KCl) and oxygen (O2).

Solution KClO3 (s)  KCl (s) + O2 (g) (unbalanced chemical equation )

2KClO3 (s)  2 KCl (s) + 3 O2 (g) (balanced chemical equation)
Remember a balanced chemical equation is one which contains an equal number of atoms of each
element on both sides of equation.
Interpretation of balanced chemical equations :

Once we get a balanced chemical equation then we can interpret a chemical equation by following ways
 Mass - mass analysis
 Mass - volume analysis
 Mole - mole analysis
 Vol - Vol analysis (separately discussed as eudiometry or gas analysis)
Now you can understand the above analysis by following example
Th3:  Mass-mass analysis :
Consider the reaction
2KClO3  2KCl + 3O2 According to stoichiometry of the reaction
mass-mass ratio: 2 × 122.5 : 2 × 74.5 : 3 × 32
Mass of KClO 3 2  122 .5
or Mass of KCl = 2  74 .5
Mass of KClO 3 2  122.5

Mass of O 2 = 3  32
Example-9 367.5 gram KClO3 (M = 122.5) when heated. How many gram KCl and oxygen is produced.
Solution Balance chemical equation for heating of KClO3 is
2KClO3  2KCl + 3O2
mass-mass ratio : 2 × 122.5 g : 2 × 74.5 g : 3 × 32 g
ADVMOL -6
Mole Concept
mass of KClO 3 2  122 .5 367 .5 122 .5

mass of KCl =  =
2  74 .5 W 74.5
W = 3 × 74.5 = 223.5 g
Mass of KClO 3 2  122 .5 367 .5 2  122 .5
Mass of O 2 = 3  32  W = 3  32
W = 144 g
Th4:  Mass - volume analysis :

Now again consider decomposition of KClO3
2KClO3  2KCl + 3O2
mass volume ratio : 2 × 122.5 g : 2 × 74.5 g : 3 × 22.4 lt. at STP
we can use two relation for volume of oxygen
Mass of KClO 3 2  122 .5
volume of O 2 at STP = 3  22.4 lt ...(i)
Mass of KCl 2  74.5

and volume of O 2 at STP = 3  22.4 lt ...(ii)
Example-10 367.5 g KClO3 (M = 122.5) when heated, how many litre of oxygen gas is produced at STP.
Solution You can use here equation (1)
mass of KClO 3 2  122 .5 367 .5 2  122 .5
volume of O 2 at STP = 3  22.4 lt  = 3  22.4 lt
V
V = 3 × 3 × 11.2  V = 100.8 lt
Th5:  Mole-mole analysis :

This analysis is very much important for quantitative analysis point of view. Students are advised to
clearly understand this analysis.
Now consider again the decomposition of KClO3 .
2KClO3  2KCl + 3O2
In very first step of mole-mole analysis you should read the balanced chemical equation like
2 moles KClO3 on decomposition gives you 2 moles KCl and 3 moles O 2. and from the
stoichiometry of reaction we can write
Moles of KClO 3 Moles of KCl Moles of O 2
= =
2 2 3
Now for any general balance chemical equation like
a A + b B  c C + d D
you can write.
Moles of A reacted moles of B reacted moles of C produced moles of D produced
= = =
a b c d
Note : In fact mass-mass and mass-vol analysis are also interpreted in terms of mole-mole analysis you
can use following chart also.
ADVMOL -7
Mole Concept
At. wt. / Mol. Wt. Mole-mole

Mass Mole relationship Mole
of equation t.
/At. w
t. × 22.4 lt
l. w
× mo
Mass Volume at STP
Limiting reagent :
D10: The reactant which is consumed first and limits the amount of product formed in the reaction, is called
limiting reagent.
Limiting reagent is present in least stoichiometric amount and therefore, controls amount of product.
The remaining or left out reactant is called the excess reagent.
When you are dealing with balance chemical equation then if number of moles of reactants are not in the
ratio of stoichiometric coefficient of balanced chemical equation, then there should be one reactant which is
limiting reactant.
Example-11 Three mole of Na2 CO3 is reacted with 6 moles of HCl solution. Find the volume of CO2 gas produced
at STP. The reaction is
Na2 CO3 + 2HCl  2 NaCl + CO2 + H2O
Solution From the reaction : Na2 CO3 + 2HCl  2 NaCl + CO2 + H2O
given moles 3 mol 6 mol
given mole ratio 1 : 2
Stoichiometric coefficient ratio 1 : 2
See here given moles of reactant are in stoichiometric coefficient ratio therefore none reactant left over.
Now use Mole-mole analysis to calculate volume of CO2 produced at STP
Moles of Na 2 CO 3 Mole of CO 2 Pr oduced
=
1 1
Moles of CO2 produced = 3
volume of CO2 produced at STP = 3 × 22.4 L = 67.2 L
Example-12 6 moles of Na2 CO3 is reacted with 4 moles of HCl solution. Find the volume of CO2 gas produced at
STP. The reaction is
Na2 CO3 + 2HCl  2 NaCl + CO2 + H2O
Solution From the reaction : Na2 CO3 + 2HCl  2 NaCl + CO2 + H2O
given mole of reactant 6 : 4
given molar ratio 3 : 2
Stoichiometric coefficient ratio 1 : 2
See here given number of moles of reactants are not in stoichiometric coefficient ratio. Therefore
there should be one reactant which consumed first and becomes limiting reagent.
But the question is how to find which reactant is limiting, it is not very difficult you can easily find it.
According to the following method.
Th6: How to find limiting reagent :

Step  Divide the given moles of reactant by the respective stoichiometric coefficient of that reactant.
Step  See for which reactant this division come out to be minimum. The reactant having minimum
value is limiting reagent for you.
ADVMOL -8
Mole Concept
Step  Now once you find limiting reagent then your focus should be on limiting reagent
From Step  &  Na2 CO3 HCl
6 4
=6 = 2 (division is minimum)
1 2
 HCl is limiting reagent
From Step 
Mole of HCl Moles of CO 2 produced
From =
2 1
 mole of CO2 produced = 2 moles
 volume of CO2 produced at S.T.P. = 2 × 22.4 = 44.8 lt.
Th7: Principle of Atom Conservation (POAC) :

POAC is conservation of mass. Atoms are conserved, moles of atoms shall also be conserved in a chemical
reaction (but not in nuclear reactions.)
This principle is fruitful for the students when they don’t get the idea of balanced chemical equation in the
problem.
The strategy here will be around a particular atom. We focus on a atom and conserve it in that reaction. This
principle can be understand by the following example.
Consider the decomposition of KClO3 (s)  KCl (s) + O2 (g) (unbalanced chemical reaction)
Apply the principle of atom conservation (POAC) for K atoms.
Moles of K atoms in reactant = moles of K atoms in products
or moles of K atoms in KClO3 = moles of K atoms in KCl.
Now, since 1 molecule of KClO3 contains 1 atom of K
or 1 mole of KClO3 contains 1 mole of K, similarly,1 mole of KCl contains 1 mole of K.
Thus, moles of K atoms in KClO3 = 1 × moles of KClO3
and moles of K atoms in KCl = 1 × moles of KCl.
 moles of KClO3 = moles of KCl
wt. of KClO 3 in g wt. of KCl in g
or =
mol. wt. of KClO 3 mol. wt. of KCl
 The above equation gives the mass-mass relationship between KClO3 and KCl which is important in
stoichiometric calculations.
Again, applying the principle of atom conservation for O atoms,
moles of O in KClO3 = 3 × moles of KClO3
moles of O in O2 = 2 × moles of O2
 3 × moles of KClO3 = 2 × moles of O2
wt. of KClO 3 vol. of O 2 at NTP
or 3× =2×
mol. wt. of KClO 3 s tan dard molar vol. (22.4 lt.)
 The above equations thus gives the mass-volume relationship of reactants and products.
Example-13 27.6 g K2CO3 was treated by a series of reagents so as to convert all of its carbon to K2 Zn3 [Fe(CN)6]2.
Calculate the weight of the product.
[mol. wt. of K2CO3 = 138 and mol. wt. of K2Zn3 [Fe(CN)6]2 = 698]
Solution Here we do not have knowledge about series of chemical reactions
but we know about initial reactant and final product accordingly
Several
K2CO3    K2Zn3 [Fe(CN)6]2
Steps
Since C atoms are conserved, applying POAC for C atoms,
moles of C in K2CO3 = moles of C in K2Zn3 [Fe(CN)6]2
1 × moles of K2CO3 = 12 × moles of K2Zn3 [Fe(CN)6]2 ( 1 mole of K2CO3 contains 1 moles of C)
ADVMOL -9
Mole Concept
wt. of K 2CO 3 wt. of the product

mol. wt. of K 2CO 3 = 12 × mol. wt. of product
27.6 698
wt. of K2Zn3 [Fe(CN)6]2 = × = 11.6 g
138 12
Miscellaneous :
D11: AVERAGE/ MEAN ATOMIC MASS :
The weighted average of the isotopic masses of the element’s naturally occuring isotopes.
a1x1  a 2 x 2  .....  an x n
Mathematically, average atomic mass of X (Ax) =
100
Where :
a1, a2, a3 ........... atomic mass of isotopes and x1, x2, x3 ........... mole % of isotopes.
Example-14 Naturally occuring chlorine is 75% Cl35 which has an atomic mass of 35 amu and 25% Cl37 which
has a mass of 37 amu. Calculate the average atomic mass of chlorine -
(A) 35.5 amu (B) 36.5 amu (C) 71 amu (D) 72 amu
% of  isotope x its atoms mass  % of I isotope x its atomic mass
Solution (A) Average atomic mass =
100
75 x 35  25 x 37
= = 35.5 amu
100
Note : (a) In all calculations we use this mass. (b) In periodic table we report this mass only.
D12:  MEAN MOLAR MASS OR MOLECULAR MASS:
n1M1  n 2M2  ......nnMn
The average molar mass of the different substance present in the container = n1  n 2  ....nn .
Where :
M1, M2, M3 ........... are molar masses and n1, n2, n3 ........... moles of substances.
Example-15 The molar composition of polluted air is as follows :

Gas At. wt. mole percentage composition
Oxygen 16 16%
Nitrogen 14 80%
Carbon dioxide - 03%
Sulphurdioxide - 01%
What is the average molecular weight of the given polluted air ? (Given, atomic weights of C and S
are 12 and 32 respectively.
jn
n M j j j n
Solution Mavg =
j1
jn Here n j = 100
n
j1
j
j 1
16 x 32  80 x 28  44 x 3  64 x 1 512  2240  132  64 2948

 Mavg = = = = 29.48 Ans.
100 100 100
ADVMOL - 10
Mole Concept
Th8: Oxidation & Reduction
Let us do a comparative study of oxidation and reduction :
Oxidation Reduction
1. Addition of Oxygen 1. Removal of Oxygen
e.g. 2Mg + O2  2MgO e.g. CuO + C  Cu + CO
2. Removal of Hydrogen 2. Addition of Hydrogen

e.g. H2S + Cl2  2HCl + S e.g. S + H2  H2S
3. Increase in positive charge 3. Decrease in positive charge

e.g. Fe2+  Fe3+ + e– e.g. Fe3+ + e–  Fe2+
4. Increase in oxidation number 4. Decrease in oxidation number

(+2) (+4) (+7) (+2)
e.g. SnCl2  SnCl4 e.g. MnO4–  Mn2+
5. Removal of electron 5. Addition of electron

e.g. Sn2+  Sn4+ + 2e– e.g. Fe3+ + e–  Fe2+
Th9: Oxidation Number

 It is an imaginary or apparent charge developed over atom of an element when it goes from its
elemental free state to combined state in molecules.
 It is calculated on basis of an arbitrary set of rules.
 It is a relative charge in a particular bonded state.
 In order to keep track of electron-shifts in chemical reactions involving formation of compounds, a
more practical method of using oxidation number has been developed.
 In this method, it is always assumed that there is a complete transfer of electron from a less
electronegative atom to a more electronegative atom.
Rules governing oxidation number

The following rules are helpful in calculating oxidation number of the elements in their different compounds.
It is to be remembered that the basis of these rule is the electronegativity of the element .
 Fluorine atom :
Fluorine is most electronegative atom (known). It always has oxidation number equal to –1 in all its
compounds
 Oxygen atom :
In general and as well as in its oxides , oxygen atom has oxidation number equal to –2.
In case of (i) peroxide (e.g. H2O2, , Na2O2 ) is –1,
(ii) super oxide (e.g. KO2) is –1/2
(iii) ozonide (e.g. KO3) is –1/3
(iv) in OF2 is + 2 & in O2F2 is +1
 Hydrogen atom :
In general, H atom has oxidation number equal to +1. But in metallic hydrides ( e.g. NaH, KH), it is –1.
 Halogen atom :
In general, all halogen atoms (Cl, Br , I) have oxidation number equal to –1.
But if halogen atom is attached with a more electronegative atom than halogen atom, then it will
show positive oxidation numbers.
5 5 7 5
e.g. K ClO , HI O , HCIO , KBrO
3 3 4 3
ADVMOL - 11
Mole Concept
 Metals :
(a) Alkali metal (Li , Na, K, Rb, .......) always have oxidation number +1
(b) Alkaline earth metal (Be , Mg , Ca .......) always have oxidation number +2.
(c) Aluminium always has +3 oxidation number
Note : Metal may have negative or zero oxidation number

 Oxidation number of an element in free state or in allotropic forms is always zero
0 0 0 0
e.g. O , S , P , O
2 8 4 3
 Sum of the oxidation numbers of atoms of all elements in a molecule is zero.

 Sum of the oxidation numbers of atoms of all elements in an ion is equal to the charge on the ion .
 If the group number of an element in modern periodic table is n, then its oxidation number may vary
from (n – 10) to (n – 18) (but it is mainly applicable for p-block elements).
e.g. N- atom belongs to 15th group in the periodic table, therefore as per rule, its oxidation number
may vary from
3 2 3 4 5
–3 to +5 ( N H3 ,NO , N 2 O 3 , N O 2 , N 2 O5 )
 The maximum possible oxidation number of any element in a compound is never more than the
number of electrons in valence shell.(but it is mainly applicable for p-block elements )
Calculation of average oxidation number :
Example-16 Calculate oxidation number of underlined element :

(a) Na2 S2O3 (b) Na2 S 4O6
Solution. (a) Let oxidation number of S-atom is x. Now work accordingly with the rules given before .
(+1) × 2 + (x) × 2 + (–2) ×3 =0
x=+2
(b) Let oxidation number of S-atom is x
 (+1) × 2 + (x) × 4 + (–2) × 6 = 0  x = + 2.5
 It is important to note here that Na2S2O3 have two S-atoms and there are four S-atom in Na2S4O6.
However none of the sulphur atoms in both the compounds have + 2 or + 2.5 oxidation number, it is the
average of oxidation number, which reside on each sulphur atom. Therefore, we should work to calculate the
individual oxidation number of each sulphur atom in these compounds.
Th10: Oxidising and reducing agent

 Oxidising agent or Oxidant :
Oxidising agents are those compounds which can oxidise others and reduce itself during the chemical
reaction. Those reagents in which for an element, oxidation number decreases or which undergoes gain of
electrons in a redox reaction are termed as oxidants.
e.g. KMnO4 , K2Cr2O7 , HNO3, conc.H2SO4 etc are powerful oxidising agents .
Reducing agent or Reductant :
Reducing agents are those compounds which can reduce other and oxidise itself during the chemical
reaction. Those reagents in which for an element, oxidation number increases or which undergoes loss of
electrons in a redox reaction are termed as reductants.
e.g. K , Na2S2O3 etc are the powerful reducing agents.
Note : There are some compounds also which can work both as oxidising agent and reducing agent
e.g. H2O2, NO2–
ADVMOL - 12
Mole Concept
HOW TO IDENTIFY WHETHER A PARTICULAR SUBSTANCE IS AN OXIDISING OR A REDUCING AGENT
Redox reaction
D13 A reaction in which oxidation and reduction simultaneously take place is called a redox reaction
In all redox reactions, the total increase in oxidation number must be equal to the total decrease in oxidation
number.
2 5 3 2
e.g. 10 Fe SO 4 + 2KMnO 4 + 8H2SO4  5 Fe 2 SO 4 3 + 2 Mn SO 4 + K2SO4 + 8H2O
Disproportionation Reaction :
A redox reaction in which same element present in a particular compound in a definite oxidation state is
oxidized as well as reduced simultaneously is a disproportionation reaction.
Disproportionation reactions are a special type of redox reactions. One of the reactants in a disproportionation
reaction always contains an element that can exist in at least three oxidation states. The element in
the form of reacting substance is in the intermediate oxidation state and both higher and lower oxidation
states of that element are formed in the reaction. For example :
1 2 0
2H2O2 (aq)  2H2O () + O 2 (g)
0 2 2
S8 (s) + 12OH¯(aq)  4S 2  (aq) + 2S 2O 32  (aq) + 6H2O ()
0 1 1
Cl2 (g) + 2OH¯(aq)  ClO  (aq) + Cl  (aq) + H2O ()
Consider the following reactions :
(a) 2KClO3  2KCl + 3O2
KClO3 plays a role of oxidant and reductant both. Here, Cl present in KClO 3 is reduced and O present in
KClO3 is oxidized. Since same element is not oxidized and reduced, so it is not a disproportionation
reaction, although it looks like one.
(b) NH4NO2  N2 + 2H2O
Nitrogen in this compound has -3 and +3 oxidation number, which is not a definite value. So it is not
a disproportionation reaction. It is an example of comproportionation reaction, which is a class of redox
reaction in which an element from two different oxidation state gets converted into a single oxidation state.
5 7 –1
(c) 4KClO3  3KClO 4 + KCl
It is a case of disproportionation reaction and Cl atom is disproportionating.
List of some important disproportionation reactions
1. H2O2  H2O + O2
2. X2 + OH–(dil.)  X¯ + XO¯ (X = Cl, Br, I)
3. X2 + OH–(conc.)  X¯ + XO3¯
F2 does not undergo disproportionation as it is the most electronegative element.
4. (CN)2 + OH–  CN– + OCN–
5. P4 + OH–  PH3 + H2PO2¯
ADVMOL - 13
Mole Concept
6. S8 + OH–  S2– + S2O32–
7. MnO42–  MnO4¯ + MnO2
8. Oxyacids of Phosphorus ( +1, +3 oxidation number)
H3PO2  PH3 + H3PO3
H3PO3  PH3 + H3PO4
9. Oxyacids of Chlorine( Halogens)( +1, +3, +5 Oxidation number)
ClO–  Cl– + ClO2–
ClO2–  Cl– + ClO3–
ClO3–  Cl– + ClO4–
10. HNO2  NO + HNO3
 Reverse of disproportionation is called Comproportionation. In some of the disproportionation
reactions, by changing the medium (from acidic to basic or reverse), the reaction goes in backward direction
and can be taken as an example of Comproportionation reaction.
¯ + O3¯ + H+  2 + H2O
Th11: Balancing of redox reactions
All balanced equations must satisfy two criteria.
1. Atom balance (mass balance ) :
There should be the same number of atoms of each kind on reactant and product side.
2. Charge balance :
The sum of actual charges on both sides of the equation must be equal.
There are two methods for balancing the redox equations :
1. Oxidation - number change method
2. Ion electron method or half cell method
 Since First method is not very much fruitful for the balancing of redox reactions, students are advised
to use second method (Ion electron method ) to balance the redox reactions
Ion electron method : By this method redox equations are balanced in two different medium.
(a) Acidic medium (b) Basic medium
 Balancing in acidic medium
Students are adviced to follow the following steps to balance the redox reactions by Ion electron
method in acidic medium
Example-17 Balance the following redox reaction :

FeSO4 + KMnO4 + H2SO4  Fe2(SO4)3 + MnSO4 + H2O + K2SO4
Solution. Step– Assign the oxidation number to each element present in the reaction.
2 6 2 1  7 – 2 1 6 2 3 6 2 2 6 2 1 2
Fe S O 4 + K MnO 4 + H 2 S O 4  Fe 2 (S O 4 )3 + Mn S O 4 + H 2 O
Step  :
Now convert the reaction in Ionic form by eliminating the elements or species, which are not undergoing
either oxidation or reduction.
7
Fe2+ + Mn O 4  Fe3+ + Mn2+
Step  :
Now identify the oxidation / reduction occuring in the reaction
ADVMOL - 14
Mole Concept
Step V : Spilt the Ionic reaction in two half, one for oxidation and other for reduction.
oxidation
Fe2+    Fe3+ 
 Mn 2 
Re duction
MnO 4  
Step V :
Balance the atom other than oxygen and hydrogen atom in both half reactions
Fe2+  Fe3+ MnO4 –  Mn2+
Fe & Mn atoms are balanced on both side.
Step V :
Now balance O & H atom by H2O & H+ respectively by the following way : For one excess oxygen
atom, add one H2O on the other side and two H+ on the same side.
Fe2+  Fe3+ (no oxygen atom ) .................(i)
8H + MnO4  Mn + 4H2O
+ –  2+
................(ii)
Step V :
Equation (i) & (ii) are balanced atomwise. Now balance both equations chargewise. To balance the
charge, add electrons to the electrically positive side.
Fe2+ oxidation
   Fe3+ + e– ............(1)
Re
5e– + 8H+ + MnO4–  duction
  Mn + 4H2O ............(2)
2+
Step V :
The number of electrons gained and lost in each half -reaction are equalised by multiplying both the
half reactions with a suitable factor and finally the half reactions are added to give the overall balanced
reaction.
Here, we multiply equation (1) by 5 and (2) by 1 and add them :
Fe2+  Fe3+ + e– ..........(1) × 5

5e  8H  MnO 4  Mn 2   4H2 O
 
.........(2)  1

5Fe 2   8H  MnO 4  5Fe 3   Mn 2  4H2 O

(Here, at his stage, you will get balanced redox reaction in Ionic form)
Step X :
Now convert the Ionic reaction into molecular form by adding the elements or species, which are
removed in step (2).
Now, by some manipulation, you will get :
5 1
5 FeSO4 + KMnO4 + 4H2SO4  Fe2 (SO4)3 + MnSO4 + 4H2O + K SO
2 2 2 4
or 10FeSO4 + 2KMnO4 + 8H2SO4  5Fe2(SO4)3 + 2MnSO4 + 8H2O + K2SO4.
 Balancing in basic medium :

In this case, except step VI, all the steps are same. We can understand it by the following example:
Example-18 Balance the following redox reaction in basic medium :

ClO– + CrO2– + OH–  Cl– + CrO42– + H2O
Solution. By using upto step V, we will get :
1 3 6
Cl O  
Re duction
  Cl – Cr O 2   Cr O 24
Oxidation

ADVMOL - 15
Mole Concept
Now, students are advised to follow step VI to balance ‘O’ and ‘H’ atom.
2H+ + ClO–  Cl– + H2O | 2H2O+ CrO2–  CrO42– + 4H+
 Now, since we are balancing in basic medium, therefore add as many as OH– on both side of
equation as there are H+ ions in the equation.
2OH– + 2H+ + ClO–  Cl– + H2O +2OH– 4OH– + 2H2O + CrO2–  CrO42– + 4H+ + 4OH–
Finally you will get Finally you will get
H2O + ClO–  Cl– + 2OH– ...........(i) 4OH– + CrO2–  CrO42– + 2H2O ........... (ii)
Now see equation (i) and (ii) in which O and H atoms are balanced by OH– and H2O
Now from step VIII
2e– + H2O + ClO–  Cl– + 2OH– ............. (i) ×3
4OH– + CrO2–  CrO42– + 2H2O + 3e– ............. (ii) ×2
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
Adding : 3ClO– + 2CrO2– + 2OH–  3Cl– + 2CrO42– + H2O
Solutions :
D14: A mixture of two or more substances can be a solution. We can also say that “a solution is a homogeneous
mixture of two or more substances,’’ ‘Homogeneous’ means ‘uniform throughout’. Thus a homogeneous
mixture, i.e., a solution, will have uniform composition throughout.
Properties of a solution :
 A solution is clear and transparent. For example, a solution of sodium chloride in water is clear and
tranparent.
 The solute in a solution does not settle down even after the solution is kept undisturbed for some
time.
 In a solution, the solute particle cannot be distinguished from the solvent particles or molecules even
under a microscope. In a true solution, the particles of the solute disappear into the space between
the solvent molecules.
 The components of a solution cannot be separated by filtration.
Concentration terms :
The following concentration terms are used to expressed the concentration of a solution. These are
 Molarity (M)  Molality (m)  Mole fraction (x)
 % calculation  ppm
 Remember that all of these concentration terms are related to one another. By knowing one
concentration term you can also find the other concentration terms. Let us discuss all of them one by one.
Molarity (M) :
D15: The number of moles of a solute dissolved in 1 L (1000 ml) of the solution is known as the molarity
of the solution.
number of moles of solute
i.e., Molarity of solution =
volume of solution in litre
Let a solution is prepared by dissolving w g of solute of mol.wt. M in V ml water.
w
 Number of moles of solute dissolved =
M
w
 V ml water have mole of solute
M
w  1000 w  1000
 1000 ml water have M  V  Molarity (M) = (Mol. wt of solute )  V
ml ml
Some other relations may also useful.
ADVMOL - 16
Mole Concept
mass of solute
Number of millimoles =  1000 = (Molarity of solution × V )
(Mol. wt. of solute) ml
 Molarity of solution may also given as :

Number of millimole of solute
Total volume of solution in ml
 Molarity is a unit that depends upon temperature. It varies inversely with temperature .
Mathematically : Molarity decreases as temperature increases.
1 1
Molarity  
temperature volume
 If a particular solution having volume V1 and molarity = M1 is diluted upto volume V2 mL than
M1V1 = M2V2
M2 : Resultant molarity
 If a solution having volume V1 and molarity M1 is mixed with another solution of same solute having
volume V2 mL & molarity M2 then M1V1 + M2V2 = MR (V1 + V2)
M1V1  M2 V2
MR = Resultant molarity = V1  V2
Example-19 149 g of potassium chloride (KCl) is dissolved in 10 Lt of an aqueous solution. Determine the
molarity of the solution (K = 39, Cl = 35.5)
Solution Molecular mass of KCl = 39 + 35.5 = 74.5 g
149 gm
 Moles of KCl = 74.5 gm = 2
2
 Molarity of the solution = = 0.2 M
10
D16: Molality (m) :

The number of moles of solute dissolved in1000 g (1 kg) of a solvent is known as the molality of the
solution.
i.e., molality =  1000
mass of solvent in gram
Let Y g of a solute is dissolved in X g of a solvent. The molecular mass of the solute is M 0. Then Y/M0 mole
of the solute are dissolved in X g of the solvent. Hence
Y
Molality =  1000
M0  X
 Molality is independent of temperature changes.
Example-20 225 g of an aqueous solution contains 5 g of urea. What is the concentration of the solution in terms
of molality. (Mol. wt. of urea = 60)
Solution Mass of urea = 5 g
Molecular mass of urea = 60
5
Number of moles of urea = = 0.083
60
Mass of solvent = (255 – 5) = 250 g
Number of moles of solute 0.083
 Molality of the solution = Mass of solvent in gram × 1000 = × 1000= 0.332.
250
ADVMOL - 17
Mole Concept
Mole fraction (x) :
D17: The ratio of number of moles of the solute or solvent present in the solution and the total number
of moles present in the solution is known as the mole fraction of substances concerned.
Let number of moles of solute in solution = n
Number of moles of solvent in solution = N
n
 Mole fraction of solute (x1) =
nN
N
 Mole fraction of solvent (x2) =
nN
also x 1 + x2 = 1
 Mole fraction is a pure number. It will remain independent of temperature changes.
% calculation :
The concentration of a solution may also expressed in terms of percentage in the following way.
D18:  % weight by weight (w/w) : It is given as mass of solute present in per 100 g of solution.
mass of solute in gm
i.e. % w/w = mass of solution in gm  100
D19:  % weight by volume (w/v) : It is given as mass of solute present in per 100 ml of solution.
i.e., % w/v =  100
volume of solution in ml
D20:  % volume by volume (v/v) : It is given as volume of solute present in per 100 ml solution.
volume of solute in ml
i.e., % v/v = volume of solution in ml × 100
Example-21 0.5 g of a substance is dissolved in 25 g of a solvent. Calculate the percentage amount of the
substance in the solution.
Solution Mass of substance = 0.5 g
Mass of solvent = 25 g
0.5
 percentage of the substance (w/w) = × 100 = 1.96
0.5  25
Example-22 20 cm3 of an alcohol is dissolved in80 cm3 of water. Calculate the percentage of alcohol in solution.
Solution Volume of alcohol = 20 cm3
Volume of water = 80 cm3
20
 Percentage of alcohol = × 100 = 20.
20  80
Parts Per Million (ppm)

D21: When the solute is present in very less amount, then this concentration term is used. It is defined as the
number of parts of the solute present in every 1 million parts of the solution. ppm can both be in terms of
mass or in terms of moles. If nothing has been specified, we take ppm to be in terms of mass. Hence, a 100
ppm solution means that 100 g of solute is present in every 1000000 g of solution.
mass of A
ppmA = 10 6 = mass fraction × 106
Total mass
ADVMOL - 18
Mole Concept
Check List
D3 : Mole
Theories (Th)
D4 : Gram Atomic Mass
D5 : Gram molecular mass
Th-1 : Dalton’s Atomic Theory
D6 : Gay-Lussac’s Law of Combining Volume
Th-2 : Chemical Equation
D7 : Avogadro’s hypothesis
Th-3 : Mass-Mass Analysis
D8 : Empirical formula
Th-4 : Mass-volume Analysis
D9 : Molecular formula
Th-5 : Mole-mole Analysis
D10 : Limiting reagent
Th-6 : How to Find Limiting Reagent
D11 : Average/Mean Atomic Mass
Th-7 : Principle of Atom Conservation (POAC)
D12 : Mean molar mass or molecular mass
Th-8 : Oxidation & Reduction
D13 : Redox reaction
Th-9 : Oxidation Number
D14 : Solutions
Th10 : Oxidising and reducing agent
D15 : Molarity (M)
Th11 : Balancing of redox reactions
D16 : Molality (m)
D17 : Mole fraction (x)
Definitions (D)
D18 : % weight by weight (w/w)
D19 : % weight by volume (w/v)
D1 : Relative atomic mass
D20 : % volume by volume (v/v)
D2 : Atomic mass unit (or amu)
D21 : Parts Per Million (ppm)
MISCELLANEOUS SOLVED PROBLEMS (MSPS)

1. Find the relative atomic mass, atomic mass of the following elements.
(i) Na (ii) F (iii) H (iv) Ca (v) Ag
Sol. (i) 23, 23 amu (ii) 19, 19 amu (iii) 1, 1.008 amu , (iv) 40, 40 amu, (v) 108, 108 amu.
2. A sample of (C2H6) ethane has the same mass as 107 molecules of methane. How many C2H6 molecules
does the sample contain ?
107
Sol. Moles of CH4 =
NA
107
Mass of CH4 = × 16 = mass of C2H6
NA
10 7  16
So Moles of C2H6 =
N A  30
107  16
So No. of molecules of C2H6 = × NA = 5.34 × 106.
N A  30
3. From 160 g of SO2 (g) sample, 1.2046 x 1024 molecules of SO2 are removed then find out the volume of left
over SO2 (g) at STP.
160
Sol. Given moles = = 2.5.
64
1.2046  10 24
Removed moles = = 2.
6.023  10 23
so left moles = 0.5.
volume left at STP = 0.5 × 22.4 = 11.2 lit.
ADVMOL - 19
Mole Concept
4. 14 g of Nitrogen gas and 22 g of CO2 gas are mixed together. Find the volume of gaseous mixture at STP.
14
Sol. Moles of N2 = = 0.5.
28
22
moles of CO2 = = 0.5.
44
so total moles = 0.5 + 0.5 = 1.
so vol. at STP = 1 × 22.4 = 22.4 lit.
5. Show that in the reaction N2 (g) + 3H2(g)  2NH3 (g), mass is conserved.
Sol. N2 (g) + 3H2(g)  2NH3 (g)
moles before reaction 1 3 0
moles after reaction 0 0 2
Mass before reaction = mass of 1 mole N2(g) + mass of 3 mole H2(g)
= 14 x 2 + 3 x 2 = 34 g
mass after reaction = mass of 2 mole NH3
= 2 x 17 = 34 g.
6. When x gram of a certain metal burnt in 1.5 g oxygen to give 3.0 g of its oxide. 1.20 g of the same metal
heated in a steam gave 2.40 g of its oxide. shows the these result illustrate the law of constant or definite
proportion
Sol. Wt. of metal = 3.0 – 1.5 = 1.5 g
so wt. of metal : wt of oxygen = 1.5 : 1.5 = 1 : 1
similarly in second case, wt. of oxygen = 2.4 – 1.2 = 1.2 g
so wt. of metal : wt of oxygen = 1.2 : 1.2 = 1 : 1
so these results illustrate the law of constant proportion.
7. Find out % of O & H in H2O compound.

16 2
Sol. % of O = × 100 = 88.89% and % of H = × 100 = 11.11%
1%
18 18
8. Acetylene & butene have empirical formula CH & CH2 respectively. The molecular mass of acetylene and
butene are 26 & 56 respectively deduce their molecular formula.
Ans. C2H2 & C4H8
Molecular mass
Sol. n = Empirical formula mass
26
For Acetylene : n = =2  Molecular formula = C2H2
13
56
For Butene : n= =4  Molecular formula = C4H8 .
14
9. An oxide of nitrogen gave the following percentage composition :
N = 25.94 and O = 74.06
Calculate the empirical formula of the compound.
Ans. N2O5
Sol. Element % / Atomic mass Simple ratio Simple intiger ratio

25 .94
N  1 .85 1 2
14
74.06
O  4.63 2.5 5
16
So empirical formula is N2O5.
ADVMOL - 20
Mole Concept
10. Find the density of CO2(g) with respect to N2O(g).
M.wt. of CO 2 44
Sol. R.D. = M.wt. of N O = = 1.
2 44
11. Find the vapour density of N2O5
Mol. wt. of N2O 5
Sol. V.D. = = 54.
2
12. Write a balance chemical equation for following reaction :
When ammonia (NH3) decompose into nitrogen (N2) gas & hydrogen (H2) gas.
1 3
Sol. NH3  N + H or 2NH3  N2 + 3H2 .
2 2 2 2
13. When 170 g NH3 (M =17) decomposes how many grams of N2 & H2 is produced.
1 3
Sol. NH3  N2 + H2
2 2
moles of NH3 moles of N2 moles of H2

= = .
1 1/ 2 3/2
1 170
So moles of N2 = × = 5. So wt. of N2 = 5 × 28 = 140 g.
2 17
3 170
Similarly moles of H2 = × = 15.
2 17
So wt. of H2 = 15 × 2 = 30 g.
14. 340 g NH3 (M = 17) when decompose how many litres of nitrogen gas is produced at STP.
1 3
Sol. NH3  N + H
2 2 2 2
340
moles of NH3 = = 20.
17
1
So moles of N2 = × 20 = 10.
2
 vol. of N2 at STP = 10 × 22.4 = 224 lit.
15. 4 mole of MgCO3 is reacted with 6 moles of HCl solution. Find the volume of CO2 gas produced at STP, the
reaction is
MgCO3 + 2HCl  MgCl2 + CO2 + H2O.
Sol. Here HCl is limiting reagent. So moles of CO2 formed = 3.
So vol. at STP = 3 × 22.4 = 67.2 lit.
16. 117 g NaCl is dissolved in 500 ml aqueous solution. Find the molarity of the solution.
117 / 58.5
Sol. Molarity = = 4M.
500 / 1000
17. 0.32 mole of LiAlH4 in ether solution was placed in a flask and 74 g (1 moles) of t-butyl alcohol was added.
The product is LiAlHC12H27O3 . Find the weight of the product if lithium atoms are conserved.
[Li = 7, Al = 27, H = 1, C = 12, O = 16]
Sol. Applying POAC on Li
1 × moles of LiAlH4 = 1× moles of LiAlH C12H27O3
254 × 0.32 = 1 × wt. of LiAlH C12H27O3.
wt. of LiAlH C12H27O3 = 81.28 g.
ADVMOL - 21
Mole Concept
18. Balance the following equations :
(a) H2O2 + MnO4–  Mn+2 + O2 (acidic medium)
(b) Zn + HNO3 (dil)  Zn(NO3)2 + H2O + NH4NO3
(c) Cr3 + KOH + Cl2  K2CrO4 + KO4 + KCl + H2O.
(d) P2H4  PH3 + P4
(e) Ca3 (PO4)2 + SiO2 + C  CaSiO3 + P4 + CO
Ans. (a) 6H+ + 5H2O2 + 2MnO4–  2Mn+2 + 5O2 + 8H2O
(b) 4Zn + 10HNO3 (dil)  4Zn(NO3)2 + 3H2O + NH4NO3
(c) 2Cr3 + 64KOH + 27Cl2  2K2CrO4 + 6KO4 + 54KCl + 32H2O.
(d) 6P2H4  8PH3 + P4
(e) 2Ca3 (PO4)2 + 6SiO2 + 10C  6CaSiO3 + P4 + 10CO
19. Calculate the resultant molarity of following :

(a) 200 ml 1M HCl + 300 ml water (b) 1500 ml 1M HCl + 18.25 g HCl
(c) 200 ml 1M HCl + 100 ml 0.5 M H2SO4 (d) 200 ml 1M HCl + 100 ml 0.5 M HCl
Ans. (a) 0.4 M (b) 1.33 M (c) 1 M (d) 0.83 M.
200  1  0
Sol. (a) Final molarity = = 0.4 M.
200  300
18.25  1000
1500  1 
(b) Final molarity = 36.5  1.33 M
1500
200  1  100  0.5  2

(c) Final molarity of H+ = = 1 M.
200  100
200  1  100  0.5

(d) Final molarity = = 0.83 M.
200  100
20. 518 g of an aqueous solution contains 18 g of glucose (mol.wt. = 180). What is the molality of the solution.
18 / 180
Sol. wt. of solvent = 518 – 18 = 500 g.  so molarity = = 0.2.
500 / 1000
21. 0.25 of a substance is dissolved in 6.25 g of a solvent. Calculate the percentage amount of the substance in
the solution.
Sol. wt. of solution = 0.25 + 6.25 = 6.50.
0.25
so % (w/w) = × 100 = 3.8%.
6.50
22. 518 g of an aqueous solution contains 18 g of glucose (mol.wt. = 180). What is the molality of the solution.
18 / 180
Sol. wt. of solvent = 518 – 18 = 500 g.  so molarity = = 0.2.
500 / 1000
23. 0.25 of a substance is dissolved in 6.25 g of a solvent. Calculate the percentage amount of the substance in
the solution.
Sol. wt. of solution = 0.25 + 6.25 = 6.50.
0.25
so % (w/w) = × 100 = 3.8%.
6.50
ADVMOL - 22
Mole Concept
 Marked Questions may have for Revision Questions.
PART - I : SUBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
Section (A) : Molar volume of ideal gases at STP, Average molar mass
Commit to memory :
Y-map : Interconversion of mole-volume, mass and number of particles :

×N
22.4
 A
× lt
N 2.4
A
2
Mole

Mass
A-1. What is the volume of following at STP (i) 2g of H2 (ii) 16 g of O3.
A-2. A gaseous mixture of H2 and N2O gas contains 66 mass % of N2O. What is the average molecular mass of
mixture :
Section (B) : Empirical Formula, % Composition of a given compound by mass, % By

mole, Minimum molecular mass determination.
Commit to memory :
B-1. In a gaseous mixture 2mol of CO2, 1 mol of H2 and 2 mol of He are present than determine mole percentage
of CO2.
B-2. A compound has haemoglobin like structure. It has one Fe. It contain 4.6% of Fe. Determine its molecular
mass.
B-3. A compound contains 25% hydrogen and 75% carbon by mass. Determine the empirical formula of the
compound.
Section (C) : Stoichiometry, Equation based calculations (Elementary level single equation or 2)
Commit to memory :
a A + b B  c C + d D
you can write.
= = =
a b c d
ADVMOL - 23
Mole Concept
C-1. Calculate the residue obtained on strongly heating 2.76 g Ag2CO3.
 1
Ag2CO3  2Ag + CO2 + O
2 2
C-2. Calculate the weight of iron which will be converted into its oxide by the action of 18g of steam.

Unbalanced reaction : Fe + H2O  Fe3O4 + H2.
C-3. A sample of KClO3 on decomposition yielded 448 mL of oxygen gas at NTP.

Calculate (i) Weight of oxygen product, (ii) Weight of KClO3 originally taken, and (iii) Weight of KCl produced.
(K = 39 , Cl = 35.5 and O = 16)
Section (D) : Limiting reagent, % Excess, % Yield / Efficiency

D-1. 50 g of CaCO3 is allowed to react with 73.5 g of H3PO4. Calculate :
(i) Amount of Ca3(PO4)2 formed (in moles) (ii) Amount of unreacted reagent (in moles)
D-2. The percent yield for the following reaction carried out in carbon tetrachloride (CCI4) solution is 80%
Br2 + CI2  2BrCI
(a) What amount of BrCI would be formed from the reaction of 0.025 mol Br2 and 0.025 mol CI2?
(b) What amoumt of Br2 is left unchanged?
Section (E) : Principle of atom conservation (POAC), Reactions in sequence & parallel,
Mixture analysis, % Purity
E-1. What amount of CaO will be produced by 1 g of Calcium ?
E-2. KClO3 decomposes by two parallel reaction
 
(i) 2KClO3  2KCl + 3O2 (ii) 4KClO3  3KClO4 + KCl
If 3 moles of O2 and 1 mol of KClO4 is produced along with other products then determine initial moles of
KClO3.
E-3. A 2 g sample containing Na2CO3 and NaHCO3 losses 0.248 g when heated to 300ºC, the temperature at
which NaHCO3 decomposes to Na2CO3, CO2 and H2O. What is the percentage of Na2CO3 in the given mixture?
E-4. A sample of chalk contains clay as impurity. The clay impurity loses 11% of its weight as moisture on
prolong heating. 5 gram sample of chalk on heating shows a loss in weight (due to evolution of CO 2 and
water) by 1.1 g. Calculate % of chalk (CaCO3) in the sample. [Hint : Chalk (CaCO3) release CO2 on heating]
Section (F) : Basics of oxidation number

F-1. Calculate the oxidation number of underlined elements in the following compounds :
(a) K[Co(C2O4)2(NH3)2] (b) K4P2O7 (c) CrO2Cl2
(d) Na2[Fe(CN)5(NO+)] (e) Mn3O4 (f) Ca(ClO2)2
(g) [Fe(NO ) (H2O)5]SO4
+
(h) ZnO 2
2–
(i) Fe0.93O
F-2. Identify the oxidant and the reductant in the following reactions :
(a) KMnO4 + KCl + H2SO4  MnSO4 + K2SO4 + H2O + Cl2
(b) FeCl2 + H2O2 + HCl  FeCl3 + H2O
(c) Cu + HNO3 (dil)  Cu (NO3)2 + H2O + NO
(d) Na2HAsO3 + KBrO3 + HCl  NaCl + KBr + H3AsO4
(e) I2 + Na2S2O3  Na2S4O6 + NaI
ADVMOL - 24
Mole Concept
Section (G) : Balancing redox reactions
G-1. Write balanced net ionic equations for the following reactions in acidic solution :
(a) S4O62–(aq) + Al(s)  H2S(aq) + Al3+(aq)
(b) S2O32–(aq) + Cr2O72–(aq)  S4O62–(aq) + Cr3+(aq)
(c) ClO3– (aq) + As2S3(s)  Cl¯(aq) + H2AsO4¯ (aq) + HSO4¯(aq)
(d) O3¯(aq) + Re(s)  ReO4¯(aq) + ¯(aq)
(e) HSO4¯(aq) + As4(s) + Pb3O4(s)  PbSO4(s) + H2AsO4¯ (aq)
(f) HNO2(aq)  NO3¯ + NO(g)
G-2. Write balanced net ionic equations for the following reactions in basic solution :
(a) C4H4O62–(aq) + ClO3¯(aq)  CO32–(aq) + Cl¯(aq)
(b) Al(s) + BiONO3(s)  Bi(s) + NH3(aq) + [Al(OH)4]¯ (aq)
(c) H2O2(aq) + Cl2O7(aq)  ClO2¯(aq) + O2(g)
(d) Tl2O3(s) + NH2OH(aq)  TlOH(s) + N2(g)
(e) [Cu(NH3)4]2+ (aq) + S2O42–(aq)  SO32–(aq) + Cu(s) + NH3(aq)
(f) Mn(OH)2(s) + MnO4¯(aq)  MnO2(s)
Section (H) : Units of concentration measurement, Interconversion of concentration units

Commit to memory :
Molarity of solution =
molality = mass of solvent in gram  1000
n
nN
N
nN
% w/w = mass of solution in gm  100
% w/v =  100
% v/v = volume of solution in ml × 100
mass of A
Total mass
H-1. Find the mass of KOH needed to prepare 100 ml 1 M KOH solution. [At. mass K = 39]
H-2. Calculate the molality of KCl solution prepared by dissolving 7.45 g of KCl to make 500 mL of the solution.
(dsol = 1.2 g mL–1)
H-3.
(i) If you are given a 2M NaOH solution having density 1 g/mL, then find the molality of solution.
(ii) Find the molarity of 5m (molal) NaOH solution having density 1.5 g/ml.
(iii) Find the mole fraction of solute in problem (i)
ADVMOL - 25
Mole Concept
(iv) Find the mole fraction of solute in problem (ii)
(v) Find the % (w/w) of NaOH in solution in problem (i)
(vi) Find the % (w/w) of NaOH in solution in problem (ii)
(vii)Find the % (w/v) of NaOH in solution in problem (ii)
(viii) A 300 g, 30% (w/w) NaOH solution is mixed with 500 g, 40% (w/w) NaOH solution. Find the mass percentage
(w/w) of final solution.
(ix) What is % (w/v) NaOH in problem (viii) if density of final solution is 2 g/ml ?
(x) What is the molality of final solution obtained in problem (viii) ?
Section (I) : Dilution & Mixing of two liquids
I-1. Find the Cl– concentration in solution which is obtained by mixing one mole each of BaCl2, NaCl and HCl in
500 ml water.
I-2. What volume of water should be added to 50 ml of HNO3 having density 1.5 g ml–1 and 63.0% by weight to
have one molar solution.
I-3. What maximum volume of 3 M solution of KOH can be prepared from 1 L each of 1 M KOH and 6 M KOH
solutions by using water ?
PART - II : ONLY ONE OPTION CORRECT TYPE
Section (A) : Molar volume of ideal gases at STP, Average molar mass
Commit to memory :
Y-map : Interconversion of mole-volume, mass and number of particles :

×N
2.4
 A
×2 lt
N
2 2.4
A

Mole

Mass
A-1. Under the same conditions, two gases have the same number of molecules. They must
(A) be noble gases (B) have equal volumes
(C) have a volume of 22.4 dm3 each (D) have an equal number of atoms
A-2. 16 g of an ideal gas SOx occupies 5.6 L. at STP. The value of x is :

(A) x = 3 (B) x = 2 (C) x = 4 (D) none
Section (B) : Empirical Formula, % Composition of a given compound by mass, % By

mole, Minimum molecular mass determination.
Commit to memory :
B-1. The empirical formula of a compound of molecular mass 120 is CH2O. The molecular formula of the compound
is :
(A) C2H4O2 (B) C4H8O4 (C) C3H6O3 (D) all of these
ADVMOL - 26
Mole Concept
B-2. Calculate the molecular formula of compound which contains 20% Ca and 80% Br (by wt.) if molecular
weight of compound is 200. (Atomic wt. Ca = 40, Br = 80)
(A) Ca1/2Br (B) CaBr2 (C) CaBr (D) Ca2Br
B-3. A compound possess 8% sulphur by mass. The least molecular mass is :

(A) 200 (B) 400 (C) 155 (D) 355
B-4. Cortisone is a molecular substance containing 21 atoms of carbon per molecule. The mass percentage of
carbon in cortisone is 69.98%. Its molar mass is :
(A) 176.5 (B) 252.2 (C) 287.6 (D) 360.1
Section (C) : Stoichiometry, Equation based calculations (Elementary level single equation or 2)
Commit to memory :
a A + b B  c C + d D
you can write.
= = =
a b c d
C-1. 12 g of alkaline earth metal gives 14.8 g of its nitride. Atomic weight of metal is -
(A) 12 (B) 20 (C) 40 (D) 14.8
C-2. For the reaction 2P + Q  R, 8 mol of P and excess of Q will produce :
(A) 8 mol of R (B) 5 mol of R (C) 4 mol of R (D) 13 mol of R
C-3. If 1.5 moles of oxygen combine with Al to form Al2O3, the weight of Al used in the reaction is :
(A) 27 g (B) 40.5 g (C) 54g (D) 81 g
C-4. How many liters of CO2 at STP will be formed when 0.01 mol of H2SO4 reacts with excess of Na2CO3.
Na2CO3 + H2SO4  Na2SO4 + CO2 + H2O
(A) 22.4 L (B) 2.24 L (C) 0.224 L (D) 1.12 L
C-5. When 100g of ethylene polymerises entirely to polyethene, the weight of polyethene formed as per the
equation n(C2H4)  (CH2CH2)n is :
(A) (n/2)g (B) 100g (C) (100/n)g (D) 100ng
C-6. How many moles of potassium chlorate need to be heated to produce 11.2 litre oxygen at N.T.P.
1 1 1 2
(A) mol (B) mol (C) mol (D) mol
2 3 4 3
Section (D) : Limiting reagent, % Excess, % Yield / Efficiency

D-1. Calculate the amount of Ni needed in the Mond's process given below
Ni + 4CO  Ni(CO)4
If CO used in this process is obtained through a process, in which 6 g of carbon is mixed with 44 g CO 2.
(Ni = 59 u)
(A) 14.675 g (B) 29 g (C) 58 g (D) 28 g
D-2. How many mole of Zn(FeS2) can be made from 2 mole zinc, 3 mole iron and 5 mole sulphur.
(A) 2 mole (B) 3 mole (C) 4 mole (D) 5 mole
ADVMOL - 27
Mole Concept
D-3. Equal weight of 'X' (At. wt. = 36) and 'Y' (At. wt. = 24) are reacted to form the compound X 2Y3. Then :
(A) X is the limiting reagent
(B) Y is the limiting reagent
(C) No reactant is left over and mass of X2Y3 formed is double the mass of ‘X’ taken
(D) none of these
D-4. 0.5 mole of H2SO4 is mixed with 0.2 mole of Ca (OH)2. The maximum number of moles of CaSO4 formed is
(A) 0.2 (B) 0.5 (C) 0.4 (D) 1.5
D-5. The mass of 70% H2SO4 required for neutralisation of 1 mol of NaOH.
(A) 49 g (B) 98 g (C) 70 g (D) 34.3 g
D-6. 0.05 mole of LiAlH4 in ether solution was placed in a flask containing 74 g (1 mole) of t-butyl alcohol. The
product LiAlHC12H27O3 weighed 12.7 g. If Li atoms are conserved, the percentage yield is :
(Li = 7, Al = 27, H = 1, C = 12, O = 16).
(A) 25% (B) 75% (C) 100% (D) 15%
Section (E) : Principle of atom conservation (POAC), Reactions in sequence & parallel,
Mixture analysis, % Purity
E-1. 25.4 g of iodine and 14.2 g of chlorine are made to react completely to yield a mixture of Cl and Cl3.
Calculate the number of moles of Cl and Cl3 formed.
(A) 0.1 mole, 0.1 mole (B) 0.1 mole, 0.2 mole (C) 0.5 mole, 0.5 mole (D) 0.2 mole, 0.2 mole
E-2. What weights of P4O6 and P4O10 will be produced by the combustion of 31g of P4 in 32 g of oxygen leaving no
P4 and O2.
(A) 2.75 g, 219.5 g (B) 27.5 g, 35.5 g (C) 55 g, 71 g (D) 17.5 g, 190.5 g
E-3. What weight of CaCO3 must be decomposed to produce the sufficient quantity of carbon dioxide to convert
21.2 kg of Na2CO3 completely in to NaHCO3. [Atomic mass Na = 23, Ca = 40]
CaCO3  CaO + CO2
Na2 CO3 + CO2 + H2O  2NaHCO3
(A) 100 Kg (B) 20 Kg (C) 120 Kg (D) 30 Kg
E-4. NX is produced by the following step of reactions

M + X2  M X2
3MX2 + X2  M3X8
M3 X8 + N2CO3  NX + CO2 + M3O4
How much M (metal) is consumed to produce 206 g of NX. (Take at wt of M = 56, N=23, X = 80)
14 7
(A) 42 g (B) 56 g (C) g (D) g
3 4
E-5. The following process has been used to obtain iodine from oil-field brines in California.
Nal + AgNO3  Agl + NaNO3 ; 2AgI + Fe  Fel2 + 2Ag
2FeI2 + 3Cl2  2FeCl3 + 2I2
How many grams of AgNO3 are required in the first step for every 254 kg 2 produced in the third step.
(A) 340 kg (B) 85 kg (C) 68 kg (D) 380 kg
E-6. In a gravimetric determination of P, an aqueous solution of dihydrogen phosphate ion H2PO4– is treated with
a mixture of ammonium and magnesium ions to precipitate magnesium ammonium phosphate,
Mg(NH4)PO4.6H2O. This is heated and decomposed to magnesium pyrophosphate, Mg2P2O7, which is
weighed. A solution of H2PO4– yielded 1.054 g of Mg2P2O7. What weight of NaH2PO4 was present originally ?
(A) 1.14 g (B) 1.62 g (C) 2.34 g (D) 1.33 g
E-7. 10 g of a sample of a mixture of CaCl2 and NaCl is treated to precipitate all the calcium as CaCO 3. This Ca
CO3 is heated to convert all the Ca to CaO and the final mass of CaO is 1.62 g. The percent by mass of CaCl2
in the original mixture is :
(A) 32.1 % (B) 16.2 % (C) 21.8 % (D) 11.0 %
ADVMOL - 28
Mole Concept
Section (F) : Basics of oxidation number

F-1. The oxidation number of Oxygen in Na2O2 is :
(A) + 1 (B) + 2 (C) – 2 (D) – 1
F-2. The oxidation number of Phosphorus in Mg2P2O7 is :

(A) + 3 (B) + 2 (C) + 5 (D) – 3
F-3. The oxidation states of Sulphur in the anions SO32–, S2O42– and S2O62– follow the order :
(A) S2O62– < S2O42 < SO32– (B) S2O42– < SO32– < S2O62–
(C) SO32– < S2O42– < S2O62– (D) S2O42 < S2O62– < SO32–
F-4. Match List-I (Compounds) with List-II (Oxidation states of Nitrogen) and select answer using the codes given
below the lists :
List-I List-II
(a) NaN3 (1) +5
(b) N2H2 (2) +2
(c) NO (3) –1/3
(d) N2O5 (4) –1
Code :
(a) (b) (c) (d) (a) (b) (c) (d)
(A) 3 4 2 1 (B) 4 3 2 1
(C) 3 4 1 2 (D) 4 3 1 2
F-5. 1 mole of N2H4 loses ten moles of electrons to form a new compound Y. Assuming that all the nitrogen
appears in the new compound, what is the oxidation state of nitrogen in Y? (There is no change in the
oxidation state of hydrogen).
(A) – 1 (B) – 3 (C) + 3 (D) + 5
F-6. The average oxidation state of Fe in Fe3O4 is :

(A) – 8/3 (B) 8/3 (C) 2 (D) 3
Section (G) : Balancing redox reactions

G-1. In the reaction xHI + yHNO3  NO + 2 + H2O, upon balancing with whole number coefficients :
(A) x = 3, y = 2 (B) x= 2, y = 3 (C) x = 6, y = 2 (D) x = 6, y = 1
G-2. For the redox reaction MnO4– + C2O42– + H+  Mn2+ + CO2 + H2O,
the correct whole number stoichiometric coefficients of MnO4–, C2O42– and H+ are respectively:
(A) 2, 5, 16 (B) 16, 5, 2 (C) 5, 16, 2 (D) 2, 16, 5
G-3. For the redox reaction xP4 + yHNO3  H3PO4 + NO2 + H2O, upon balancing with whole number
coefficients:
(A) x = 1, y = 5 (B) x = 2, y = 10 (C) x = 1, y = 20 (D) x = 1, y = 15
G-4. In the reaction X – + XO3– + H+  X2 + H2O, the molar ratio in which X – and XO3– react is :
(A) 1 : 5 (B) 5 : 1 (C) 2 : 3 (D) 3 : 2
G-5. CN– is oxidised by NO3– in presence of acid :

c
a CN– + b NO3– + c H+  (a + b) NO + a CO2 + HO
2 2
What are the whole number values of a, b, c in that order :
(A) 3, 7, 7 (B) 3, 10, 7 (C) 3, 10, 10 (D) 3, 7, 10
ADVMOL - 29
Mole Concept
Section (H) : Units of concentration measurement, Interconversion of concentration units

Commit to memory :
Molarity of solution =
molality = mass of solvent in gram  1000
n
nN
N
nN
% w/w = mass of solution in gm  100
% w/v =  100
% v/v = volume of solution in ml × 100
mass of A
Total mass
H-1. 500 mL of a glucose solution contains 6.02 × 1022 molecules. The concentration of the solution is
(A) 0.1 M (B) 1.0 M (C) 0.2 M (D) 2.0 M
H-2. Equal moles of H2O and NaCl are present in a solution. Hence, molality of NaCl solution is :
(A) 0.55 (B) 55.5 (C) 1.00 (D) 0.18
H-3. Decreasing order of mass of pure NaOH in each of the aqueous solution.
(I) 50 g of 40% (W/W) NaOH
(II) 50 ml of 50% (W/V) NaOH (dsol = 1.2 g/ml).
(III) 50 g of 15 M NaOH (dsol = 1 g/ml).
(A) I, II, III (B) III, II, I (C) II, III, I (D) III = II = I.
H-4. Mole fraction of A in H2O is 0.2. The molality of A in H2O is :
(A) 13.9 (B) 15.5 (C) 14.5 (D) 16.8
H-5. What is the molarity of H2SO4 solution that has a density of 1.84 g/cc and contains 98% by mass of H2SO4?
(Given atomic mass of S = 32)
(A) 4.18 M (B) 8.14 M (C) 18.4 M (D) 18 M
H-6. The molarity of the solution containing 2.8%( mass / volume) solution of KOH is : (Given atomic mass of
K = 39 ) is :
(A) 0.1 M (B) 0.5 M (C) 0.2 M (D) 1 M
M
H-7. A solution of FeCl3 is its molarity for Cl– ion will be :
30
M M M M
(A) (B) (C) (D)
90 30 10 5
ADVMOL - 30
Mole Concept
Section (I) : Dilution & Mixing of two liquids
I-1. If 500 ml of 1 M solution of glucose is mixed with 500 ml of 1 M solution of glucose final molarity of solution
will be :
(A) 1 M (B) 0.5 M (C) 2 M (D) 1.5 M
I-2. The volume of water that must be added to a mixture of 250 ml of 0.6 M HCl and 750 ml of
0.2 M HCl to obtain 0.25 M solution of HCl is :
(A) 750 ml (B) 100 ml (C) 200 m (D) 300 m
I-3. What volume of a 0.8 M solution contains 100 milli moles of the solute?
(A) 100 mL (B) 125 mL (C) 500 mL (D) 62.5 mL
I-4. The molarity of Cl¯ in an aqueous solution which was (w/V) 2% NaCl, 4% CaCI2 and 6% NH4Cl will be
(A) 0.342 (B) 0.721 (C) 1.12 (D) 2.18
I-5. 2M of 100 ml Na2 SO4 is mixed with 3M of 100 ml NaCl solution and 1M of 200 ml CaCl2 solution. Then the
ratio of the concentration of cation and anion.
(A) 1/2 (B) 2 (C) 1.5 (D) 1
I-6. What volume (in ml) of 0.2 M H2SO4 solution should be mixed with the 40 ml of 0.1 M NaOH solution such
6
that the resulting solution has the concentration of H2SO4 as M.
55
(A) 70 (B) 45 (C) 30 (D) 58
PART - III : MATCH THE COLUMN

1. Column - I Column - II
(A) A gaseous organic compound containing (p) One mole of compound contains 4N A atoms of
C = 52.17%, H = 13.04% & O = 34.78% Hydrogen.
(by weight) having molar mass 46 g/mol.
(B) 0.3 g of an organic compound containing (q) The empirical formula of the compound is same as
C, H and O on combustion yields 0.44 g its molecule formula.
of CO2 and 0.18 g of H2O, with two O
atoms per molecule.
(C) A hydrocarbon containing C = 42.857% (r) Combustion products of one mole of compound
and H = 57.143% (by mole) containing 3C contains larger number of moles of CO2 than that of
atoms per molecule. H2O.
(D) A hydrocarbon containing 10.5 g carbon (s) CO2 gas produced by the combustion of 0.25 mole
per gram of hydrogen having vapour of compound occupies a volume of 11.2 L at NTP.
density 46.
2. Column I Column II
(A) Zn(s) + 2HCl(aq)  ZnCl2(s) + H2(g) (p) 50% of excess reagent left
above reaction is carried out by taking
2 moles each of Zn and HCl
(B) AgNO3(aq) + HCl(aq)  AgCl(s) + HNO3(g) (q) 22.4 L of gas at STP is liberated
above reaction is carried out by taking
170 g AgNO3 and 18.25 g HCl (Ag = 108)
(C) CaCO3(s)  CaO(s) + CO2(g) (r) 1 moles of solid (product) obtained.
100 g CaCO3 is decomposed
(D) 2KClO3(s)  2KCl(s) + 3O2(g) (s) HCl is the limiting reagent
2/3 moles of KClO3 decomposed
3. Column-I Column-II
(A) 100 ml of 0.2 M AlCl3 solution + 400 ml of 0.1 M HCl solution (p) Total concentration of cation(s) = 0.12M
(B) 50 ml of 0.4 M KCl + 50 ml H2O (q) [SO42–] = 0.06 M
(C) 30 ml of 0.2 M K2SO4 + 70 ml H2O (r) [SO42–] = 2.5 M
(D) 200 ml 24.5% (w/v) H2SO4 (s) [Cl¯] = 0.2 M
ADVMOL - 31
Mole Concept
 Marked Questions may have for Revision Questions.
PART - I : ONLY ONE OPTION CORRECT TYPE

1. A sample of Calcium phosphate Ca3(PO4)2 contains 8 mol of O atoms. The number of mol of Ca atoms in the
sample is :
(A) 4 (B) 1.5 (C) 3 (D) 8
2. 64 g of an organic compound has 24 g carbon and 8 g hydrogen and the rest is oxygen. The empirical formula
of the compound is :
(A) CH4O (B) CH2O (C) C2H4O (D) None
3. Formation of polyethene from calcium carbide takes place as follows :

CaC2 + H2O  Ca(OH)2 + C2H2 ; C2H2 + H2  C2H4
n(C2H4)  (CH2CH2)n.
The amount of polyethylene possibly obtainable from 64.0 kg CaC2 can be
(A) 28Kg (B) 14kg (C) 21kg (D) 42 kg
4. The hourly energy requirement of an astronaut can be satisfied by the energy released when 34 g of sucrose
(C12H22O11) are burnt in his body. How many g of oxygen would be needed to be carried in space capsule to
meet his requirement for one day :
(A) 916.2 g (B) 91.62 g (C) 8.162 g (D) 9.162 g.
5. If 10 g of Ag reacts with 1 g of sulphur , the amount of Ag2S formed will be :

(A) 7.75 g (B) 0.775 g (C) 11 g (D) 10 g
6. If a piece of iron gains 10% of its weight due to partial rusting into Fe2O3 the percentage of total iron that has
rusted is :
(A) 23 (B) 13 (C) 23.3 (D) 25.67
7.^ When a mixture of 10 mole of SO2 , 15 mole of O2 was passed over catalyst , 8 mole of SO3 was formed. How
many mole of SO2and O2 did not enter into combination ?
(A) 2 moles of SO2, 11 moles of O2 (B) 3 moles of SO2, 11.5 moles of O2
(C) 2 moles of SO2, 4 moles of O2 (D) 8 moles of SO2, 4 moles of O2
8. When x grams of carbon are heated with y grams of oxygen in a closed vessel, no solid residue is left behind.
Which of the following statements is correct ?
(A) y/x must lie between 1.33 and 2.67 (B) y/x must be greater than or equal 2.67.
(C) y/x must be less than or equal 1.33 (D) y/x must be greater than or equal 1.33.
9. When a 12 g mixture of carbon and sulphur is burnt in air, then a mixture of CO 2 and SO2 is produced, in
which the number of moles of SO2 is half that of CO2. The mass of the carbon in the mixture is :
(A) 4.08 g (B) 5.14 g (C) 8.74 g (D) 1.54 g
10. 1 mol of iron (Fe) reacts completely with 0.65 mol O2 to give a mixture of only FeO and Fe2O3. Mole ratio of
ferrous oxide to ferric oxide is :
(A) 3 : 2 (B) 4 : 3 (C) 20 : 13 (D) none of these
11. When ZnS is boiled with strong nitric acid, the products are zinc nitrate, sulphuric acid and nitrogen dioxide.
What are the changes in the oxidation numbers of Zn, S and N :
(A) + 2, + 4, – 1 (B) + 2, + 6, – 2 (C) 0, + 4, – 2 (D) 0, + 8, – 1
12. The following equations are balanced atomwise and chargewise.
(i) Cr2O72– + 8H+ + 3H2O2  2Cr3+ + 7H2O + 3O2
(ii) Cr2O72– + 8H+ + 5H2O2  2Cr3+ + 9H2O + 4O2
(iii) Cr2O72– + 8H+ + 7H2O2  2Cr3+ + 11H2O + 5O2
The precise equation/equations representing the oxidation of H2O2 is/are :
(A) (i) only (B) (ii) only (C) (iii) only (D) all the three
ADVMOL - 32
Mole Concept
13. When arsenic sulphide is boiled with NaOH, sodium arsenite and sodium thioarsenite are formed according
y
to reaction x As2S3+ y NaOH  x Na3AsO3 + x Na3AsS3 + H2O. What are the values of x and y?
2
(A) 1, 6 (B) 2, 8 (C) 2, 6 (D) 1, 4
14. xNO3 + yI + zH  2NO + 3I2 + 4H2O x , y, z respectively in the above equation are :
– – +
(A) 2, 6, 8 (B) 1, 6 , 4 (C) 0, 6 , 8 (D) 2 , 3 , 4

15. Balance the following equation and choose the quantity which is the sum of the coefficients of reactants and
products :
....... KMnO4 +....... H2O2 +....... H2SO4  ....... MnSO4 +....... O2 +....... H2O +....... K2SO4
(A) 26 (B) 23 (C) 28 (D) 22
16. A solution of glucose received from some research laboratory has been marked mole fraction x and molality
(m) at 10ºC. When you will calculate its molality and mole fraction in your laboratory at 24ºC you will find
(A) mole fraction (x) and molality (m) (B) mole fraction (2x) and molality (2m)
(C) mole fraction (x/2) and molality (m/2) (D) mole fraction (x) and (m ± dm) molality
17. 36.5 % HCl has density equal to 1.20 g mL–1. The molarity (M) and molality (m), respectively, are
(A) 15.7, 15.7 (B) 12, 12 (C) 15.7, 12 (D) 12, 15.7
18. An aqueous solution of ethanol has density 1.025 g/mL and it is 2M. What is the molality of this solution ?
(A) 1.79 (B) 2.143 (C) 1.951 (D) None of these.
19. Mole fraction of ethyl alcohol in aqueous ethyl alcohol (C2H5OH) solution is 0.25. Hence percentage of ethyl
alcohol by weight is :
(A) 54% (B) 25% (C) 75% (D) 46%
20. Calculate the mass percent (w/w) of sulphuric acid in a solution prepared by dissolving 4 g of sulphur trioxide
in a 100 ml sulphuric acid solution containing 80 mass percent (w/w) of H2SO4 and having a density of 1.96
g/ml. (molecular weight of H2SO4 = 98). Take reaction SO3 + H2O  H2SO4
(A) 80.8% (B) 84% (C) 41.65% (D) None of these
21. On mixing 15.0 ml of ethyl alcohol of density 0.792 g ml1 with 15 ml of pure water at 40C, the resulting
solution is found to have a density of 0.924 g ml 1. The percentage contraction in volume is :
(A) 8 % (B) 2 % (C) 3 % (D) 4 %
PART - II : SINGLE AND DOUBLE VALUE INTEGER TYPE

1. How many gram ions of SO4–2 are present in 1.25 mole of K2SO4.Al2(SO4)3.24H2O :
2. A certain organic substance used as a solvent in many reactions contains carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and
sulphur. Weight % of hydrogen in the compound is 7.7. The weight ratio C : O : S = 3 : 2 : 4. What is the least
possible molar mass (in g) of the compound ?
3. Consider the following reaction involved in the preparation of teflon polymer .

XeF6 +  + HF + XeF4.
Determine the moles of XeF6 required for preparation of 100 g Teflon.
1 1
4. When 1 mole of A reacts with mole of B2 (A + B2  AB), 100 Kcal heat is liberated and when 1 mole of
2 2
A reacted with 2 mole of B2 (A + 2B2  AB4), 200 Kcal heat is liberated. When 1 mole of A is completely
reacted with excess, of B2 to form AB as well as AB4, 140 Kcal heat is liberated calculate the mole of B2
used. [Write your answer as number of mole of B2 used × 10]
ADVMOL - 33
Mole Concept
5. The reaction Cl2 (g) + S2O32–  SO42– + Cl– is to be carried out in basic medium. Starting with 1.5 mole
of Cl2, 0.1 mole S2O32– and 3 mole of OH–. How many moles of OH– will be left in solution after the reaction is
complete. Assume no other reaction occurs.
6. In the reaction : 2Al + Cr2O3  Al2O3 + 2Cr, 49.8 g of Al reacted with 200.0 g Cr2O3. How much grams of
reactant remains at the completion of the reaction ?
7. A fluorine disposal plant was constructed to carryout the reactions :
1
F2 + 2NaOH  O + 2NaF + H2O
2 2
2NaF + CaO + H2O  CaF2 + 2NaOH
As the plant operated, excess lime was added to bring about complete precipitation of the fluoride as CaF 2.
Over a period of operation, 1900 kg of fluorine was fed into a plant and 10,000 kg of lime was required. What
was the percentage utilisation of lime ? [Lime : CaO]
8. A 3 : 2 molar ratio mixture of FeO and Fe2O3 react with oxygen to produce a 2 : 3 molar ratio mixture of FeO
and Fe2O3. Find the mass (in g) of O2 gas required per mole of the initial mixture.
60 %
9. Cl2 + KOH  KCl + KClO + H2O
50 %
KClO  KCl + KClO3
80 %
KClO3  KClO4 + KCl
112 L Cl2 gas at STP is passed in 10 L KOH solution, containing 1 mole of potassium hydroxide per liter.
Calculate the total moles of KCl produced, rounding it off to nearest whole number. (Yield of chemical
reactions are written above the arrow () of respective reaction)
10. If 240 g of carbon is taken in a container to convert it completely to CO2 but in industry it has been found that
280 g of CO was also formed along with CO2. Find the mole percentage yield of CO2. The reactions occurring
1
are : C + O2  CO2 ; C + O2  CO
2
11. 92 g mixture of CaCO3 and MgCO3 heated strongly in an open vessel. After complete decomposition of the
carbonates it was found that the weight of residue left behind is 48 g. Find the mass of MgCO 3 in grams in
the mixture.
12. Among the following compounds given below, what is the sum of the oxidation states of all underlined
elements ?
CO2 , K2MnO4
13. Find the sum of average oxidation number of S in H2SO5 (peroxy monosulphuric acid) and Na2S2O3 (sodium
thiosulphate).
14. In the following reaction; xZn + yHNO3(dil)  aZn(NO3)2 + bH2O + cNH4NO3
What is the sum of the coefficients (a + b + c) ?
15. What is the quantity of water (in g) that should be added to 16 g. methanol to make the mole fraction of
methanol as 0.25 :
16. H3PO4 (98 g mol–1) is 98% by mass of solution. If the density is 1.8 g/ml, calculate the molarity.
17. What volume (in mL) of 90% alcohol by weight (d = 0.8 g mL–1) must be used to prepare 80 mL of 10%
alcohol by weight (d = 0.9 g mL–1) ?
18. 3.0 litre of water are added to 2.0 litre of 5 M HCl. What is the molarity of HCl (in M) the resultant solution ?
19. A solution containing 0.1 mol of a metal chloride MClx requires 500 ml of 0.8 M AgNO3 solution for complete
reaction MClx + xAgNO3  xAgCl + M(NO3)x. Then the value of x is :
ADVMOL - 34
Mole Concept
PART - III : ONE OR MORE THAN ONE OPTIONS CORRECT TYPE

1. Which is/are correct statements about 1.7 g of NH3 :
(A) It contain 0.3 mol H-atom (B) it contain 2.408  1023 atoms
(C) Mass % of hydrogen is 17.65% (D) It contains 0.3 mol N-atom
2. If 27 g of Carbon is mixed with 88 g of Oxygen and is allowed to burn to produce CO 2 , then :
(A) Oxygen is the limiting reagent. (B) Volume of CO2 gas produced at NTP is 50.4 L.
(C) C and O combine in mass ratio 3 : 8. (D) Volume of unreacted O 2 at STP is 11.2 L.
3. The density of air is 0.001293 g/cm 3 at STP. Identify which of the following statement is correct
(A) Vapour density is 14.48 (B) Molecular weight is 28.96
(C) Vapour density is 0.001293 g/cm 3
(D) Vapour density and molecular weight cannot be determined.
4. + AgNO3 (Excess)  Silver salt  Ag (metal)

al)
If 0.5 mole of silver salt is taken and weight of residue obtained is 216 g. (Ag = 108 g/mol).
Then which the following is correct :
(A) n = 4 (B) n = 2
(C) M.wt. of silver salt is 718 g/mol (D) M.wt. of silver salt is 388 g/mol
5. (i) K4Fe(CN)6 + 3H2SO4  2K2SO4 + FeSO4 + 6HCN
(ii) 6HCN + 12H2O  6HCOOH + 6NH3
H2SO 4
(iii) (a) 6NH3 + 3H2SO4  3(NH4)2SO4 (b) 6HCOOH  6CO + 6H2O
Above steps of reactions occur in a container starting with one mole of K4[Fe(CN)6], 5 mole of H2SO4 and
enough water. Find out the limiting reagent in step (i) and calculate maximum moles of CO gas and (NH 4)2
SO4 that can be produced.
(A) LR = H2SO4 (B) LR = K4Fe(CN)6,
(C) 6 moles of CO, 2 moles of (NH4)2SO4 (D) 5 moles of CO, 2.5 moles of (NH4)2SO4
6. A sample of a mixture of CaCl2 and NaCl weighing 4.44 g was treated to precipitate all the Ca as CaCO 3,
which was then heated and quantitatively converted to 1.12 g of CaO. (At . wt. Ca = 40, Na = 23, Cl = 35.5)
(A) Mixture contains 50% NaCl (B) Mixture contains 60% CaCl2
(C) Mass of CaCl2 is 2.22 g (D) Mass of CaCl2 1.11 g
7. For the following reaction : Na2CO3 + 2HCl  2NaCl + CO2 + H2O
106.0 g of Na2CO3 reacts with 109.5 g of HCl.
Which of the following is/are correct.
(A) The HCl is in excess. (B) 117.0 g of NaCl is formed.
(C) The volume of CO2 produced at NTP is 22.4 L (D) None of these
8. A + B  A3B2 (unbalanced) ; A3B2 + C  A3B2C2 (unbalanced)
Above two reactions are carried out by taking 3 moles each of A and B and one mole of C. Then which option
is/are correct ?
(A) 1 mole of A3B2C2 is formed (B) 1/2 mole of A3B2C2 is formed
(C) 1/2 mole of A3B2 is formed (D) 1/2 mole of A3B2 is left finally
9. Which of the following statements is/are correct ? 1.0 g mixture of CaCO3(s) and glass beads liberate
0.22 g of CO2 upon treatment with excess of HCl. Glass does not react with HCl.
CaCO3 + 2HCl  CO2 + H2O + CaCl2 [Mw of CaCO3 = 100, Mw of CO2 = 44, Atomic weight of Ca = 40]
(A) The weight of CaCO3 in the original mixture is 0.5 g
(B) The weight of calcium in the original mixture is 0.2 g
(C) The weight percent of calcium in the original mixture is 40% Ca.
(D) The weight percent of Ca in the original mixture is 20% Ca.
ADVMOL - 35
Mole Concept
10. 100 g sample of clay (containing 19% H2O, 40% silica, and inert impurities as rest) is partially dried so as to
contain 10% H2O.
Which of the following is/are correct statements (s) ?
(A) The percentage of silica in paritially dried clay is 44.4%
(B) The mass of paritially dried clay is 90.0 g.
(C) The percentage of inert impurity in paritially dried clay is 45.6%
(D) The mass of water evaporated is 10.0 g
11. 21.2 g sample of impure Na2CO3 is dissolved and reacted with a solution of CaCl2, the weight of precipitate of
CaCO3 is 10.0 g. Which of the following statements is/are correct ?
(A) The % purity of Na2CO3 is 50%
(B) The percentage purity of Na2CO3 is 60%
(C) The number of moles of Na2CO3 = CaCO3 = 0.1 mol.
(D) The number of moles of NaCl formed is 0.1 mol.
12. Which of the following are examples of disproportionation reaction :
(A) HgO  Hg + O2 (B) KClO3  KCl + O2
(C) KClO3  KClO4 + KCl (D) Cl2 + OH–  ClO– + Cl– + H2O
13. In the following reaction : Cr(OH)3 + OH– + IO3–  CrO42– + H2O + I–

(A) IO3– is oxidising agent (B) Cr(OH)3 is oxidised
(C) 6e are being taken per iodine atom
–
(D) None of these
14. Consider the redox reaction 2S2O32– + 2  S4O62– + 2 – :

(A) S2O32– gets reduced to S4O62– (B) S2O32– gets oxidised to S4O62–
(C) 2 gets reduced to – (D) 2 gets oxidised to –
15. Which of the following reactions is not a redox reaction ?

(A) H2O2 + KOH  KHO2 + H2O (B) Cr2O72– + 2OH–  2CrO42– + H2O
 1
(C) Ca(HCO3)2  CaCO3 + CO2 + H2O (D) H2O2  H2O + O
2 2
16. Which of the following statements is/are correct ?

In the reaction xCu3P + yCr2O72– + zH+  Cu2+ + H3PO4 + Cr3+
(A) Cu in Cu3P is oxidised to Cu2+ whereas P in Cu3P is also oxidised to PO43–
(B) Cu in Cu3P is oxidised to Cu2+ whereas P in Cu3P is reduced to H3PO4
(C) In the conversion of Cu3P to Cu2+ and H3PO4, 11 electrons are involved
(D) The value of x is 6.
17. Solutions containing 23 g HCOOH is/are :
w
(A) 46 g of 70%  v  HCOOH (dsolution = 1.40 g/mL)
 
(B) 50 g of 10 M HCOOH (dsolution = 1 g/mL)
w
(C) 50 g of 25%  w  HCOOH
 
(D) 46 g of 5 M HCOOH (dsolution = 1 g/mL)
18. Select dimensionless quantity(ies) :

(A) vapour density (B) molality (C) specific gravity (D) mass fraction
19. Which of the following solutions contains same molar concentration ?

(A) 166 g. KI/L solution (B) 33.0 g (NH4)2 SO4 in 200 mL solution
(C) 25.0 g CuSO4.5H2O in 100mL solution (D) 27.0 mg Al3+ per mL solution
ADVMOL - 36
Mole Concept
20. If 100 ml of 1M H2SO4 solution is mixed with 100 ml of 9.8%(w/w) H2SO4 solution (d = 1 g/ml) then :
(A) concentration of solution remains same (B) volume of solution become 200 ml
(C) mass of H2SO4 in the solution is 98 g (D) mass of H2SO4 in the solution is 19.6 g
21. Equal volume of 0.1M NaCl and 0.1M FeCl2 are mixed with no change in volume due to mixing. Which of the
following will be true for the final solution. (No precipitation occurs). Assume complete dissociation of salts
and neglect any hydrolysis.
(A) [Na+] = 0.05 M (B) [Fe2+] = 0.05M (C) [Cl] = 0.3M (D) [Cl] = 0.15M
PART - IV : COMPREHENSION
Read the following comprehension carefully and answer the questions.
Comprehension # 1
A chemist decided to determine the molecular formula of an unknown compound. He collects following
informations :
(I) Compounds contains 2 : 1 'H' to 'O' atoms(number of atoms).
(II) Compounds has 40% C by mass
(III) Approximate molecular mass of the compound is 178 g
(IV) Compound contains C, H and O only.
1. What is the % by mass of oxygen in the compound
(A) 53.33% (B) 88.88% (C) 33.33% (D) None of these
2. What is the empirical formula of the compound
(A) CH3O (B) CH2O (C) C2H2O (D) CH3O2
3. Which of the following could be molecular formula of compound
(A) C6H6O6 (B) C6H12O6 (C) C6H14O12 (D) C6H14O6
Comprehension # 2
According to the Avogadro’s law, equal number of moles of gases occupy the same volume at identical
condition of temperature and pressure. Even if we have a mixture of non-reacting gases then Avogadro’s law
is still obeyed by assuming mixture as a new gas.
Now let us assume air to consist of 80% by volume of Nitrogen (N2) and 20% by volume of oxygen (O2). If air
is taken at STP then its 1 mol would occupy 22.4 L. 1 mol of air would contain 0.8 mol of N 2 and 0.2 mol of
O2 hence the mole fractions of N2 and O2 are given by XN2  0.8 , XO 2  0.2
4. Volume occupied by air at NTP containing exactly 11.2 g of Nitrogen :
(A) 22.4 L (B) 8.96 L (C) 11.2 L (D) 2.24 L
5. If air is treated as a solution of O2 and N2 then % W/W of oxygen is :
10 200 700 350
(A) (B) (C) (D)
9 9 9 9
6. Density of air at NTP is :

9 2
(A) 1 g/L (B) g/L (C) g/L (D) can’t be determined
7 7
Comprehension # 3
The concentrations of solutions can be expressed in number of ways; viz : mass fraction of solute (or mass
percent), Molar concentration (Molarity) and Molal concentration (molality). These terms are known as
concentration terms and also they are related with each other i.e. knowing one concentration term for the
solution, we can find other concentration terms also. The definition of different concentration terms are given
below :
Molarity : It is number of moles of solute present in one litre of the solution.
Molality : It is the number of moles of solute present in one kg of the solvent
moles of solute
Mole Fraction = moles of solute  moles of solvent
ADVMOL - 37
Mole Concept
If molality of the solution is given as 'a' then mole fraction of the solute can be calculated by
a a  Msolvent
Mole Fraction = ; =
1000 (a  Msolvent  1000)
a
Msolvent
where a = molality and Msolvent = Molar mass of solvent
We can change : Mole fraction  Molality  Molarity

7. 60 g of solution containing 40% by mass of NaCl are mixed with 100 g of a solution containing 15% by mass
NaCl. Determine the mass percent of sodium chloride in the final solution.
(A) 24.4% (B) 78% (C) 48.8% (D) 19.68%
8. What is the molality of the above solution.
(A) 4.4 m (B) 5.5 m (C) 24.4 m (D) none
9. What is the molarity of solution if density of solution is 1.6 g/ml

(A) 5.5 M (B) 6.67 M (C) 2.59 M (D) none
Comprehension # 4
In chemistry, oxidation and reduction are taken as two mutually exclusive events. For example, if life is
oxidation then death is taken as reduction, taking off a flight is oxidation then standing would be reduction
and so many other. In brief it is used as redox in chemical science.
There are so many conceptual facts regarding redox such as adding oxygen or oxygenation, removing
hydrogen or dehydrogenation, removing electron or dielectronation are fixed for oxidation and their corresponding
antonyms would be reduction processes. Simple way of judging whether a monatomic species has under
gone oxidation or reduction is to note if the charge number of species has changed. It is possible to assign
to an atom in polyatomic species an operative charge number called their oxidation number or state. (O. N.
or O. S.). There is no standard symbol for this quantity so we say it is . An O. N. is assigned to an element
in a compound by assuming that it is present as ion with a characteristic charge for instance oxygen is
present as O(-II) and fluorine as F(–I) and some time it may be hypothetical also. For example
For ZnO 
For NH3 
In continuation to our study, species promoting oxidation are named as oxidant and those promoting reduction
are termed as reductant. At the same time their equivalent weights is the ratio of their molecular weight and
change is O. N. () involving one molecule/formula unit of the reactant i.e., molecular weight divided by
number of electrons lost or gained by one molecule/formula during their respective action.
Based on the above discussion answer the following objective question having one best answer.
10. Which corresponds to oxidation action
(A) = 0 (B) = 0 (C) > 0 (D)  < 0
11. A compound contain P(II), Q(V) R(-II). The possible formula of the compound is
(A) PQR2 (B) Q2(PR3)2 (C) P3[QR4]2 (D) P3(Q4R)2
12. A compound has number of carbon, number of hydrogen and number of oxygen their equation of finding
oxidation number (x) of carbon will be
 2
(A) 3 + 4x2 + = 0 (B) x + – 2 = 0 (C) x + – =0 (D) none of these
x 3
ADVMOL - 38
Mole Concept
PART - I : JEE (ADVANCED) / IIT-JEE PROBLEMS (PREVIOUS YEARS)

* Marked Questions may have more than one correct option.
1. Amongst the following, the pair having both the metals in their highest oxidation state is :
(A) [Fe(CN)6]3– and [Co(CN)6]3– (B) CrO2Cl2 and MnO4– [JEE 2004, 3/84]
(C) TiO2 and MnO2 (D) [MnCl4]2– and [NiF6]2–
2. Paragraph for Question Nos. (i) to (iii)

Chemical reactions involve interaction of atoms and molecules. A large number of atoms/molecules
(approximately 6.023 × 1023) are present in a few grams of any chemical compound varying with their atomic/
molecular masses. To handle such large numbers conveniently, the mole concept was introduced. This
concept has implications in diverse areas such as analytical chemistry, biochemistry, electrochemistry and
radiochemistry. The following example illustrates a typical case, involving chemical / electrochemical reaction,
which requires a clear understanding of the mole concept.
A 4.0 molar aqueous solution of NaCl is prepared and 500 mL of this solution is electrolysed. This leads to
the evolution of chlorine gas at one of the electrodes (atomic mass : Na = 23, Hg = 200 ; 1 Faraday = 96500
coulombs).
**[At the anode : 2Cl–  Cl2 + 2e –
At the cathode : Na+ + e–  Na
Na + Hg  NaHg (sodium amalgam)]
** (These reactions were not present in IIT-JEE paper)
(i) The total number of moles of chlorine gas evolved is : [JEE-2007, 4/162]
(A) 0.5 (B) 1.0 (C) 2.0 (D) 3.0
(ii) If the cathode is a Hg electrode, the maximum weight (g) of amalgam formed from this solution is :
[JEE-2007, 4/162]
(A) 200 (B) 225 (C) 400 (D) 446
(iii) The total charge (coulombs) required for complete electrolysis is : [JEE-2007, 4/162]
(A) 24125 (B) 48250 (C) 96500 (D) 193000
3. A student performs a titration with different burettes and finds titre values of 25.2 mL, 25.25 mL, and 25.0 mL.
The number of significant figures in the average titre value is : [JEE 2010, 3/163]
4. Reaction of Br2 with Na2CO3 in aqueous solution gives sodium bromide and sodium bromate with evolution of
CO2 gas. The number of sodium bromide molecules involved in the balanced chemical equation is :
[JEE 2011, 4/180]
5. Dissolving 120 g of urea (mol. wt. 60) in 1000 g of water gave a solution of density 1.15 g/mL. The molarity of
the solution is : [JEE 2011, 3/160]
(A) 1.78 M (B) 2.00 M (C) 2.05 M (D) 2.22 M
6. 29.2% (w/w) HCl stock solution has a density of 1.25 g mL–1. The molecular weight of HCl is 36.5 g mol–1. The
volume (mL) of stock solution required to prepare a 200 mL solution of 0.4 M HCl is : [JEE 2012, 4/136]
7.* For the reaction : I¯ + ClO 3– + H2SO4  Cl¯ + HSO –4 + I2

The correct statement(s) in the balanced equation is/are : [JEE(Advanced) 2014, 3/120]
(A) Stoichiometric coefficient of HSO –4 is 6. (B) Iodide is oxidized.
(C) Sulphur is reduced. (D) H2O is one of the products.
8. A compound H2X with molar weight of 80 g is dissolved in a solvent having density of 0.4 g ml–1.
Assuming no change in volume upon dissolution, the molality of a 3.2 molar solution is :
[JEE(Advanced) 2014, 3/120]
ADVMOL - 39
Mole Concept
PART - II : JEE (MAIN) / AIEEE PROBLEMS (PREVIOUS YEARS)

1. In an organic compound of molar mass 108 g mol–1 C, H and N atoms are present in 9 : 1 : 3.5 by weight.
Molecular formula can be : [AIEEE 2002, 3/225]
(1) C6H8N2 (2) C7H10N (3) C5H6N3 (4) C4H18N3
2. When KMnO4 acts as an oxidising agent and ultimately forms MnO42–, MnO2, Mn2O3 and Mn2+, then the
number of electrons transferred in each case is : [AIEEE 2002, 3/225]
(1) 4, 3, 1, 5 (2) 1, 5, 3, 7 (3) 1, 3, 4, 5 (4) 3, 5, 7, 1
3. Which of the following is a redox reaction? [AIEEE 2002, 3/225]

(1) NaCl + KNO3  NaNO3 + KCl (2) CaC2O4 + 2 HCl  CaCl2 + H2C2O4
(3) Mg (OH)2 + 2 NH4Cl  MgCl2 + 2 NH4OH (4) Zn + 2 AgCN  2 Ag + Zn (CN)2
4. Which of the following concentration factor is affected by change in temperature ? [AIEEE 2002, 3/225]
(1) Molarity (2) Molality (3) Mole fraction (4) Weight fraction
5. What volume of hydrogen gas at 273 K and 1 atm pressure will be consumed in obtaining 21.6 g of elemental
boron (atomic mass = 10.8) from the reduction of boron trichloride by hydrogen- [AIEEE 2003, 3/225]
(1) 44.8 lit. (2) 22.4 lit. (3) 89.6 lit. (4) 67.2 lit.
6. 6.02 × 1020 molecules of urea are present in 100 ml of its solution. The concentration of urea solution is -
[AIEEE 2004, 3/225]
(1) 0.001 M (2) 0.01 M (3) 0.02 M (4) 0.1 M
7. The oxidation state of Cr in [Cr(NH3)4Cl2]+ is : [AIEEE 2005, 1½/225]

(1) + 3 (2) + 2 (3) + 1 (4) 0
8. Two solution of a substance (non electrolyte) are mixed in the following manner. 480 ml of 1.5M first solution
+ 520 ml of 1.2M second solution. What is the molarity of the final mixture ? [AIEEE 2005, 3/225]
(1) 2.70M (2) 1.344M (3) 1.50M (4) 1.20M
9. Which of the following chemical reactions depicts the oxidizing behaviour of H2SO4? [AIEEE-2006, 3/165]
(1) 2HI + H2SO4  I2 + SO2 + 2H2O (2) Ca(OH)2 + H2SO4 CaSO4 + 2H2O
(3) NaCl + H2SO4 NaHSO4 + HCl (4) 2PCl5 + H2SO4 2POCl3 + 2HCl + SO2Cl2
10. How many moles of magnesium phosphate, Mg3(PO4)2 will contain 0.25 mole of oxygen atoms?
[AIEEE-2006, 3/165]
(1) 0.02 (2) 3.125 × 10–2 (3) 1.25 × 10–2 (4) 2.5 × 10–2
11. Density of a 2.05M solution of acetic acid in water is 1.02 g/ml. The molality of the solution is :
[AIEEE-2006, 3/165]
(1) 1.14 mol kg–1 (2) 3.28 mol kg–1 (3) 2.28 mol kg–1 (4) 0.44 mol kg–1
12. In the reaction 2AI(s) + 6HCl(aq)  2Al3+(aq) + 6Cl–(aq) + 3H2 (g) [AIEEE-2007, 3/120]
(1) 6L HCl(aq) is consumed for every 3L H2 produced.
(2) 33.6 L H2(g) is produced regardless temperature and pressure for every moles that reacts.
(3) 67.2 L H2(g) at STP is produced for every mole of Al that reacts .
(4) 11.2 L H2(g) at STP is produced for every mole of HCl(aq) consumed.
13. The density (in g mL–1) of a 3.60 M sulphuric acid solution that is 29% (H2SO4 molar mass = 98 g mol–1) by
mass will be : [AIEEE-2007, 3/120]
(1) 1.22 (2) 1.45 (3) 1.64 (4) 1.88
14. A 5.2 molal aqueous solution of methyl alcohol, CH3OH, is supplied. What is the mole fraction of methyl
alcohol in the solution? [AIEEE-2011, 3/120]
(1) 0.100 (2) 0.190 (3) 0.086 (4) 0.050
ADVMOL - 40
Mole Concept
15. The molality of a urea solution in which 0.0100 g of urea, [(NH2)2CO] is added to 0.3000 dm 3 of water at STP
is : [Re. Paper AIEEE-2011, 3/120]
(1) 5.55 × 10–4 (2) 33.3 m (3) 3.33 × 10–2 m (4) 0.555 m
16. The density of a solution prepared by dissolving 120 g of urea (mol. mass = 60 u) in 1000 g of water is
1.15 g/mL. The molarity of this solution is : [AIEEE-2012, 4/120]
(1) 0.50 M (2) 1.78 M (3) 1.02 M (4) 2.05 M
17. The molarity of a solution obtained by mixing 750 mL of 0.5(M) HCl with 250 mL of 2(M)HCl will be :
[JEE(Main)-2013, 4/120]
(1) 0.875 M (2) 1.00 M (3) 1.75 M (4) 0.975 M
18. Consider the following reaction :

z
xMnO4– + yC2O42– + zH+  xMn2+ + 2yCO2 + HO
2 2
The values of x, y and z in the reaction are, respectively : [JEE(Main)-2013, 4/120]
(1) 5, 2 and 16 (2) 2, 5 and 8 (3) 2, 5 and 16 (4) 5, 2 and 8
19. In which of the following reactions H2O2 acts as a reducing agent ? [JEE(Main)-2014, 4/120]
(a) H2O2 + 2H+ + 2e¯  2H2O
(b) H2O2 – 2e¯  O2 + 2H+
(c) H2O2 + 2e¯  2OH¯
(d) H2O2 + 2OH¯ – 2e¯  O2 + 2H2O
(1) (a), (b) (2) (c), (d) (3) (a), (c) (4) (b), (d)
20. The molecular formula of a commercial resin used for exchanging ions in water softening is C8H7SO3Na
(Mol. wt. 206). What would be the maximum uptake of Ca2+ ions by the resin when expressed in mole per
gram resin ? [JEE(Main)-2015, 4/120]
1 1 2 1
(1) (2) (3) (4)
103 206 309 412
ADVMOL - 41
Mole Concept
EXERCISE - 1
PART - I
A-1. (i) 22.4 L (ii) 7.466 L A-2. 5.40 B-1. % CO2 = 40%.
B-2. 1217 g mole–1 B-3. CH4 C-1. 2.16 g C-2. 42 g
C-3. (i) 0.64 g, (ii) 1.64 g, (iii) 0.993 g. D-1. (i) 1/6 mole (ii) 5/12 mole
D-2. (a) Br2 + CI2  2BrCI
1 mol 1mol 2mol
0.025 0.025 0.050 mol
(b) Theoretical yield of BrCI = 0.050 mol
0.05  80
actual yield is = = 0.04 mole
100
Br2 left unreacted = 0.025 – 0.02 = 0.005 mol.
E-1. m = 1.4 g
E-2. 2 mol KClO3  3 mol O2
4
Also 4 mol KClO3  3 mol KClO4 or mol KClO3  1 mol KClO4
3
4 10
 KClO3, 2 + = moles.
3 3
E-3. 66.4 %. E-4. 33.33 %
F-1. (a) +3 (b) +5 (c) +6 (d) +2 (e) +8/3
(f) +3 (g) +1 (h) +2 (i) 200/93 = 2.15
( 7) (–1) ( 2 ) (0)
F-2. (a) K Mn O4 + K Cl + H2SO4  MnSO 4 + K2SO4 + H2O + Cl2 .
( 7 ) ( 2 )
K MnO 4 (oxidant )  MnSO 4 (reduction half).
(–1) (0)
K Cl (reductant)  Cl2 (oxidation half).
( 2 ) (–1) ( 3 ) (–2)
(b) FeCl2 + H2O 2 + HCl  FeCl3 + H2 O (oxidation half)
( 2 ) ( 3 )
FeCl2 (reductant)  FeCl3 (oxidation half).
(–1)
H2O2 (oxidant)  H O2– (reduction half).
2
(0) ( 5 ) 2 2
(c) Cu + H NO 3 (dil)  Cu (NO3)2 + H2O + NO .
(0) 2
Cu (reductant)  Cu (NO3)2 (oxidation half).
5 2
H NO 3 (oxidant)  NO (reduction half).
ADVMOL - 42
Mole Concept
3 5 –1 5
(d) Na2 H AsO3 + K BrO3 + HCl  NaCl + K Br + H3 AsO 4
3 5
Na2 H AsO3 (reductant)  H3 AsO 4 (oxidation half).
5 –1
K BrO3 (oxidant)  K Br .
0 2 2 .5 –1
(e) I2 + Na2 S 2O3  Na2 S4 O6 + NaI .
0 –1
I 2 (oxidant)  NaI (reduction half).
2 2 .5
Na2 S 2O3 (reductant)  Na2 S4 O6 (oxidation half).
G-1. (a) S4O62–(aq) + 6 Al(s) + 20 H+  4H2S(aq) + 6Al3+(aq) + 6H2O

(b) 6S2O32–(aq) + Cr2O72–(aq) + 14 H+  3S4O62–(aq) + 2Cr3+(aq) + 7H2O
(c) 14ClO3– (aq) + 3As2S3(s) + 18H2O  14Cl¯(aq) + 6H2AsO4¯ (aq) + 9HSO4¯(aq) + 15H+
(d) 7O3¯(aq) + 6Re(s) + 3H2O  6ReO4¯(aq) + 7¯(aq) + 6H+
(e) 26H+ + 30HSO4¯(aq) + As4(s) + 10 Pb3O4(s)  30 PbSO4(s) + 4H2AsO4¯ (aq) + 24H2O
(f) 3HNO2(aq)  NO3¯ + 2NO(g) + H2O + H+
G-2. (a) 3C4H4O62–(aq) + 5ClO3¯(aq) + 18OH¯  12 CO32–(aq) + 5 Cl¯(aq) + 15H2O
(b) 11Al(s) + 3BiONO3(s) + 21H2O + 11OH¯  3Bi(s) + 3NH3(aq) + 11Al(OH)4¯(aq)
(c) 4H2O2(aq) + Cl2O7(aq) + 2OH¯  2ClO2¯(aq) + 4O2(g) + 5H2O
(d) Tl2O3(s) + 4NH2OH(aq)  2TlOH(s) + 2N2(g) + 5H2O
(e) [Cu(NH3)4]2+ (aq) + S2O42–(aq) + 4OH–  2SO32–(aq) + Cu(s) + 4NH3(aq) + 2H2O
(f) 3Mn(OH)2(s) + 2MnO4¯(aq)  5MnO2(s) + 2H2O + 2OH¯
H-1. 5.6 g H-2. 0.168 m
H-3. (i) 2.17 m , (ii) 6.25 M, (iii) 0.0376, (iv) 0.0826, (v) 8% (vi) 16.67%.
(vii) 25%, (viii) 36.25%, (ix) 72.5%, (x) 14.2 m.
I-1. 8M I-2. 700 ml. I-3. 2.33 L
PART - II
A-1. (B) A-2. (B) B-1. (B) B-2. (B) B-3. (B)
B-4. (D) C-1. (C) C-2 (C) C-3 (C) C-4 (C)
C-5. (B) C-6. (B) D-1. (A) D-2. (A) D-3. (C)
D-4. (A) D-5. (C) D-6. (C) E-1. (A) E-2. (B)
E-3. (B) E-4. (A) E-5. (A) E-6. (A) E-7. (A)
F-1. (D) F-2. (C) F-3. (B) F-4. (A) F-5. (C)
F-6. (B) G-1. (C) G-2. (A) G-3. (C) G-4. (B)
G-5. (D) H-1. (C) H-2. (B) H-3. (B) H-4. (A)
H-5. (C) H-6. (B) H-7. (C) I-1. (A) I-2. (C)
I-3. (B) I-4. (D) I-5. (D) I-6. (A)
PART - III
1. (A - q,s); (B - p, s); (C - p, q, r); (D - q, r) 2. (A - p,q,r,s; (B - p,s; (C - q,r) ; (D - q)
3. (A - p,s); (B - s); (C - p,q); (D - r)
ADVMOL - 43
Mole Concept
EXERCISE - 2
PART - I
1. (C) 2. (A) 3. (A) 4. (A) 5. (A)
6. (C) 7. (A) 8. (D) 9. (B) 10. (B)
11. (D) 12. (A) 13. (A) 14. (A) 15. (A)
16. (A) 17. (D) 18. (B) 19. (D) 20. (A)
21. (C)
PART - II
1. 5 2. 78 3. 4 4. 11 5. 2
6. 60 7. 28 8. 2 9. 4 10. 50
11. 42 12. 10 13. 8 14. 8 15. 27
16. 18 17. 10 18. 2 19. 4
PART - III
1. (A,B,C) 2. (B,C,D) 3. (A,B) 4. (A,C) 5. (B,C)
6. (A,C) 7. (A,B,C) 8. (B,D) 9. (A,B,D) 10. (A,B,C,D)
11. (A,C) 12. (C,D) 13. (A,B,C) 14. (B,C) 15. (A,B,C)
16. (A,C,D) 17. (A,B) 18. (A,C,D) 19. (A,C,D) 20. (A,B,D)
21. (A,B,D)
PART - IV
1. (A) 2. (B) 3. (B) 4. (C) 5. (B)
6. (B) 7. (A) 8. (B) 9. (B) 10. (C)
11. (C) 12. (B)
EXERCISE - 3
PART - I
1. (B) 2. (i) (B) (ii) (D) (iii) (D) 3. 3
4. 5 5. (C) 6. 8 mL. 7.* (A,B,D) 8. 8
PART - II
1. (1) 2. (3) 3. (4) 4. (1) 5. (4)
6. (2) 7. (1) 8. (2) 9. (1) 10. (2)
11. (3) 12. (4) 13. (1) 14. (3) 15. (1)
16. (4) 17. (1) 18. (3) 19. (4) 20. (4)
ADVMOL - 44

Mole Concept Theory-Exercise

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MOLE CONCEPT

JEE (Advanced) Syllabus

JEE (Main) Syllabus

Th1: DALTON’S ATOMIC THEORY :

on the basis of physical behaviour on the basis of chemical behaviour

Solids Liquids Gases Pure substances Mixtures

Mass of one atom of an element

 one amu is also called one Dalton (Da).

Atomic & molecular mass :

Molecular mass is the mass of 1 atom of a substance, it is expressed in amu.

Solution The number of nucleons present in ‘O’ atom is 16.

Mole : The Mass / Number Relationship

Amount of water in Age of earth (seconds)

Avogadro's number 602,200,000,000,000,000,000,000

Distance from earth

 Note : In modern practice gram-atom and gram-molecule are termed as mole.

Example-2 How many atoms of oxygen are their in 16 g oxygen.

Gram molecular mass :

Gay-Lussac’s Law of Combining Volume :

Example-4 Calculate the volume in litres of 20 g hydrogen gas at STP.

App-1: Y-map : Interconversion of mole - volume, mass and number of particles :

 mol. wt. × mol. wt.

Empirical and molecular formula :

Carbon C 40.687 12 40.687 3.390

Th2: Chemical Reaction :

Example-8 Write a balance chemical equation for following reaction :

Interpretation of balanced chemical equations :

Mass of KClO 3 2  122.5

mass of KClO 3 2  122 .5 367 .5 122 .5

Th4:  Mass - volume analysis :

Mass of KCl 2  74.5

Th5:  Mole-mole analysis :

At. wt. / Mol. Wt. Mole-mole

Mass Volume at STP

Th6: How to find limiting reagent :

Th7: Principle of Atom Conservation (POAC) :

wt. of K 2CO 3 wt. of the product

Example-15 The molar composition of polluted air is as follows :

16 x 32  80 x 28  44 x 3  64 x 1 512  2240  132  64 2948

2. Removal of Hydrogen 2. Addition of Hydrogen

3. Increase in positive charge 3. Decrease in positive charge

4. Increase in oxidation number 4. Decrease in oxidation number

5. Removal of electron 5. Addition of electron

Th9: Oxidation Number

Rules governing oxidation number

Note : Metal may have negative or zero oxidation number

 Sum of the oxidation numbers of atoms of all elements in a molecule is zero.

Calculation of average oxidation number :

Example-16 Calculate oxidation number of underlined element :

Th10: Oxidising and reducing agent

Example-17 Balance the following redox reaction :

Fe2+  Fe3+ MnO4 –  Mn2+

Fe & Mn atoms are balanced on both side.

 Balancing in basic medium :

Example-18 Balance the following redox reaction in basic medium :

 Molarity of solution may also given as :

D16: Molality (m) :

Parts Per Million (ppm)

MISCELLANEOUS SOLVED PROBLEMS (MSPS)

7. Find out % of O & H in H2O compound.

Sol. Element % / Atomic mass Simple ratio Simple intiger ratio

So empirical formula is N2O5.

moles of NH3 moles of N2 moles of H2

19. Calculate the resultant molarity of following :