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Reverse supply chain management RSC in

manufacturing
in manufacturing industry: industry

a systematic review
Kaliyan Mathiyazhagan 859
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Amity University, Noida, India
Received 13 August 2019
Sonu Rajak Revised 31 March 2020
Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Patna, 18 April 2020
Accepted 18 April 2020
Patna, India
Swayam Sampurna Panigrahi
Department of Operations Management, Institute of Public Enterprise,
Hyderabad, India
Vernika Agarwal
Amity International Business School, Amity University, Noida, India, and
Deepa Manani
Department of Mechanical Engineering, The NorthCap University, Gurugram, India

Abstract
Purpose – In a quest to meet increasing pressure to incorporate environmental and sustainability factors due
to the legislations and growing public awareness, companies are rethinking of strategizing their supply chain
network to take control of the reverse flow of products as well. This growing interest has also led to tremendous
growth in publications occurring in several reputed journals in the last few years. In this context, the purpose of
this article is to perform a systematic literature survey of recent and state-of-the-art papers in order to draw
insights and highlight the future directions.
Design/methodology/approach – This paper has selected and reviewed 204 papers published from the year
2002–2017. The papers were collected from the web of science and Google scholar database which have the DOI
number. The selected papers were then categorized into main five core areas of RSC management namely
reverse supply chain (RSC), Reverse Logistics (RL), Remanufacturing, Closed-Loop Supply Chain (CLSC) and
Product Recovery Systems (PRS) and then analyzed with great detail. Finally, the research gaps that were
identified from the study have been highlighted for future research opportunities.
Findings – This paper would serve as a roadmap to the managers who wish to align their forward and reverse
supply chains for overall growth and development. It provides an in-depth knowledge on RSC to the
researchers working in this domain. The scholars would be able to identify the areas of RSC which have been
already addressed and the areas which remain unaddressed.
Originality/value – This paper presents a systematic literature survey of state-of-the-art papers that was
published in the reputed journal in the area of RSC. Total 204 numbers of papers which were published in the
reputed journals between 2002 and 2017 are reviewed, categorized and analysed to draw the opportunities and
future research direction in the area of RSC.
Keywords Reverse supply chain, Reverse logistics, Literature review, Closed-loop supply chain,
Remanufacturing, Product recovery systems
Paper type Literature review

1. Introduction
The growing concern for the environment and global competitiveness are prompting the International Journal of
manufacturers to incorporate “greening initiatives” into their Supply Chain (SC) operations Productivity and Performance
Management
(Zhu and Sarkis, 2004). The issues pertaining to environment and sustainable development Vol. 70 No. 4, 2021
pp. 859-892
are constantly being emphasised by the various legislatives bodies around the world. The © Emerald Publishing Limited
1741-0401
stakeholders are constantly demanding that the manufacturers across the globe push their DOI 10.1108/IJPPM-06-2019-0293
IJPPM boundaries and think about the ecological and social impact of their SC activities on the
70,4 environment and society. In order to balance their business efficiencies while trying to include
sustainability aspects, it is important for the organisations to understand the negative
impacts of their SC and to redesign their operations so as to mitigate the environmental
impact while enhancing social upliftment across the entire SC network (Chandiran and Surya
Prakasa Rao, 2008; Shen and Chou, 2010; Kushwaha et al., 2020; Alizadeh et al., 2020). The
preliminary step in this direction is to assess all the activities involved in the SC and identify
860 the environmental concerns (Tsoulfas and Pappis, 2008) such as green distribution, green
warehousing and building along with the social concerns which include health and safety
practices, skill development, participation in social initiatives. Once these major concerns are
identified, the organisations need to take appropriate value creation measures (Sandberg
et al., 2018) to reduce them which include reaching out to various partner organisations such
as suppliers, distributors, logistics providers, and retailers to become “environmentally and
socially responsible” or “sustainable”. This has led to the inclusion of the Reverse Supply Chain
Management (RSCM) into the SC of the manufacturers, the RSCM basically involves the
movement of recycled and reused or end-of-life (EOL) products and the information of the
products from end customers to the suppliers or manufacturers (Doan et al., 2019). Reverse
Supply Chain (RSC) is the collaborative responsibility of both the producers and consumers to
reduce the waste by recycling, remanufacturing, reusing, and properly disposing
unacceptable products or items to enhance the environmental sustainability (Govindan
et al., 2012; Bouzon et al., 2016).
Several authors have defined reverse logistics rather broadly than defining RSC
management. In 2005, Prahinskia and Kocabasoglu defined “RSCM is as the effective and
efficient management of the series of activities required to retrieve a product from a customer to
either dispose of it or recover value.” The main purpose of this paper is to consider and study
all the areas of RSC, categorize the domain of RSC, identify the barriers in the implementation
of RSC and optimization approaches proposed for the designing of RSC. Briefly, our major
research questions in this field are:
(1) How is reverse supply chain management classified?
(2) Which reverse supply chain paradigms and issues are addressed in literature?
(3) What decision-making, performance evaluation method, problem solving techniques
and application area exist for the RSC?
Further, the paper has been organised in the following manner: In Section 2, some classical
review papers have been discussed. In Section 3, the research methodology has been
described. A detailed analysis and classification of the reviewed articles have been presented
in Section 4. The results and opportunities from the potential research gaps have been
elaborated in Section 5 for further research. Finally, Section 6 includes the conclusion and
future research.

2. The concept of reverse supply chain management (RSCM)

Over the last couple of decades, environmental considerations, cost reduction, and consumer
pressure have become major concerns in RSCM (Prahinski and Kocabasoglu, 2006) With the
intensifying environmental concerns namely resource depletion, exhausted landfills in many
countries and several legislative measures by governments to take back the end of life
products, issues like reverse logistics, product recovery, remanufacturing, and reusing have
come across as major areas for development (Kannan et al., 2010). Implementation of
competitive RSC would save cost associated with inventory, transportation, and waste
disposal. Also, it would promote establishment of better customer loyalty and future sales
(Rajak et al., 2018). The RSC is an essential part of sustainable SC management. It helps in RSC in
reducing the quantity of waste sent to landfill by extracting maximum value out of the end of manufacturing
life/use products. It is essentially specifically in case of electronics returns, as there is a steady
increase in the number of e-waste due to fast paced growth in technology. The growth is
industry
RSCM is not only simulated by legislative pressure but also driven by social initiatives taken
by the non-government organisations across the globe. Collection of E-waste for reuse,
recycling, remanufacturing and proper disposal of E-waste has become a European law in
2003 (Georgiadis and Besiou, 2010). Later, similar legislations had also been implemented in 861
Canada, and many states in US, China and Japan (Quariguasi Frota Neto et al., 2010).
Moreover, RSC is now considered as revenue generating opportunity instead of a cost
minimization process (Guide and Van Wassenhove, 2009). Hence, the interest of researchers
and industry experts is growing in this field (Govindan and Soleimani, 2017). The framework
model for RSCM activity is shown in Figure 1.
In order to clarify the need of this paper, previous review papers in the field of RSC have
been mentioned here. To identify the aim, area, and characteristics of this review paper; we
have listed out all the earlier review papers which are shown in Table 1. In the light of Table 1,
it can be seen that no state-of-the-art review paper covers all the areas of RSC. Two review
papers, one given by Prahinski and Kocabasoglu (2006) and the other, given by Jayant et al.
(2012) presents the literature related to RSC. Prahinski and Kocabasoglu (2006) suggested 10
research propositions that could be studied empirically and covered research papers
considering all the areas of RSC until 2005, after 2005 numerous papers have been published
in the area of RSC that need to be analysed. The paper considering design and development
aspects of RSC, planning and control issues, coordination issues, and different strategies used
for RSC are reviewed by Jayant et al. (2012). They have considered a total of 113 papers from
the year 1990–2009. Other review papers published in the field of closed-loop SC, reverse
logistics and remanufacturing are illustrated in Table 1.
Product Life-cycle Management (PLM) is essential for any organisation while launching a
new product into the market and for sustenance in a modern and highly competitive business
environment. PLM is recognized as a potential technique for managing the entire life cycle of
the product from planning stage to the service and proper disposal at its end-of-life. The state-
of-the-art review in the domain of PLM has been conducted by Ming et al. (2005).
In order to save unnecessary costs and concentrate on their core business processes
outsourcing and offshoring has emerged as major components of RSC (Giri and Sarker, 2017).

Design

Supply Production Distribution Use

Disassembly

Repair
Collection
Refurbishment Sorting/Testing

Remanufacturing Reuse

Figure 1.
Demanufacturing
Incincration A framework for
Disposal
reverse supply chain
activities (Sasikumar
Landfill
Recycling and Kannan, 2008b)
IJPPM Number of
70,4 article
Literature paper Focused view Scope of research Year reviewed

Prahinski and RSCM Almost whole area in RSCM Until –

Kocabasoglu (2006) 2005
Meade et al. (2007) RL Definition and future research Until –
862 opportunities 2006
Rubio et al. (2008) RL Production and operations 1995– 186
management 2005
Sasikumar and RL End of life product recovery Until –
Kannan (2008a) and inventory management 2008
Sasikumar and RL Reverse flow Until 170
Kannan (2008b) 2008
Pokharel and Mutha RL Whole area in RL 1971– 151
(2009) 2008
Sasikumar and RL Whole area in RL 1967– 543
Kannan (2009) 2008
Akçalı et al. (2009) CLSC and RL Network Design Until 22
2008
Chanintrakul et al. RL Network Design 2000– –
(2009) 2008
Ilgin and Gupta CLSC and RL Eco manufacturing and 1998– 540
(2010) product recovery 2009
Chan et al. (2010) RL Implementation of Just-in-time Until 125
(JIT) in RL 2009
Hatcher et al. (2011) Remanufacturing Design for remanufacturing 1995– 37
2011
Akçalı and CLSC Quantitative models for Until –
Çetinkaya (2011) operations management 2009
Jayant et al. (2012) RSCM Design and development of 1990– 113
RSC 2009
Sabanc (2012) Remanufacturing Process innovation Until –
2012
Miller and Sarder RL Government perspective Until –
(2012) 2011
Junior and Filho Remanufacturing Production planning and 2000– 76
(2012) control 2009
Souza (2013) CLSC Strategic issue in CLSC Until –
2012
Morgan and Gagnon Remanufacturing Scheduling Until 55
(2013) 2011
Goodall et al. (2014) Remanufacturing Evaluation of 2003– 41
remanufacturing 2013
Stindt and Sahamie CLSC For process industry Until 167
(2014) 2014
Bouzon et al. (2014) RL End of life products in Brazil Until 20
May
2012
Govindan et al. CLSC and RL Whole area in CLSC and RL 2007– 382
(2015) 2013
Govindan and CLSC and RL Journal of Cleaner Production Until 83
Table 1. Soleimani (2017) focus 2014
Some of review papers Diallo et al. (2017) CLSC and Quality, reliability and 1985– 104
on reverse logistic/ Remanufacturing maintenance 2016
reverse supply chain Guo et al. (2017) RL Supply chain contracts 2006– 62
management 2016
And, a literature survey based on drivers and barriers to reshoring in the context of RSC in
offshoring in RSC has been performed by Wiesmann et al. (2017). manufacturing
Based on the literature review, to the best knowledge of authors it has been found that no
concrete review articles is published in the context of RSC, thereby generating a need for a
industry
state–of–the-art systematic and extant literature survey which classifies and analyses the
previously published articles from reputed journals. This justifies the motivation behind the
present work.
863
3. Research methodology
This section explains about the material collection, analyses of literature, and classification of
RSC management.

3.1 Material collection

All the materials used during this literature review and the collection approach for the same is
discussed in this section. The focus was given on research papers published between January
2002–January 2017, which comprises the articles, conference proceedings, books available on
the Web from journals using the English language. Research articles have been collected
from the electronic bibliography sources such as, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and Scopus
by using different combinations of keywords. The search procedure was executed in multiple
steps with different combinations of keywords such as “Reverse Supply Chain”, “RSC”,
“Reverse Logistics”, “RL”, “Close Loop Supply Chain Management”, “CLSM”, “Product
Return”, “End-of-Life Product”, “Product Recovery”, “Product Returns”, “Recycle”, “Waste
Management”, “Waste Recycling”, “Remanufacturing” and “Barriers”, “Hurdles”,
“Challenges”, “Obstacles” in the online database like Web of Science search engine, Google
scholar search engine (www.scholar.google.com),and Scopus database. Further, selection of
papers was done based on their relevance. It is by default that the search engine database is
updated frequently due to acceptance of new publications, so the collection of papers is taken
in a short period of time. The overall research process can be summarized as:
Stage 1: Search on electronic engines such as, Scopus, Web of Science and Google Scholar.
The results showed that on an average 120 pages for every different keyword consisting
of 1584 papers gathered from different publishers were available online. This
comprehensive list had literature from all the publishers and journals. In similar
manner, the coverage of recent publications was ensured by searching the same keyword
for the year 2017.
Stage 2: From the comprehensive list of published papers duplicate papers were excluded
by meticulous sifting. After exclusion, the number of articles reduced to 1221 from 1584.
Stage 3: This is the final stage for finalizing the research papers. The most appropriates
papers are chosen based on three parameters:
 Relevance (i.e. papers which show Reverse SC, Reverse logistics, Remanufacturing,
Closed loop SC, Product recovery system)
 Rank of journal (papers published in international level journals)
 Citation (papers with high citation index added in the final list despite being published
in a low ranked journal).
Conference papers, Text books were also excluded from the final list. The final number of
relevant papers after removal of irrelevant papers reached 204. These 204 papers were
considered henceforth. Diagrammatically, the literature paper collection strategy is
IJPPM represented by Figure 2. Total 64 articles are selected from the top ten journals that published
70,4 highest numbers of papers in area of RSC. The rest 140 papers are selected from the database
such as Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar by considering the three parameters such
as relevance, rank of journal, and citation.

3.2 Descriptive analyses

864 As discussed earlier, this study attempts to analyse 204 reputed scientific journal papers
published between the year 2002 and 2017. It can be seen from Figure 3 that more than 50%

Database
-Scopus Top 10 relevant journals
-Google Scholar
-Journal of Cleaner Production
-Web of Science
-International Journal of Production Research

-International Journal of Production Economics

Meticulous search of articles with keywords like
- “Reverse logistics” and “barriers”
- “Reverse supply chain” and “hurdles”
- “Remanufacturing” and “challenges”
- “Product return” and “obstacles”
- “Closed loop supply chain” and “challenges”
Period: 2002 - 2017
-International Journal of Physical Distribution &
Logistics Management
-Waste management
-Resources, Conservation and Recycling
-International Journal of Supply Chain Management
-European Journal of Operational Research
-Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae
Mendelianae Brunensis

-CIRP Annals-Manufacturing Technology

Total no. of articles

obtained = 1,584

Excluded
duplicate
articles

Total no. of unrelated

articles = 1,221

Most appropriates papers

are selected based on
Total relevant Total relevant
parameters such as
articles = 140 articles = 64
relevance, rank of journal,
and citation

Figure 2.
Material collection of Total number of relevant
reverse supply chain articles = 204
management
 40 38
RSC in
35
30
manufacturing
30
29
industry
25

20 17
15 14
15
10
13
865
10 7 7
6 5
3 4 4
5 2 Figure 3.
0
Number of papers
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 published in year wise

papers were published from the year 2014–2017, and reaching its peak in 2016, with 38 papers
being published in that year. In addition, top 10 international journals that have the highest
contribution in the areas of RSC, reverse logistics, closed loop supply, and remanufacturing
have been elucidated in Figure 4. Journal of Cleaner Production and International Journal of
Production Research have been published consecutively and hold the first and second
position by publishing 19 and 9 journal papers respectively. Finally, Figure 5 provides the
country wise analysis of the authors who studied the field of RSC. Most of the authors
affiliations published in the field of RSC belong to countries namely US, China and India. The
authors of top five countries who studied the area of RSC are illustrated in Figure 6. From
Figure 6 we can identify that the top five countries US, China, India, Germany and UK
contribute almost 54% of all authors.

3.3 Classification of reverse supply chain management

In this dynamically changing market, every firm strives to increase their revenue and to gain
a competitive advantage over the other competitors in the market. Due to government
pressure and their Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) mandates, every firm now yearns to
be sustainable. Sustainability focuses on meeting the needs of present generation without
compromising the ability of future generation. The integration of three enablers such as
economy, social, and environment considerations know as triple-bottom-line dimension for

Chart Title

CIRP Annals- Manufacturing Technology 3

Acta Universitas Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 3

European Journal of Operaon Research 4

Internaonal Journal of Supply Chain Management 4

Resources, Conservaon and Recycling 5

Waste Management 5

Internaonal Journal of Physical Distroibuon & Logiscs Management 6

Figure 4.
Internaonal Journal of Producon Economics 6
Number of papers
Internaonal Journal of Producon Research 9 published in
Journal of Cleaner Producon
international journals
19
(scopus indexed)
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
IJPPM 35
31
70,4 30 28
25
25

No. of papers 20
15
15
11 10
866 10
9
6 6 6 5 5
4 4 4 3 3 3
5 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
0

Singapore
Australia
US

Canada

Sweden

The Netherlands

Romania

Nigeria

Italy

Bangladesh
Kenya
India

Malaysia

Turkey

UAE

Cyprus
UK

Portugal
Figure 5.
Country wise study
Country

11
31
15

US
China
India
Figure 6. 25
Germany
Top five
28 UK
countries study

any organisation. In order to productively put it into practice, the organisation are looking for
better analytical solutions for effectively and efficiently handling their SCs. The sustainable
SC management focuses on the forward SC only and is complemented by CLSC (Brandenburg
et al., 2014). With this revitalized interest of the government and society in protecting the
environment, manufacturers are also searching for expertise in developing and implementing
environmentally and socially effective solutions, especially in the reverse channel. The
reverse SC is a place where companies can begin to build real sustainability into their
operations and create new revenue streams in the process (Majumdar and Sinha, 2019; Bastas
and Liyanage, 2019). This is evident from Figure 7. Figure 7 tells us that 36 papers are

Figure 7.
Classification of
literature paper in the
perspective of
sustainability criteria
published with sustainability criteria in the area of reverse SC. 133 papers published with RSC in
environmental and economy enablers. The third important enabler of sustainability is social manufacturing
which needs to be explored by the researchers working in the area of reverse SC.
The growing interest in RSC across the globe is evident by Figure 8, which shows the total
industry
number of papers published between 2002 and 2017 by different universities in the area of
RSC. The top three universities which published maximum number of articles are “University
of Southern Denmark”, “The Hong Kong Polytechnic University”, and “Indian Institute of
Technology, Roorkee” shown in Figure 9. Figure 9 shows that seven number of papers have 867
been published by University of Southern Denmark’ and five numbers of papers have been
published by “The Hong Kong Polytechnic University”, and “Indian Institute of Technology,
Roorkee”.
From the literature survey we can infer that, data was collected from the literature which
was published between 2012 and 2017 and categorized according to their research type, study
type, parameter used by researcher, problem-solving technique and the application of RSC
which is shown in Table 2.
Reverse supply chain is quite a broad area to review. The top five research areas in RSCM
include, “Reverse Logistics,” “Reverse Supply Chain,” “Closed Loop Supply Chain,”
“Remanufacturing” and “Product Recovery system”. The total number of articles published
in these top five research areas are shown in Figure 10. Figure 10 elucidates the maximum

Aristotle University of Thessaloniki

Dalian University of Technology
Federal University of Rio de Janeiro
Indian Instute of Technology, Delhi
Indian Instute of Technology, Kharagpur
Indian Instute of Technology, Roorkee
Loughborough University
Nanjing University of Aeronaucs and Astronaucs
Masaryk University
Naonal Instute of Technology, Trichi
Shanghai Jioa Tong University
Sathyabhama University
Ryerson University
The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
TU, Berlin
Tsinghua University
Universi purta Malaysia
University of Bath
University of Bayreuth
University of California
University of Buffalo
University of Florida
University of Malaya
University of Manchester
University of South Australia
University of Southern Denmark Figure 8.
University of Tehran Study classification
based on universities
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
IJPPM number of articles published in the Reverse Logistics research area followed by the research
70,4 areas namely Remanufacturing, Closed loop SC, Reverse SC and Product Recovery System.
3.3.1 Reverse supply chain. Increasing environmental and sustainable awareness among
the customers and manufacturers and stricter environmental regulations by the government
coerce manufacturers to invest in environmentally conscious manufacturing which involves
the application of reverse supply chain management. The circular economy, which aims to
minimize waste due to disposal of end of life products, requires RSC for properly managing
868

5 University of Southern
7 Denmark
The Hong Kong
Polytechnic University
Indian Instute of
Technology, Roorkee
Figure 9.
Top three university 5

Sl. No. Categories Features, key notes

1. Year of publication 2002–2017

2. Research type (1) Analytical
• Conceptual
• Mathematical
• Statistical
(2) Empirical
• Case
• Statistical
• Experimental
3. Study type Conceptual framework, survey, case study, review, simulation, decision
making, planning, mathematical framework
4. Parameter type (1) Mathematical
• Deterministic
• Stochastic
– Repair
– Product recovery system (periodic/continuous review) conceptual
5. Problem environment Deterministic, non-deterministic
type
6. Application areas RSC, CLSC, product return, reverse logistics
7. Conceptual notion Dynamic capabilities, resource-based, Porter’s market
8. Problem solving (1) Empirical
technique type (2) Conceptual
(3) Modeling
9. Implementation centre (1) Manufacturing
(2) Service providing
(3) Construction
(4) Food
(5) Defence
10. Geographical Positioning (1) Asia (China, Malaysia, India, Taiwan, Japan)
Table 2. (2) Europe (European Union, Belgium, Spain, Norway, Turkey)
Classification (3) North America (U.S, Brazil, Canada, Denmark)
categories in the review (4) Australia
 13
8 RSC in
manufacturing
Reverse logistics industry
25
72 Remanufacturing

Closed loop SC 869

Reverse SC
Figure 10.
36 Top five research area
of RSCM

the returned products. The generic structure of reverse supply chain is shown in Figure 11.
Reverse supply chain starts with the end-of-life product returned from the end customers and
goes for testing through the retailers and resellers to make decisions for re-stock, refurbish,
parts recovery and scrap.
Nagurney and Toyasaki (2005) proposed the network model for the recycling of the
E-waste. A conceptual framework on optimal deconstructions and demolition is presented by
Aidonis et al. (2008) for the EOL buildings in the construction industry. Salema et al. (2010)
proposed a multi-product and multi-period network model for simultaneous design and
planning of SC with reverse flow. Geethan et al. (2011) developed key business strategies and
performance metrics for organisations to improve their return management. Tyagi et al.
(2012) identified four managerial drivers in RSC namely handling, information, facilities, and
ease of access. They investigated the impact of these drivers and concluded that the firm
which adopts responsive and effective logistics network and easy return policy, has the most
reliable and efficient RSC. Beh et al. (2016) analysed the role of entrepreneurial business
models in the RSC. Authors concluded that the second-life retailing offers an alternative
approach to the “return to the point of origin” in apparel and fashion retailers which not only
reduce waste but also access consumption. The objectives, antecedents and barriers of
implementations to reverse factoring in the SCs were described by Liebl et al. (2016). Mahajan
and Vakharia (2016) discussed that scale of waste incineration facilities should be
determined. We should not only focus on current waste disposal but also consider how
their use might decline in the longer term due to reuse and recycling efforts. Challenges

Re-stock

Refurbish
Evaluation
Product Returns & testing

Parts Recovery

Scrap

Figure 11.
Retailers & Reverse supply chain
Resellers
IJPPM associated with establishing, operating and monitoring RSC operations and some potential
70,4 solutions to these problems were highlighted by Frei et al. (2016). Xu et al. (2017) presented a
robust model for global RSC for solid waste by considering the carbon emission. Feng et al.
(2017) proposed an optimal dual- recycling customers collection choice-based model for a two-
echelon RSC. Under uncertainty condition, multi-objective mixed integer non-linear
programming model was proposed by Feit
o-Cesp
on et al. (2017) to redesign the RSC for
plastic recycle. Habibi et al. (2017) optimized the integrated model for collection and
870 disassembly of EOL products.
3.3.2 Reverse logistics. Reverse Logistics according to the American Reverse Logistics
Executive Council is defined as “The process of planning, implementing, and controlling the
efficient, cost effective flow of raw materials, in-process inventory, finished goods and related
information from the point of consumption to the point of origin for recapturing value or
proper disposal.” (Rogers and Tibben-Lembke, 1999; Govindan et al., 2015). In general,
reverse logistics starts from the collection of used/returned products from customers (i.e. end
users) and then taking a decision on these end-of-life products which includes,
remanufacturing, repairing, recycling and disposing of scrap materials. The importance of
reverse logistics is reflected in a plethora of research papers that are available in this field
(Jonrinaldi and Zhang, 2013; Cardoso et al., 2013; Nativi and Lee, 2012). Reverse logistics is a
demanding field in the area of SC and operations management. A qualitative analysis to
identify the drivers, barriers and strategies of reengineering and reverse logistics has been
presented by Vasudevan and Prakash (2016). Hsu et al. (2016) investigated whether
Sustainable Supply Chain Management (SSCM) initiatives are influencing the outcome of
reverse logistics or not and authors have concluded that it does have positive outcomes.
Papers published with different applications and authors’ contribution on RL are shown in
Table 3.
3.3.3 Remanufacturing. Remanufacturing is an excellent and successful technology,
developed within the past two decades to serve both economic and ecological needs and has
been recognized as a pacemaker of sustainability. In remanufacturing, the quality of the
product is retained; however, product quality changes in terms of reconditioning and repair.
Remanufacturing can be defined as: “It is the process of returning used, damaged or discarded
products up to the quality standards of new products and with an equivalent warranty” (Ijomah,
2009; Thierry et al., 1995). A study conducted by Global Industry Analysts shows that the
global remanufacturing industries already achieved a turnover about 100 billion U.S. dollars
in 2010 (Global Industry Analysts, 2010). Parkinson and Thompson (2003) conducted a
literature survey and examined the terminologies involved in remanufacturing and studied
the various definitions of the processes of remanufacturing. The process of remanufacturing
occurs in six consecutive steps including:
(1) Entrance diagnosis of the system
(2) Disassembly
(3) Cleaning
(4) Inspection
(5) Reconditioning
(6) Reassembly
Remanufacturing is different from manufacturing in terms of accessing parts and demand
forecasting. The case of remanufacturing and the challenges to meet closed loop SC is
investigated by Seitz and Peattie (2004). Wang and Hazen (2016) examined attributes
which affects the consumers’ perception in terms of value and risk associated with
Reference Paper objective Contribution
RSC in
manufacturing
Shevtshenko and Bayesian decision support Presented a robust probabilistic reasoning industry
Wang (2009) network under uncertainties for framework based on imprecise probabilities for
reverse logistics robust decision support. This model explicitly
differentiates uncertainty from variability and
incorporates uncertainty factors due to lack of
perfect knowledge 871
Yoon and Le (2013) Analyzing transport efficiency of This paper examines the transportation costs of
reverse logistics RL for waste goods and finds out that the
proportion of transportation costs in RL is
higher than that of forward logistics
Sheriff et al. (2014) Designing multi-product RL Formulated the network model for location of
network initial collection points and centralized return
centres and routing of the vehicle

Skapa (2014a) Scope of RL in tourism industry This paper focus on the tangible and intangible
element of RL
Vijayan et al. (2014) Reverse logistics in food retail This paper proposed RL for the waste
company management of food retail industry to achieve
the sustainability in the supply chain

Skapa (2014b) Barriers of RL development in The paper describes the advancement of RL
Czech companies system planning on a sample of 146 services
companies operating on Czech Republic market,
and further explores the connections to three
variables: motivation for RL, its barriers and
perceived profitability
Abdulrahman et al. Barriers in implementing reverse Authors identify critical RL barriers by
(2014) logistics considering the financial, management, policy
and infrastructures in the Chinese
manufacturing firms
Ferri et al. (2015) Solid waste management They proposed a mathematical network model
to optimize the total transportation costs
involved in the RL of municipal solid waste
Thiyagarajan and Barriers to implement RL in online Twelve barriers are identified and analyzed with
Ali (2016) retail industries the help of Analytic Network Process (ANP)
Khor et al. (2016) Institutional pressure on reverse The authors considered the five different types
logistics of dispositions options such as repair, recycle,
remanufacturing, recondition, and disposal.
They conducted a case study for Malaysia based
an electrical and electronics manufacturing
company and concluded that the performance of
RL may be increases in some cases under
institutional pressure
Vasudevan and Qualitative analysis of reverse The paper contributes to qualitative analysis of Table 3.
Prakash (2016) logistics RL idea and identifying the strategy, challenges, Authors contribution
barriers and drivers of reverse operations on reverse logistics

purchasing remanufactured products. The results show that the perceived value is most
influenced by quality attributes followed by cost and green attributes and the perceived
risk is influenced by quality attributes followed by cost attributes. The different objectives
of the research papers along with the authors’ contribution on remanufacturing are shown
in Table 4.
3.3.4 Closed loop supply chain. Over the past two decades, close loop SC has gained colossal
attention among industry and academia. Close loop SC considers both the forward and
reverse SCs simultaneously (Mishra et al., 2017). CLSC’s focus is not only to meet the demand
IJPPM Reference Paper objective Contribution
70,4
Seitz and Peattie Closed-loop challenge Authors claimed that remanufacturing is very
(2004) different from manufacturing. Reverse logistics and
remanufacturing are a customer relationship
management challenges
Seliger et al. (2004) Process and facility planning Discrete event simulation model is presented for
872 remanufacturing process and facility planning of
mobile phones
Song et al. (2005) Feasible plan for a Machine learning method is introduced for resource
remanufacturing system planning of a remanufacturing system
Michaud and Green consumer behavior The study suggests that environmental information
Llerena (2011) may influence consumers’ willingness to pay for the
conventional products
Tchertchian et al. Identifying the Authors proposed a method to identify a recyclable
(2013) remanufacturable components and remanufacturable module. These modules are
established to optimise the end-of-life by grouping
components according to different characteristics of
their life cycle
Zhu et al. (2014) Barriers for truck engine A grey-based Decision-Making Trail and Evaluation
remanufacturing Laboratory (DMATEL) approach is used to analyse
and quantify both operational and strategic barriers
for truck-engine remanufacturing in China
Liu et al. (2014) Quality of remanufacturing A mathematical model is introduced to improve the
assembly quality of remanufactured products
Tian et al. (2014) Automotive Components They introduced the basic concept and their role in
Remanufacturing (ACR) ACR, key technology developed, and challenges of
ACR in China
Xia et al. (2015) Barriers for automotive parts A grey-DMATEL approach is used to analyse and
remanufacturing quantify internal barriers for automotive parts
remanufacturing in China
Wang and Hazen Consumer product knowledge This research concludes that purchase intension is
(2016) positively influenced by perceived value and by
perceived trust
Oh and Behdad Reassembly and procurement The paper proposed an integer linear programming
Table 4. (2017) planning optimization model for the simultaneous reassembly
Authors contribution and procurement planning of assemble-to-order
on remanufacturing remanufacturing systems

of the customers but also to be responsible for reverse operation by an effective product take
back from customers and value added by recycling the whole product and/or some of its
parts, modules and components (Wells and Seitz, 2005). For a variety of reasons, customers
return the products over the life cycle of the product. End-of-use return may occur when the
function of the product becomes outdated or technically obsolete which may be no longer
useful for current user. The example of end-of-use returned products are electronic goods,
such as mobile phones and laptop. The implementation of close loop SC strategies motivates
the industries to reduce the adverse environmental impacts of their business processes
(Gutowski et al., 2011). The evolution of close loop SC in the business perspective has been
presented by Guide and Van Wassenhove (2009). According to Guide and Van Wassenhove
(2009) the definition of CLSC in the business perspective is “closed-loop supply chain
management is the design, control, and operation of a system to maximize value creation over
the entire life cycle of a product with dynamic recovery of value from different types and
volumes of returns over time.” The various objectives of the research papers and the authors’
contribution on closed loop SC are shown in Table 5.
References Objectives of study Contribution
RSC in
manufacturing
Schultmann et al. Reverse logistics with vehicle route Here a CLSC model is presented taking an industry
(2006) planning example of the End-of-Life Vehicle for the
automotive industry
Xu et al. (2009) closed-loop for product information This paper has proposed a promising method
as well as a practical paradigm, to realize the
seamless flow and tracking of product 873
information and then to create value by
transforming information into knowledge
throughout all phases of a product’s lifecycle
Kannan et al. Optimise the multi-product CLSC A case study of battery recycling has been
(2010) network demonstrated by taking account of product
return, recycling and operations management
Wang and Hsu Closed-loop logistic model A spanning-tree based Genetic Algorithm has
(2010) been presented for solving the closed-loop
logistic model
Morana and Bridge the three level of CLSC, namely Management of CLSC and related business
Seuring (2011) societal, supply chain and actor level processes with their implications on the
societal as well as the single actor level
Paksoy et al. Minimize transportation costs, CO2 Formulated a linear programming model for a
(2011) emissions and to maximize numbers of multi-product CLSC
recycled products
€
Ozkır and Close loop supply chain with uncertainty The authors have considered three recovery
Başlıgil (2013) options namely, product recovery, material
recovery and component recovery. The
problem is molded as multi-objective
optimization model; maximizing the
satisfaction degree of customers and level of
trade and maximizing the total profit
€
Ozceylan et al. Optimisation of network design and They considered both the strategic and
(2014) disassembly line balancing tactical level decisions. The strategic level
decisions include products or material flows
while the tactical level decisions relate to
balance the disassembly lines
Jena and Sarmah Co-operation and competition issues in They have developed a mathematical model
(2014) close loop supply chain for non-co-operative systems, global and
channel co-operative system and concluded
that global co-operating is best among them
Rezapour et al. Close loop supply chain network design The performance of both forward supply
(2015) with price-dependent demand chain and CLSC has been studied
Zhalechian et al. Sustainable CLSC design with inventory Authors’ demonstrate the real case study and
(2016) and routing considered the economic development, social
impact, fuel consumption, environmental
impact of CO2 emission, and waste energy
Ruimin et al. Close loop supply chain design under They proposed the multi-objective mixed
(2016) uncertainty integer nonlinear programming model to
minimize the two conflicting objectives,
namely the economic cost and the
environmental influence and solved the model Table 5.
as a single-objective mixed integer Authors contribution
programming model by applying the on closed loop
LP-metrics method supply chain
IJPPM 3.3.5 Product recovery systems. “Product recovery refers to various re-operations such as
70,4 repair, reuse, remanufacturing, recycling and refurnishing of products at the end of their
useful life.” Product recovery emphasizes reducing waste and it is an essential step towards
sustainable development. (Mangla et al., 2013). Sustainable SC for the product recovery
adopted from Mangla et al. (2013) is shown in Figure 12.
Kleber et al. (2002) advocated that customer demand may be met by both productions as
well as from remanufacturing of returned products. Later, Kiesm€ uller (2003) suggested that
874 the demand can be satisfied. Mangla et al. (2013) analyzed the various key variables to
improve the performance and effectiveness of return and recovery operations, to recapture
the value of used products with the help of an interpretive structural modelling (ISM) based
model. Shokohyar et al. (2014) developed an analytical model from the perspective of
manufacturers and consumers to analyze the sustainable product service systems. Meng et al.
(2017) introduced the quality based multi-objective model for the product recovery decision
under different decision makers’ preferences.

4. Detailed analyses of literature papers

Various types of studies have been conducted by researchers in the area of reverse supply
chain which is shown in Figure 13. Some researchers have tried to convert the problem of
planning and designing and transforming the RSC into a mathematical model. Some
researchers have conducted the literature reviews in the dominant areas of RSC such as RL,
remanufacturing and CLSC. Some researchers have presented case studies based on various
industrial sectors.
The top five types of studies is shown in Figure 14. From Figure 14, it is clear that
researchers are keen on formulating the RSC problem into mathematical model followed by
review, case study, survey and empirical type of study.
Various methodologies have been employed by the researchers worldwide to address the
growing concerns of RSC. Although, authors have commenced their research with a special
aim, the papers can also be classified in the following manner.

Forward supply chain

Raw End
Manufacturing Distribution Retailing
material users
Remanufacturing

Reconfiguring

Reprocessing
Refurbishing
Recycling

Reuse

Recovery Sorting and

Collection
processes inspection
Figure 12.
Sustainable supply
chain for product Reverse channel
recovery (Adopted
from Mangla
et al., 2013) Waste disposal
 120
101
RSC in
100 manufacturing
industry
No. Of papers
80

60 53

40

20
25
875
9 7
2 2 1 1
0

Figure 13.
Various types of study
in RSC
Type of study

9 7 Top 5 type of study

25

Mathemacal
101 Review
Case Study
Survey
Figure 14.
53 Empirical Top five type of study
in RSC

4.1 RSC paradigms and issues

Researchers have expressed their interest in studying the significant areas in the context of
RSC such as Designing and planning of RSC, Empirical and analytical study of RSC,
Production planning and control of RSC, logistics of RSC, coordination and decision making
and performance evaluation of RSC.
(1) Designing and planning of RSC. One of the most important research domains in RSC
is designing and planning of RSC and to propose network designs for different
applications of RSC. For instance, Network design for RL (Barker and Zabinsky, 2008;
Srivastava, 2008), stochastic network model for forward/reverse logistics (Chouinard
et al., 2008; Ramezani et al., 2013), effect of green product design on RL with resource
commitment (Khor and Udin, 2013), multi-period RL network design (Alumur et al.,
2012), network design and planning (Soleimani and Govindan, 2014; Hatefi and Jolai,
2014) and product line design (Aydin et al., 2015). Network design for CLSC(Easwaran
€
and Uster, €
2010; Ozkır and Başlıgıl, 2012; Kadambala et al., 2017), CLSC network
design for product life cycle (Amin and Zhang, 2012b), CLSC network design under
uncertainty (Pishvaee and Torabi, 2010; Amin and Zhang, 2013; Fallah-Tafti et al.,
2014), and CLSC network design under uncertainty with queuing M/M/1 model
(Saeedi et al., 2015).
IJPPM (2) Empirical and analytical study of RSC. There are vast numbers of papers published
70,4 in the reputed journals shown in Figure 15. Figure 15 tells us about researchers
interested in analytical and mathematical models in RSC followed by empirical
statistical and cases conceptual model of RSC.
These studies have described the empirical and analytical framework for a different aspect of
RSC. For instance, Morana and Seuring (2011) discusses the three level framework for CLSC
876 while the study by Kapetanopoulou and Tagaras (2011) and elaborated upon the barriers and
drivers for product recovery activities. Başaran (2012) discussed the eagerness of
manufacturing industries towards waste recycling. Different aspects of recycling in RL for
the green SCs are presented by Mishra et al. (2012). A study was conducted by Quariguasi
Frota Neto and Walther (2014) to understand the take-back logistical challenges for not-for-
profit SC. Dual-recycling channel for planning, designing and coordination of RSC by
considering the consumer behavior is presented by Feng et al. (2017). Strategies for product
return on multichannel retailers are discussed by Ofek et al. (2011).
(1) Production planning and control of RSC. Some researchers have considered the
operational decision variables, which is essential for whole RSC profit. Scheduling of
forward/reverse product, production and inventory management are some of the
important areas of RSC. For instance, Life cycle inventory to RSC (Daniel et al., 2003),
Production planning and inventory control (Amaro and Barbosa P
ovoa, 2008; Chung
et al., 2008; De Brito and Van Der Laan, 2009; Amaro and Barbosa P
ovoa, 2009; Akçalı
and Cetinkaya, 2011; Alinovi et al., 2012; Niknejad and Petrovic, 2014).
(2) Logistics in RSC. Third Party Reverse Logistics (3PRL) and issues related to reverse
logistics is also an important topic studied by the researchers. 3PRLPs are
specialized companies which provide well organized channel for recovery of
products. They are formal recovery agents who are recognized by legislative
authorities for environmentally sound handling of returned products. They
generally offer a wide range of RL functions and services including collection of
end-of-life products, sorting/inspection, repairing, refurbishing, packaging,
dismantling, remanufacturing, recycling and disposal of waste. The manufacturer
can however, choose to outsource some or all of the recovery activities depending
upon their requirements and available resources. 3PRLPs serve multiple firms and
thus they are able to utilize their capacities in a better way thereby reducing their
overall costs while offering better services to the firms. Hence, the selection of

Not Specified 2

Emperical Statistical 8

Emperical Experimental 1

Emperical Case 6

Emperical Case 7 Number of Publications

Analytical Statistical 3

Figure 15. Analytical Mathematical 14

Number of papers
published in different Analytical Conceptual 5
type of study
0 5 10 15
 appropriate 3PRLP is important decision. This problem has been extensively studied RSC in
in the literature over the years (Farzipoor Saen, 2009; Saen, 2010; Azadi and Saen, manufacturing
2011; Momeni et al., 2015; Govindan et al., 2016b; Mavi et al., 2017). The other aspects
being studied in literature include flexibility in RL (Bai and Sarkis, 2013), locating
industry
collection and return centres (Aras et al., 2008; Aras and Aksen, 2008), Outsourcing
(Cheng and Lee, 2010), RL for waste management (Sheu, 2008; Fehr and Santos,
2013), simultaneous delivery and return strategy (Alshamrani et al., 2007),
integration and coordination of RL (Chouinard et al., 2005) and transportation 877
delays in RL (Bogataj and Grubbstr€om, 2013).
(3) Decision making and performance evaluation of RSC. One of the major research
domains in reverse SC is studying the performance evaluation and decision making in
reverse SC management. Opportunities and challenges for recycling of waste PET
(polyethylene terephthalate) bottles are studied by Coelho et al. (2011). Barriers and
challenges of reverse logistics, closed loop SC, and reverse SC are studied. For
instance, barriers to RL (Bouzon et al., 2016; Ravi and Shankar, 2005), barriers to RL
for South Australian construction sector (Rameezdeen et al., 2016) and challenges of
CLSC (Guide et al., 2003). Barriers, challenges and drivers for product recovery and
recycling are presented by Rahimifard et al., (2009). An industry-wise analysis of
goals, barriers, metrics and challenges of RL are studied by Hall et al. (2013). Barriers
to RL with environmental considerations for the automotive sector are discussed by
Gonz
alez-Torre et al. (2010). The study related to barriers, challenges and benefit of
return of retail products is conducted by Bernon et al. (2013). Li et al. (2014) analysed
the barriers, and challenges for recycling of end-of-life vehicle in China.
(4) Problem solving techniques in RSC. Numerous methodologies have been used by
researchers to solve and optimise the RSC problem. Some authors solved the problem
with exact method, which is limited to small scale problem. Some researchers used
general exact solver like Lingo, CPLEX, GAMS and XPRESS. Some authors have
adopted the heuristics and metaheuristics to optimise the problem, which is very
flexible to use and can be used to solve large-scale problems. Heuristics and
metaheuristics are used by researchers such as, Benders decomposition (Santibanez-
Gonzalez and Diabat, 2013), Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II (NSGA-II)
(Aydin et al., 2015; Kadambala et al., 2017), Particle Swarm Optimisation (PSO)
(Kadambala et al., 2017), Forest data structure algorithm (Choudhary et al., 2015) and
Graph-based optimisation (Oh and Behdad, 2017). Simulation technique is very
powerful in order to mimic the system. Some authors used Simulation calculation
(Huang et al., 2009; Golroudbary and Zahraee, 2015) to solve the problem. Some
authors used statistical analysis (Kapetanopoulou and Tagaras, 2011; Başaran, 2012;
Sabbaghi et al., 2015) to analysis the data. Some of the researchers used Multi-criteria
Decision Making (MCDM) approach to solve the multi-objective decision making
problem such as, fuzzy approach, grey theory, goal programming, Analytical
Hierarchy Process (AHP) (Barker and Zabinsky, 2011; Prakash and Barua, 2015;
Bouzon et al., 2016), Interpretive Structural Modelling (ISM) (Ravi and Shankar, 2005;
Mangla et al., 2012, 2013; Bouzon et al., 2015), Delphi method (Bouzon et al., 2016),
DEMATEL (Xia et al., 2015; Govindan et al., 2016b) and Technique for Order
Performance by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) (Prakash and Barua, 2015).

4.2 The implication to different stakeholders

Reverse supply chain is connected with all the stakeholders such as internal stakeholder
employees and owners of organisations, and external stakeholder such as customers, society,
IJPPM retailers, distributor, manufacturer and supplier. All the stakeholders will get benefited from
70,4 the reverse supply chain. For example, customers will get benefited in terms of product
recovery and end-of-life products. Product recovery is one of the important areas of reverse
supply chain management (Meng et al., 2017). Customers will get product recovered easily
and also, they no need to worry about dumping of end-of-life products and which is also
benefit to the society (Mangla et al., 2013). Manufacturers will get benefited in terms of
opportunity to remanufacture the products (Liu et al., 2014; Wang and Hazen, 2016). Reverse
878 supply chain and reverse logistics gain benefited in economic terms (Sheriff et al., 2014).
Reverse supply chain and reverse logistics reduces the overall total cost (Yoon and Le, 2013);
maximize return on assets (Yoon and Le, 2013; Geethan et al., 2011) and increased customers

satisfaction (Skapa, 2014a).

4.3 Case studies and applications of RSC

There are a number of case studies of different sectors that have been conducted by the
authors in the area of RSC. Reverse supply chain is applicable to all type of organisation. An
industrial sector-wise analysis has been presented in Figure 16 and top five types of
industries where focused research is being done have been presented in Figure 17.
A literature review of case study for RL is presented by De Brito et al. (2005). A survey on
RL of mobile phone is conducted by Chan and Kai Chan (2008). A case study was presented
by Chandiran and Surya Prakasa Rao (2008) to design the forward and reverse supply chain
network. Case study is conducted by the researchers of RL for different organisations. For
instance, case study on RL for the palm oil SC (Alfonso-Lizarazo et al., 2013), pharmaceutical

35

31 31
30
27

25
No. of papers

20

15

10
8
6
5
5 4 4 4 4
3 3 3
2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
0
Medical, Texle

Online Recycling

Retail
Manufacturing

Solid Waste

Metal

Semiconductors
Electronics

Food Retail
Logiscs Provider
E-waste

Medical

Paper
Minerals
Service Industry

Transport

Household Waste

Plascs
Publishing Industry
Construcon
Automove

Texle
Baery
Online Retail

Figure 16.
Different types of
industry where
research is being
focused
Type of Industry
industry (Kumar et al., 2009; Kabir, 2013), electronic industry (Lau and Wang, 2009), RSC in
automotive industry (Schultmann et al., 2006; Blanas et al., 2012), publishing industry (Jim Wu manufacturing
and Cheng, 2006), food retail industry (Vijayan et al., 2014), textile industry (Abraham, 2011)
and construction industry (Chileshe et al., 2016). Case study conducted of RSC for different
industry
organisations include case studies in manufacturing sector (Bouzon et al., 2015; Govindan
et al., 2015). Lead recovery from batteries in RSC (Daniel et al., 2003) and E-waste in CLSC
(Golroudbary and Zahraee, 2015). A case study for implementing the corporate sustainability
on remanufacturing of an automotive engine was conducted by Seitz and Wells (2006). 879
Scheduling, planning and controlling of pharmaceutical industry RSC is conducted by Amaro
and Barbosa P
ovoa (2008). A case study was conducted by Cline et al., (2015) in the carpet
manufacturing industry for recycling of waste carpet.

4.4 Different studies

Reverse SC constitutes several domains and sub-domains which require classification of
some topics under the umbrella of RSC. The topics are, proliferation of products in RSC
(Huang and Su, 2013); Value chain strategy (Jayaraman and Luo, 2007); Business perspectives
(Atasu et al., 2008; Guide et al., 2008; Hsu et al., 2009; Sharma et al., 2010); End-of-life strategies
(Pigosso et al., 2010); Cannibalizes and auction strategy (Atasu et al., 2010; Guide and Li.,


2010); Stakeholders influence (Alvarez-Gil et al., 2007); Supplier section in CLSC (Amin and
Zhang, 2012a); Just-in-time implementation (Chan et al., 2010).
Some authors also study the revenue and information sharing coordination in RL
(Dowlatshahi, 2010; Chen, 2011; Chen and Bell, 2011; Mafakheri and Nasiri, 2013), and also
their bullwhip effect in RSC (Sharma et al., 2006; Pati et al., 2010; Adenso-D
ıaz et al., 2012; Das
and Dutta, 2013; Chatfield and Pritchard, 2013; Dominguez et al., 2014). The Role of Radio
Frequency Identification (RFID) in RSC is studied by Visich et al. (2007), Jayaraman et al.
(2008), and Nativi and Lee (2012); Risk assessment studied by El-Sayed et al. (2010); Service
operations studied by Mollenkopf et al. (2007), and Du and Evans (2008); and Study of
consumer behavior for remanufactured product is studied by Michaud and Llerena (2011).

5. Conclusion and recommendations

Reverse supply chain management is a now a predominant field in research. Over the years, it
has been evident that the success of firms is dependent on the coordination of the firm’s
forward and reverse supply chains. Hence, it is imperative to understand the various aspects,
advantages, enabling and hindering factors of RSC for the growth of any firm. In this regard,
this paper presents a systematic and extensive review of the existing literature on reverse
supply chain management. This paper would serve as a roadmap to the managers who wish
to align their forward and reverse supply chains for overall growth and development. It
provides an in-depth knowledge on RSC to the researchers working in this domain. The

6
8
31 Automove
Manufacturing
Electronics
27 Figure 17.
Logiscs Provider Top five types of
E-waste industry where
research is being
31 focused
IJPPM scholars would be able to identify the areas of RSC which have been already addressed and
70,4 the areas which remain unaddressed. Focused attention on certain aspects of RSC is the call of
the day. With climate change and global warming being the Sword of Damocles to our planet,
it is essential to align the business processes towards sustainability.
This paper presents a systematic literature survey of state-of-the-art papers which was
published in the reputed journal in the area of RSC. Total 204 numbers of papers which were
published in the reputed journals between 2002 and 2017 are reviewed, categorised and
880 analysed to draw the opportunities and future research direction in the area of RSC. Top five
research areas of RSC are identified as reverse supply chain, reverse logistics, closed loop
supply chain, Remanufacturing and Product Recovery system. There are different types of
network designs proposed by researchers but RSC network design with the consideration of
risk will have potential as future research direction. Multi-objective network design is still a
gap which can be considered as a future research. To achieve the optimal solution of the
network, robust method may be needed. Further, modification in network to represent the
real world scenario; utilising the multi-stage stochastic model, modification in non-
deterministic approaches, identifying forecasting technique and considering uncertain
parameters are identified as future research directions. Modification in parameter related to
planning, scheduling, and logistics may be considered as future research direction.
Identifying issues related to reverse logistics, barriers of RSC and success factors of RSC
can be considered as a future research direction. Identifying robust performance evaluation
technique of RSC may be considered as future research direction. Considering the green and
sustainable issues in the perspective of RSC may be taken as future research opportunity.

5.1 Limitations of the study

Although a robust and systematic method has been adopted to develop this literature review
the authors admit that number of limitations exist within the study.
This study uses limited keywords for searching the literature papers in the database. The
quality of searching the literature paper could further be enhanced by using different
keywords in the area of reverse supply chain management. Defining the structure of the
literature and clear boundaries of the study proved to be a large challenge of this paper.
Defining the clear boundary of the scope could enhance the framework of literature. Further,
analysis of the study could further be enhanced by using literature analysis and management
tools such as, Gephi and Sci2 tool.

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About the authors

Kaliyan Mathiyazhagan is currently working as an Associate Professor in the Department of
Mechanical Engineering, Amity University, Noida, UP, India. He did his Ph.D. in the Department of
892 Production Engineering, National Institute of Technology – Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu. In addition to
the Ph.D work, he went to the University of Southern Denmark, Denmark” four months as a visiting
research scholar. He has more than 70 International publications Cumulative impact factor of (SCI/SSCI)
65.71 and one international book chapter in the Taylor and Francis. Recently one of his paper awarded as
Excellence Citation Award by Emerald Publisher Ltd. Kaliyan Mathiyazhagan is the corresponding
author and can be contacted at: madii1984@yahoo.com
Sonu Rajak is working as Assistant Professor in the Department of Mechanical Engineering,
National Institute of Technology Patna - 800005, Bihar, India. He did his Ph.D in the Department of
Production Engineering, National Institute of Technology – Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu. His research
interest is sustainable transportation and Multi Criteria Decision Making (MCDM). He has more than 20
publications in international journals.
Swayam Sampurna Panigrahi is working as an Assistant Professor in Department of Operations
Management, Institute of Public Enterprise, Hyderabad, India and research interest is sustainable
supply chain management. She has more than 10 publications in international journals.
Vernika Agarwal is working as Assistant Professor in Amity International Business School, Amity
University, Noida - 201313, Uttar Pradesh, India. And her research interest is sustainable supplier
collaboration. She did her Ph.D in the Delhi University, Delhi.
Deepa Manani is working as an Assistant Professor in Mechanical Engineering, The Northcap
University, Gurugram – 122017, Haryana, India and her research interest is supply chain management.

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