DIGESTIV

E SYSTEM
A
complex system responsible for breaking down food into nutrients that the body can ab

GROUP 4
Abdulrashid, Sahabi A.
Hadji, Abdul Hafis G.
Pendiaman, Nasib B.
Sarangani, Ameroddin B.
Amanoddin, Fatmajaylam
Macabato, Amal hayya M.
Macabato, Aysabalhiyyah B.
Sultan, Ramziya Y.
 Table of Contents

CONTENTS
Digestive System
The body’s need for food ___________________________1.1
Structure and functions of the digestive system __________1.2
The breakdown of the three macronutrients______________1.3
Disorders of the digestive system _____________________1.4
Contemporary health issues and wellness for teenagers ____1.5
 Lesson 1 The body’s need for food
THE BODY’S NEED FOR FOOD FFF dSF iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiS FSF
What is food? Food is a substance consisting essentially of carbohydrates, protein, fats used by the body of any living
organism to sustain growth, repair, reproduction, developments and maintenance of vital processes, and provide the body with
the energy it needs. We need food to maintain health, to prevent diseases, and most importantly, to sustain life.

Food contains energy that the body needs, food is the body’s fuel. The body needs fuel (food) for its to function, just a
car needs gasoline to run. Without f

ood, the body’s system will shut down. The heart will not pump, blood will not be distributed to different parts of the body, we
will not be able to move, our breathing will be impaired, and all other vital functions of the body will be affected. The body need
substances to keep the cell alive. Healthy cells from healthy tissues, and healthy tissues makes healthy body organs.

What happens then if we do not eat? If we do not eat, our body uses the glycogen stored in the liver. Glycogen, a form of
Glucose, is converted into energy, even while we sleep. While sleeping, we need energy to breathe, and our brain to function.
Once glycogen is depleted, the body breaks down fat and muscle tissues to use whatever energy they contain. This is not the
normal process. If the body continuously uses muscle tissues to get energy because of lack of food or nourishment, the body will
lose muscle mass. A person who refuses to eat, deprives the body of important substances; eventually, this will lead to organ
failure.

When the stomach growls

Hunger is the desire to eat, or the carving and urgent need for food. It may be biological or psychological in nature.
Biologically, hunger comes from the lack of food, as when the stomach is empty. “hunger pains” are brought about by the
stomach’s contractions. Sometimes, too, we hear borborygmus, the gurgling sounds of fluid and gas movements in the intestines.
The empty stomach secretes hormones that send signals to the brain, and the brain translates this to hunger. Upon food intake, the
body is prepared for digestion. After digestion, the well-broken down food finds its way in the bloodstream. In an orchestrated
fashion, the pancreas produces insulin, and then the hormone leptin, signals the brain that it is time to stop eating and that your
stomach is full. This awareness that we are full and should stop eating is called satiety. Hunger may also be psychological. For
instance, when the clock strikes at 12 noon that means it is time to eat our lunch. Though not physically hungry, our mind tells us
that we are hungry because it is lunch time. Also, the food’s appearance, color, and texture stimulates hunger.

The six essential nutrients

CARBOHYDRATES
Are essential organic compounds found in various foods, serving as primary source of energy for the body. It is made up
of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms. it can be classified into two main types:

1. Simple Carbohydrates: These include sugars like glucose, fructose, and sucrose. They provide quick, short-term
energy.

2. Complex Carbohydrates: These include starches and fibers found in food like grains, vegetables, and legumes. They
provide sustained energy and are rich in nutrients.
It’s crucial to include carbohydrates in our diet, but the balance and types you consume a matter for overall health.

PROTEINS
Are essential macronutrients that play a crucial role in the structure, function, and regulation of the body. They are
composed of amino acids and are involved in various biological processes, such as building and repairing tissues,
enzymes, hormones, and immune system function. Dietary sources of protein include meat, poultry, fish, diary, eggs,
legumes, and plant-based sources. Protein are a vital part of a balanced diet for maintaining good health and body
function

FATS (LIPIDS)
Fats, also known as lipids, are essential macronutrients that serve various important roles in the body. They are a
concentrated source of energy and are involved in functions such as storing energy, insulating organs, and aiding in the
absorption of fat-soluble vitamins. it can be classified into two main categories:

1. Saturated Fats: typically, solid at room temperature and are commonly found in animal products such as meat, butter,
and full-fat dairy. They are also present in some plants oils like coconut oil and palm oil. Consuming too much saturated
fat may contribute to elevated cholesterol levels and an increased risk of heart disease.

2. Unsaturated Fats: these fats are generally liquid at room temperature and considered healthier fats. They are found in
source like olive oil, avocados, nuts, and fatty fish (e.g., salmon). It also can be further divided into monounsaturated and
polyunsaturated fats.
VITAMINS
Are potent organic that the body needs in small amounts to function properly. They play a crucial role in various bodily
processes, including metabolism, immune system function, and maintaining healthy skin, bones, and organs.
VITAMINS SOURCES
FAT-SOLUBLE VITAMINS
VITAMIN A Fruit, dark green and
(retinol) yellow leafy vegetables,
dairy products including
milk, butter, and cheese,
eggs, liver, and fish oil
VITAMIN D Fish oil, fatty fish, egg
(calciferol) yolk, butter, margarine,
sunlight.
VITAMIN E Dark and leafy vegetables,
(tocopherol) dairy products, meat, liver,
eggs, olive oil, corn,
cottonseed, and soybeans
VITAMIN K Green and leafy vegetables,
(menadione) liver, cheese, and green tea.
WATER-SOLUBLE VITAMINS
VITAMIN C Orange, strawberries,
)ascorbic acid( papaya, lemons, tomatoes,
green and leafy vegetables,
green and red peppers
VITAMIN B1 Meat, liver, kidney, heart,
(thiamine) legumes, wheat germ,
whole grain
VITAMIN B2 Meat, dairy products,
(riboflavin) cereal, nuts, eggs, green
leafy vegetables, and
legumes.
VITAMIN B3 Meat, beef liver, beef
(niacin) kidney, chicken, beetroot,
brewer’s yeast, whole
grains
VITAMIN B5 Found in a wide range of
(pantothenic acid) food such as Meat, Green
and leafy vegetables, and
whole grain
FUNCTIONS DEFICIENCY-RELATED
DISEASE
 Maintain good vision.  Night blindness
 Helps in the growth of  Xeropthalmia
skin cell.  Follicular hyperkeratosis
 A strong antioxidant that
helps boost the immune
system.
 Fights aging.
 Promotes stronger bones  Rickets
and teeth.  Osteomalacia
 Promotes absorption of  Dental Caries
calcium.
 Regulates phosphorus
level in the body.
 Also a powerful  Reproductive system
antioxidant. failure like sterility
 Aids in the production of  Heart and blood
red blood cells. disorders
 Prevents degenerative  Anemia
diseases.  Muscular weakness
 Maintains health
muscles.
 Plays a vital role in the  Excessive bleeding
control of blood clotting.  Delayed healing
 Helps in promoting bone
teeth.
 Production of antibodies  Scurvy
and red blood cells. It  Anemia
also helps in cell  Delayed healing
respiration and promotes
normal growth.
 Assists in carbohydrate  Beriberi
metabolism and also  Fatigue
assists in blood  Muscle weakness
formation  Nerve damage
 Stunted growth
 Supports energy  Skin disorders
production and helps  Inflammation
maintain healthy skin  Red and itchy eyes
and eyes.
 Important for DNA  Pellagra
repair, metabolism. And  Skin rashes
nervous system health.  Diarrhea
 Dementia
 Plays role in  Fatigue
synthesizing fatty acids  Irritability
and breaking down  Digestive problems
carbohydrates and fats
into energy
 VITAMIN B6 Meat, liver, whole grains,
(pyridoxine) brewer’s yeast, soybeans,
peas, walnuts, avocados,
bananas, carrots.
VITAMIN B7 Egg yolks, brewer’s yeast,
(biotin) nuts, oats, unpolished rice,
chicken breast, spinach,
mushroom, cheese.
VITAMIN B9 Leafy green vegetables,
(folate,) legumes, and fortified
grains.
VITAMIN B12 Dairy products, meats,
(cobalamin) eggs, liver, kidney
 Supports brain  Anemia
development,  Depression
neurotransmitter  Nerve damage
production, and immune
function
 Essential for fatty acids  Hair loss
synthesis and overall  Skin disease
skin, hair, and nail
health.
 Crucial for cell division Anemia
and DNA synthesis.  Birth defects during
pregnancy
 Important for nerve  Pernicious anemia
function, DNA synthesis,  Neurological problems
and red blood cell
formation

MINERALS
Are inorganic elements, and like vitamins, they are also needed in our body in small amounts. Although minerals do not
provide the body with energy, each mineral, however, plays an important role in the body’s metabolic processes. it can
be classified into two main types:

1. Major minerals: calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sulfur, sodium.

2. Minor minerals: iron, copper, manganese, zinc, cobalt, iodine, molybdenum, selenium, chromium, fluorine.

WATER
The most important nutrient. Our bodies are composed of approximately 60% water. A person can survive a long time
without food, but not without water; a person can die within days without water. Water helps in digestion, assimilation,
heat regulation and waste elimination. Many fruits and vegetables provide us with a good supply of water.
 Lesson 2 The structure and functions of digestive system
THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM IGI

The digestive system is a complex system responsible for breaking down food into nutrients that the body can absorb and
Use for energy, growth, and repair and also to facilitate effective transport of nutrients from different part of organs. Let us now
trace how food is processed from the beginning of the digestive tract, also known as alimentary canal, alimentary tract or gastro-
intestinal tract.
STRUCTURE OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

MOUTH PANCREAS
when a food is chewed, Many kinds of digestive
saliva starts digesting enzymes are made here.
carbohydrates.
SMALL INTESTINE
ESOPHAGUS Food is mixed with bile
muscles, in a process from your liver and
called peristalsis, push juices from your
the food down into your pancreas to be sent back
stomach. to your liver for more
processing.
STOMACH
everything is blended LARGE INTESTINE
with digestive juices. Indigestible food and
Hydrochloric acid kills water are processed,
bacteria. Enzymes break stored, and dispensed.
down protein.
ANUS
LIVER Solid waste passes from
A green liquid called the rectum in order to
bile¸ which is stored in leave your body.
your liver, is secreted to
break down fats

MOUTH
The digestive tract, a very long tube measuring approximately 30 feet or 9 meters, begins from the mouth and ends at the
anus. The mouth is adapted to breakdown of food chemically and mechanically. It contains the following structures: the
teeth that breakdown food into smaller pieces; the muscular tongue that enables us to taste food, mixes the food with the
saliva secreted by the duct of the salivary glands that help us swallow the partly digested food. Saliva contains the
salivary amylase ptyalin that break down the carbohydrates-rich foods into their simpler equivalent. When a food is
chewed and lubricated is changed into a ball-shaped mass called bolus. Swallowing pushes the bolus into the pharynx,
also known as throat. It is the common passageway for digestion and respiration. And during swallowing, the swallow
reflex raises the flap of muscles also called the epiglottis to cover the opening of the trachea, so food finds its right way,
and the passing of air temporarily stops.

ESOPHAGUS
Is the muscular tube that conveys food from the pharynx to the stomach. It acts as the conveyor of food from the pharynx
to the stomach. This is made possible through peristalsis. The tiny, rhythmic, wave-like contractions that begins in the
middle portion of the esophagus facilitates the movement of the bolus down the different organs of digestion.

STOMACH
Is the pear-shaped organ that is connected to the distal end of the Esophagus. Its interior walls are folded and contain
numerous gastric glands. These gastric glands are composed of cells that secrete materials important in the digestive
processes-hydrochloric acid, pepsinogen, and mucus, all in all, these secretions comprise what is known as the gastric
juice.
Hydrochloric acid- better known as stomach acid. It is the activator of pepsinogen and is essential for
destroying whatever microorganisms are left in the food.
Pepsinogen- a protein-digesting enzyme that breaks down protein into smaller units called peptides.
Mucus- protect the stomach from linings from the corroding effects of stomach acid.
 The churning action of stomach changes bolus into a semifluid consistency called chyme. Chyme now passes from the
stomach to the pylorus, which has a valve known as the pyloric sphincter, then enters the first portion of the small
intestine called duodenum.

SMALL INTESTINE
A long coiled tube that is measured as 20-30feet long. It consists of three regions: duodenum, jejunum and ileum. The
small intestine is considered the organ of complete digestion and absorption because its intestinal gland also called as
villi, a hair-like projections that secrete the final enzymes for digestion.
Duodenum- produces enzymes and secrete hormones that signal the pancreas and the liver to release their
secretions.
Jejunum- where absorption mainly takes place
Ileum- where vitamin cyanocobalamin and bile are being absorbed.

PANCREAS
Is the large, elongated, yellowish gland organ behind the stomach. It is the storehouse of digestive enzymes. Functions
both as an exocrine and endocrine gland. The part of the pancreas consisting of small, berry-like cluster secretes the
digestive enzymes directly into the duodenum. The enzymes are amylopsin, trypsin, and steapsin.

LIVER
The largest organ in the body. Its function is the secretion of bile important in digestion. Bile is stored and concentrated
in the gall bladder. It has two functions: to neutralize the acidity of the chime and to change the fat-rich foods into an
emulsion, a consistency that will facilitate enzyme action

LARGE INTESTINE
Also called colon. It temporarily stores undigested residue or feces. It is divided into three regions: Ascending colon,
Transverse colon, and Descending colon. The ascending colon has a blind corner called caecum that bears the worm
like appendix.

ANUS
A posterior opening where the undigested residue called feces exits.
FUNCTION OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
1. INGESTION
The first step involves mastication (chewing). The food is softened by the digestive juices like the saliva and gastric juice
and is liquefied by the churning action of the stomach (chyme) and the wave-like contraction of the different
organs(peristalsis).

2. DIGESTION
The process wherein food is broken down into smaller molecules that the body cells can utilize. As the food enters the
different organs of digestion, it is changed physically and chemically.

3. ABSORPTION
Nutrient molecules are absorbed through the walls of the small intestine and transported to cells throughout the body via
the blood stream.

4. TRANSPORT
Muscular contractions move food and nutrients through the digestive tract

5. STORAGE
The stomach stores food before gradually realizing it into the small intestine.

6. ELIMINATION
As the food is broken down into its simplest form, waste products are released and formed. Wastes exist in several forms:
as solid, liquid and gas, as the various food groups are broken down, much water is being released by the body cells; the
large intestine, which is also an organ of excretion, eliminates solid waste in form of feces.
Lesson 3 The breakdown of the three macronutrients
THE BREAKDOWN OF THE THREE MACRONUTRIENTSIIIIIIIIIIIIIII
CHEMICAL DIGESTION OF CARBOHYDRATES
Breaking down the carbohydrates begins in the mouth and ends in the small intestine. In the mouth, the carbohydrate-
rich food is changed by the salivary amylase ptyalin into disaccharides or double sugar

disachharide
carbohydrates
ptyalin (ex: maltose,
(ex: potato, rice)
sucrose, lactose)

In the stomach, the bolus which contains the disaccharide will be changed into a chime by the churning action of the
stomach. Here, digestion of carbohydrates is purely mechanical.

Connected to the small intestine is the pancreatic duct that secretes pancreatic juice containing the enzyme amylopsin
which repeats the work of ptyalin to ensure that all the carbohydrate molecules are changed into disaccharides.

The intestinal glands release the final enzyme for carbohydrates digestion. The intestinal juice contains three
carbohydrates: maltase, lactase, and sucrose. These enzymes will act on their specific substrates producing the simplest
product of digestion: glucose, fructose, and galactose.

maltose maltase glucose glucose

sucrose sucrase glucose fructose

lactose lactase glucose galactose

CHEMICAL DIGESTION OF PROTEIN

Begins in the stomach and ends in the small intestine. In the mouth, digestion of protein is purely mechanical. The teeth
break protein (ex. beef) into small pieces and, the saliva lubricates it.
protein + pepsin small polypeptides

In the stomach¸ chemical digestion of protein begins. Enzyme pepsin secreted by the cells in the gastric glands changes
protein molecules are changed into smaller molecules.

protein + trypsin polypeptides + dipeptides

the intestinal glands secrete the final enzyme for protein digestion. Amino peptides will change polypeptides and small
peptides to amino acid. Dipeptides (erepsin) will change dipeptides to amino acid.
polypeptides + amino peptides amino acid

dipeptides + erepsin amino acid

CHEMICAL DIGESTION OF FATS

Begins and end in the small intestine. The pancreatic enzyme, steapsin, will act on fats (e.g., butter) and changes fats to
fatty acids and glycerol.
The intestinal glands secrete enzyme intestinal steapsin and will act on fats, changing them to fatty acids and glycerol.
This process repeats the work of steapsin in the pancreas to ensure that all fat molecules are changed to their simplest
Form.
fats + pancreatic steapsin
fatty acid + glycerol
(butter)

ELIMINATION OF PRODUCT
 As the food is broken down into its simplest form, waste products are released and formed. Wastes exist in several forms:
as solid, liquid and gas, as the various food groups are broken down, much water is being released by the body cells; the
large intestine, which is also an organ of excretion, eliminates solid waste in form of feces.

Lesson 4 Disorders of the digestive system

DISOREDERS OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM FFFFFIIIFIIIIIIIIIFFFFFF

A healthy digestive system, coupled with eating the right food, will enable an effective distribution of nutrients to different
parts of the body. If any part of the digestive system is impaired, no amount of right food will be enough. An imbalance in the
digestive process can lead to several digestive system disorders. Here are few:

1.Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD):

Chronic acid reflux leading to heartburn and irritation of the esophagus.

2. Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS):

A functional disorder causing abdominal pain, bloating, and changes in bowel habits.

3. Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD):

Conditions like Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis involve chronic inflammation of the digestive tract.

4. Celiac Disease:
An autoimmune disorder triggered by gluten consumption, damaging the small intestine.

5. Peptic Ulcers:
Open sores in the stomach, small intestine, or esophagus, often caused by H. pylori infection or NSAID use.

6. Gallstones:
Hard particles forming in the gallbladder, causing abdominal pain and complications.

7. Pancreatitis:
Inflammation of the pancreas, acute or chronic, often caused by alcohol or gallstones.

8. Constipation and Diarrhea:

Common digestive issues caused by various factors, including diet, medications, and underlying conditions.

9.Gastroenteritis:
Infection or inflammation of the stomach and intestines, leading to symptoms like diarrhea and vomiting.

10. Diverticulitis:
Inflammation or infection of small pouches (diverticula) in the colon.

These are just a few examples, and many more digestive disorders exist. Each has its own causes,
symptoms, and treatment option.
 Lesson 5 Contemporary health issues and wellness for teenagers
Contemporary
Contemporary health
Health issues
Issues and wellness
and Wellness for teenagers
for Teenagers jkkghkhkhkhk

In 1800s and 1900's, many people died from smallpox, tuberculosis, diarrhea, leprosy, and tetanus. Medicines against these killers
were eventually discovered. The twenty-1st century faces new health issues. The past years and the present are plagued with
deaths from cancer and heart diseases. What is with cancer and heart
diseases that many people succumb to them?

A diet deficient in nutrients the body needs contributes greatly to some of the most known health conditions. Although a
deficiency in nutrients is not the sole reason for these health issues, it is the primary consideration. Some of these diseases include
Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer disease, autism, insomnia, cancer, depression, heart disease, and anxiety. For example, the
most common cause of heart diseases is deficiencies folic acid and in vitamin B12; For breast cancer, it is vitamin D deficiency.

When your body does not get the right nutrients, you may end up with a condition known as malnutrition. A malnourished
individual has a very poor immune system and is unable to fight off diseases. Malnutrition in children may lead to a condition
known as kwashiorkor.

Kwashiorkor is a severe form of malnutrition that occurs when there is a lack of protein in the diet. It is characterized by edema
or the abnormal accumulation of fluid in spaces between connective tissue. cells, anemia, weakness, irritability, hampered growth
and development, and swelling of the abdomen also known as potbelly.

A person who has the tendency to regularly cat too much, and stores too much energy that he cannot use, he or she may suffer
from over nutrition. Over nutrition happens when the body has too much of everything, especially, carbohydrates and fats. Over
nutrition may lead to a condition known as obesity. Obese people tend to develop diabetes and cardiovascular diseases.

A good diet benefits the cells and makes our bodies function really well. We
should eat food that contains antioxidants, and if there is not enough in our diet, we need to take good quality food supplements.

The Bins of the Teens

Adolescence is characterized by several major changes and development in the body. To reach its full potential, the body nểeds
the right kinds and the right amount of nutrients and healthy food habits.

Many teenagers skip breakfast thinking that it is okay to miss. On the contrary, many nutritionists believe that breakfast is the
most important meal of the day. Breakfast provides the body the energy it needs to start the day. For teens, eating breakfast is a
good way to speed up metabolism, which helps with them perform better in school and keep their weights under control. Eat a
good breakfast, and be alert and efficient the rest of the day.

Teenagers consume large amounts of food that are very high in fat and sugar. French fries, sundaes, and burgers are loaded with
oil and sweets that can wreak havoc in our bodies. Teenagers should learn to build a strong and healthy body by eating properly
while they are young and their body, still developing, Eat healthier snacks like fruit, cereals and cereal bars, milk, and juices.
Eating out is also becoming very popular among teenagers. The trouble is, eating out means eating at fast food restaurants. We all
know that the kind of food served in fast food restaurants is not exactly what we can call “healthy". Try your best to limit eating at
fast food restaurants to only once a week or less, if possible. Soda drink are packed with sugar. Drink water instead of soda. It is
the healthier choice.

Alcohol and cigarette are addictive substances which can destroy your health and burn your wallet. Avoid them at all cost. The
time to take care of your health now.