DOCUMENTATION

Why document?

• Section 4.13 of the Student

Handbook:
• Guidelines on Academic
Honesty, Preparations of Papers
and Other Works: Plagiarism
• All works submitted such as homework,
assignments, papers, examinations and
the like are expected to be the
student's own work. Students should
always take great care to distinguish
their own ideas and knowledge from
information derived from sources.
• Whenever ideas or facts are derived
from a student's reading or research,
the sources must be indicated.
• A student who reiterates or draws on ideas
or facts used in another paper must cite
that other paper as a source in their own
paper.
 Standard Documentation Format

• Chicago (footnote style)

• MLA (author-page style)
• Humanities
• APA (author-date style)
• Social Sciences
• IEEE (number-note style)
• Computer Science and Engineering
 American Psychological Association
(APA 6)

• uses only initials for authors' given names

• does not use quotation marks or angle
brackets
• uses minimal capitalization for titles of
books and articles
• italicizes volume numbers as well as
journal titles
• gives page numbers only for actual
quotations
 In-text Citation
A group of statisticians, for instance, has re-analysed
published data and argued that the compound words
claimed as inventions of one chimpanzee are only the
results of repeated random juxtapositions
(Tannenbaum, Leung, Sudha, & White, 1996).
Even more damagingly, Pinker (1994) summarizes
the skepticism of various original researchers and
observers about whether the signs produced in the
Washoe project were really American Sign Language.
His conclusion is that chimpanzees' abilities at
"anything one would want to call language" (p. 339)
are almost nil. Experiments being conducted by
Zelasko (2006) have so far failed to confirm the
results originally claimed for chimpanzee learning of
compound words.
 Reference
Pinker, S. (1994). The language instinct: How the
mind creates language. New York: Morrow.
Tannenbaum, R. V., Leung, K., Sudha, J. R., &
White, M. A. (1996). A re-examination of the
record: Pitty Sing's creation of compound
words. Journal of Biostatistics, 9, 368-396.
Zelasko, J. (2006). Learning and teaching words:
Guided language acquisition among
chimpanzees. American Psychologist, 57,750-
765. Retrieved September 20, 2009, from
http://www.apa.org/journals/ap57/zelasko.html.
 BOOK: single author

• Dita (2010) indicated that ...

• A recent study (Dita, 2010) showed
that ...
• In a recent study, Dita (2010) showed
that ... Dita also found that ...
(When the author is referred to more than once in
the same paragraph do not include the date in
subsequent references, as long as the work cannot
be confused with others cited.)
 BOOK: single author

Dita, S. N. (2010). A
reference grammar of
Ibanag. Saarbrücken,
Germany: Lambert
Academic Publishing
 BOOKS: two authors

• Smith and Brown (2056) indicated that

• A recent study (Smith & Brown, 2056)
showed that ...
• In a recent study, Smith and Brown
(2056) showed that ... Smith and
Brown also found that ...
 Reference:

Smith, A., & Brown, B. (2056).

Sustainability in practice: Overcoming
energy challenges in the 21st century.
Vancouver, Canada: Northwoods Press.
 BOOK: 3-5 authors

• First citation
Smith, Brown, and Chan (2056) found at
...
• subsequent citations
Smith et al. (2056) found that ...
A recent study (Smith et al., 2056) found
that ...
 Reference:

Smith, A., Brown, B., & Chan,

C. (2056). New formations in
international business. Chicago,IL:
Hoffman.
 Book: six or more authors

Smith et al. (2056) found that ...

A recent study (Smith et al., 2056) found
that ...
(When the work has six or more authors,
cite only the name of the first author
followed by et al. and the date, both
the first time the work is cited and in
subsequent citations.)
 Reference:

Smith, A., Brown, B., Chan, C., Williams, D.,

Tahatai, M., & Singh, R. (2056). The
decline and fall of the modern
generation. Sydney, Australia: New Media
Press.
Smith, A., Brown, B., Chan, C., Williams, D.,
Tahatai, M., Jones, A., . . . Singh,
R. (2056). The decline and fall of the
modern generation. Sydney,
Australia: New Media Press.
 BOOK: editor as author

Dita, S. (Ed.). (2011)

Trends and issues in
Applied Linguistics in
the Philippines: A
decade in retrospect.
Manila, The Philippines:
Anvil.
 Book: multiple chapter

Dita(2011) opines that …

Dita, S. N. (2011). The grammar and
semantics of adverbial disjuncts in
Philippine English. In M.L.S. Bautista
(Ed.), Studies of Philippine English
(pp. 33-50). Manila, The Philippines:
Anvil.
 Book, multiple works
by same author

Dita, S. N. (2010). A reference grammar

of Ibanag. Saarbrücken, Germany:
Lambert Academic Publishing.
Dita, S. N. (Ed.) (2011). Issues and…
Dita, S. N & Dayag, D. (2012) ...
Dita, S. N. & Roxas, R.E.O. (2009a) ...
Dita, S. N. & Roxas, R.E.O. (2009b) ...
 Book, similar information from
multiple works

Love. . . women (Borlongan, 2025; Dita,

2020; Sanchez, 2022).
Love . . . men (Dita & Borlongan, 2050,
2056).
Love. . . gays (Dita, 2056a, 2056b).
 Book, one source quoted in
another

• In-text citation
Borlongan (2009, as cited in Dita,
2011) argues that. . .
• Reference
Dita, S. N. (2011). Using corpora in
language teaching and linguistic
analysis. Journal of the College of
World Englishes, 14, 19-26.
 eBook

Jones, G. (2036). Coffee: Memoirs of an

addict. Retrieved from netLibrary
database.
Brown, R. (2032). The death of CDs:
impact of the MP3 player.
doi:12.1036/0071393756.
• Author. (Year of publication). Title of
article. Name of Publication,
volume(issue), page numbers.

Dita, S. N. (2009). Conference review:

ACCESS. Asian Englishes, 12(1), 140-
143.
 Journal article, one author

Author. (Year of publication). Title of

article. Name of Publication,
volume(issue), page numbers. doi:DOI
number (if assigned)
Smith, A. (2056). High speed
compression for music downloads.
Journal of Internet Engineering,
10(2), 154-165. doi:12:3456789012
 Journal article

Dita, S. N. (2009). Physical and topical

structure analysis of professional
writing in inner, outer, and expanding
circles of English. TESOL Journal,1, 95-
118.
Dita, S. N. (2009). The metalinguistic
awareness of Filipino bilingual children.
Philippine ESL Journal, 3, 1-37.
 Same year, multiple works

Dita, S. N. (2009a). Physical and topical

structure analysis of professional
writing in inner, outer, and expanding
circles of English. TESOL Journal,1, 95-
118.
Dita, S. N. (2009b). The metalinguistic
awareness of Filipino bilingual children.
Philippine ESL Journal, 3, 1-37.
 Magazine article

Smith, A., & Brown, B. (2056, December

15). Chocolate milk could be key to
longevity. New Research
International, 45(5), 6-7.
 Newspaper article, no author

• In-text citation
"Professor to talk rubbish" (2056) reveals
...
• Reference
Professor to talk rubbish at next Senate
meeting. (2056, December 15). Herald
Tribune, p. A5.
 Newspaper article, one
author

Smith, A. (2056, December

15). Something went wrong in plane
crash, experts say. Herald Tribune, p.
A5.
 Electronic article, periodical
retrieved from database

• With Digital Object Identifier (DOI)

Smith, A., & Brown, B. (2056). Dining
out: A history of restaurant eating in
New Zealand. Journal of New Zealand
Historical Research, 3(5), 110-123.
doi:10.1108/13522750710740855
• Without DOI
Smith, A., & Brown, B. (2056).
Glamorizing domesticity: Narratives of
marriage and motherhood in Desperate
Housewives. Journal of Media
Studies, 25(4), 110-123. Retrieved
from Expanded Academic database.
 Electronic article, Internet
journal article

Smith, A., & Brown, B. (2056). Dining

out: A history of restaurant eating in
New Zealand. Journal of New Zealand
Historical Research, 3(5), 110-123.
Retrieved
from http://www.jnzhr.org.nz/
 no fixed publication date and/or is
likely to change over time:

Smith, A., & Brown, B. (2056). Dining

out: A history of restaurant eating in
New Zealand. Journal of New Zealand
Historical Research, 3(5), 110-123.
Retrieved October 13, 2057,
from http://www.jnzhr.org.nz/
 Conference presentation,
unpublished

Dita, S. N. (2010, December).

Intensifiers in Philippine English. Paper
presented at the 16th International
Association of World Englishes (IAWE)
Conference, Vancouver, Canada.
 Conference paper, online

Dita, S. N. (2008, December).

Disjuncts in Philippine English. Paper
presented at the 14th International
Association of World Englishes (IAWE)
Conference, City University of HK, Hong
Kong, SAR. Retrieved from
http://www.cityu.edu.hk/iawe2008/dita
.html
 Conference paper, published

Dita, S. N. (2010). A morphosyntactic

analysis of the pronominal system of
Philippine languages. In R. Otoguro, K.
Ishikawa, H. Umemoto, K. Yoshimoto. &
Y. Harada (Eds.), Proceedings of the
24th Pacific Asia Conference in
Language, Information & Computation
(pp. 45-59). Tokyo: Waseda University
Press.
 Thesis or dissertation

Dita, S. N. (2007). A reference grammar

of Ibanag. Unpublished doctoral
dissertation, De La Salle University.

Gonzalez, Andrew, FSC. (1970).

Pampangan: Toward a meaning-based
description. Ph.D. dissertation,
University of California at Berkeley.
 Personal communication,
email or interview

• In-text citation
Schneider (personal communication, June
12, 2010) believes that the risks...
The risks are greater before dawn (E.
Schneider, personal communication,
June 12, 2010).
• Reference
IT DOES N OT APPEAR!!
 Electronic source, Web page

Smith, A., & Brown, B. (2056).

Independent public toilet user survey.
Retrieved from
http://www.timbucktwo.edu/gvu/users
urveys/toiletsurvey/
 Electronic source, organization

• First in-text citation

... as a recent study has shown (Department of
Education [DepEd], 2010).
• Subsequent in-text citations
(DepEd, 2056).
• Reference
Department of Education (2010). DepEd:
Your partner in education. Retrieved
from http://www.deped.org.ph/
 Exercise. . .

Gonzalez, Andrew. (2000). Successful

language teaching in Southeast Asia:
The Philippine experience (1898-1946).
Philippine journal of Linguistics, 31(1),
1-9.
 Exercise. . .

Hundt, Marianne. (2006). The

committee has/have decided…: on
concord patterns with collective nouns
in inner- and outer-circle varieties of
English. Journal of English Linguistics
34(3), 206-232.
 Exercise. . .

Schneider, Edgar W. (2005). The

Subjunctive in Philippine English.
In D.T. Dayag & J. S. Quakenbush
(eds.), Linguistics and language
education in the Philippines and
beyond: a festschrift in honor of
Ma. Lourdes S. Bautista, (pp. 27-
40). Manila, the Philippines:
Linguistic Society of the
Philippines.