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    Level-2 (I.a.S 2.4) Trigonometry Relationships p.1-25

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    Year 12 Mathematics IAS 2.4 Trigonometric Relationships Robert Lakeland & Carl flugent Contents . Achievement Standard Became 2 . Circular Measure re 3 Are Length and the Area of a Sector. oh 7 . Area of a Triangle and Segment .......00.20:e.:0800+ 12 ‘Sine Rule Fm , ND Cosine Rule . ia ete as fa . Applications using the Sine and Cosine Rules ........2.e.se0++ 28 . Practical Trigonometry Involving Bearings... c= ca» omg . Practice Internal Assessment 1 ..... Th. eae 36 . Practice Internal Assessment 2 < 5 40 . Practice Internal Assessment 3 4B Answers 48 2 IAS 2.4 - Trigonometric Relationships NCEA 2 Internal Achievement Standard 2.4 - Trigonometric Relationships This achievement standard involves applying trigonometric relationships in solving problems. Achievement ‘Achievement with Merit Achievement with Excellence + Apply trigonometric + Apply trigonometric * Apply trigonometric relationships in solving relationships, using relational __ relationships, using extended problems, thinking, in solving abstract thinking, in solving problems. problems. This achievement standard is derived from Level 7 of The New Zealand Curriculum, and is related to the achievement objective: apply trigonometric relationships, including the sine and cosine rules, in two and three dimensions. ¢ Apply trigonometric relationships in solving problems involves: selecting and using methods demonstrating knowledge of trigonometric concepts and terms communicating using appropriate representations. @ Relational thinking involves one or more of: selecting and carrying out a logical sequence of steps connecting different concepts or representations % demonstrating understanding of concepts % forming and using a model; and also relating findings to a context, or communicating thinking using appropriate mathematical statements, Extended abstract thinking involves one or more of: % devising a strategy to investigate or solve a problem identifying relevant concepts in context % developing a chain of logical reasoning, or proof % forming a generalisation; and also using correct mathematical statements, or communicating mathematical insight. © Problems are situations that provide opportunities to apply knowledge or understanding of ‘mathematical concepts and methods. Situations will be set in real-life or mathematical contexts. Methods include a selection from those related to: % length of an are of a circle area of asector of a circle sine rule # cosine rule area ofa triangle. Zincalume -~7-»\ 13.5 m IAS 24 - Year 12 Mathematics and Statist Published by NuLake Ltd New Zealand © Robert Lakeland & Carl Nugent IAS 2.4 - Trigonometric Relationships Circular Measure Radians ‘The convention to divide a circle into 360° appears to have been used from about 140 BC. It probably began from dividing the 12 signs of the zodiac into smaller parts. A cycle of the seasons. of approximately 360 days could be made to correspond to the 12 signs of the zodiac. As convenient as this is, it does not give a ‘mathematical basis for degrees. Senior mathematics usually does not use degrees but defines another measure for angles called radians. Radians at first appear clumsy (there are 6.2832 radians in a circle) but they make the solving of many trigonometric problems, and in particular calculus, easier. A radian is defined as that angle whose arc is the same length as the radius of the arc. eS An angle of one radian forms an arc length equal in length to | the radius of the F—" sector. = one radian A full cicle has an arc length of 2nr and a radius of + 50 the number of radians in a circle is 2& or 2 ‘There are 2n or approximately 6.2832 radians in a circle so 2nradians = 360° approximately 6.2832 radians = 360° t) : 360 Tradian = g3605 =573" (1dp) ‘The symbol = means equivalent to. It is used when two quantities are the same but with different units. Degrees to radian conversion is also covered | in the Graphical Models Achievement Standard. If you have already done this there is no need to repeat it. Conversions Degrees to Radians We use the exact conversion: = 360° = 180° to convert from degrees to radians and vice versa. 2n rad. or mrad. To convert 0 degrees to radians all we have to find is what fraction of 180° it is and multiply by n. Angle in radians = 95% ‘You can use the fraction button ‘on your calculator to simplify this fraction quickly. Radians to Degrees To convert 6 radians to degrees we divide by and multiply by 180. Angle in degrees = 9180 If you are given an angle in radians which includes the symbol n (e.g. §) it i to convert it to degrees by just replacing, the rm symbol with 180° (See the Example on the next page). Example Convert the angles in degrees to radians. a) 714 b) 135° leaving your answer in terms of r IAS 24 ~ Year 12 Mathematics and Statistics - Published by NuLake Ltd New Zealand © Robert Lakeland & Carl Nugent 4 IAS 2.4 - Trigonometric Relationships radians to degrees, €:| =710° (dp) b) Although the formula still works itis easier just to replace rin the question with 180° and simplify (See Bright Idea on the previous page). 180 y - 22180 Zee oR a= 254 ie =120" OR 0 = 120° & Merit - Convert the following angle measures as indicated. Convert these degrees to radians 1 Le 2 45 3. 2032" 360" 548 6 246" Tie § S73 8. 1034" Convert these degrees to radians and leave your answer in terms ofr. 9. 90° 10. 180° n. 30" 12,15} IAS 24 ~ Year 12 Mathematics and Statistics ~ Publis .d by NuLake Ltd New Zealand © Robert Lakeland & Carl Nugent IAS 2.4 - Trigonometric Relationships 5 4. 210° 15. 60" 16. 75° 7 18. 135° 19. 520" 20. 840° Convert these radians to degrees. 21 2rad. 22, 0.541 rad. 23, 2.094 rad. 24, “1.24 rad. 25, 4.102 rad. 26. 6.021 rad. 27, 8208 rad. 28. 15.65 rad. 29. x rad. 30. F rad 31. F rad. a2 F 33. rad. = 36. 3 rad. 7 4a on 37. . 3 AT rad. . on rad. 3a, 4 40, Th rad 1AS 24 ~ Year 12 Mathematics and Statistics ~ Published by NuLake Ltd New Zealand © Robert Lakeland & Carl Nugent 41. A car has a weak spot on one of its tyres. It will eventually fail and you are to explore how many times the weak spot isin contact with the road. ‘The caris travelling at an average speed of 90 km/h and each wheel is 37 cm in radius. You will need to consider the following: ‘+ the speed of the car in m/s + the distance travelled by the car in one revolution of the wheel + the number of revolutions of the wheel in ‘one second, ‘The car is being driven from Napier to Wellington which will take 3.75 hours. How many times do you expect the weak spot to be in contact with the road? Make sure you explain each step of your working when solving this problem. IAS 2.4 - Trigonometric Relationships 42. Asolid cylinder (radius 652 mm) has a wedge of 51.0" cut out of it so it sort of looks similar to a Pac-man. ‘The cylinder is 0.845 m in depth. ‘The side surface area (ignoring both ends) is to be covered in expensive gold foil. You will need to ‘+ find the green angle A in radians ‘+ find the arc length of the green circular sector + the total distance around the green circular sector + the area of the gold fot The foil costs $75 a square metre. What is the estimated cost of the foil required? Make sure you explain each step of your working when solving this problem. IAS 24 - Year 12 Mathematics and Statistics - Published by NuLake Ltd New Zealand © Robert Lakeland & Carl Nugent IAS 2.4 - Trigonometric Relationships 7 Arc Length and the Area of a Sector Arc Length ‘One radian is defined as that angle whose arc is the same length as the radius of the arc. are Angle 0= radius The angle must be measured in radians for this formula to be correct. radius F 1=01 provided 0s in radians. Area of a Sector Assector is a part of a circle. By finding the ratio of the sector's angle to that of a full circle we can find the r area ofthesector, | ‘There are 2n radians or 360° in a circle. If@iis in radians. Proportion of the circle = Area of a sector = = tor If is in degrees itis easier to convert the angle to radians and that way you only need one formula. For comparison purposes the formula in degrees is 0 Proportion of the circle = 3p5 Area ofa sector = 385 xr? IAS 24 ~ Year 12 Mathematics and Statistics - Published by NuLake Ltd New Zealand © Robert Lakeland & Carl Nugent 8 IAS 2.4 - Trigonometric Relationships z ey i Example £\\ Example aaa Find the length of the ; Find the angle arc from an angle of subtended by an arc 72.8" at a radius of { of 345 cm at a radius 125m. J of L47 em 125m Ta7em =6r We convert 72." to radians 345 = 02147 Grad. = Zar 0=235 radians sf) 2706 If you need the answer in degrees you would now convert it then r = 1.2706 «125 GsA) Example Example Find the area of the sector Find the area of the sector when when the angle at the centre the angle at the centre is 49.8" i 0.87 radians and the radius and the radius is 12.6 em. is 12.6em. 12.6em 12.6cm Area of the sector = 01" ‘Area of the sector = 50" = doar 26 Lovsesr 1264 = 69.1 cm? (3 sf) 69.0 cm? (3 sf) 2 erm 43, Find the length of the 1 44, Find the angle in the are. sector. Give your answer in degrees and radians. IAS 24 - Year 12 Mathematics and Statistics - Published by NuLake Ltd New Zealand © Robert Lakeland & Carl Nugent IAS 2.4 - Trigonometric Relationships 45. Calculate the length ofthe arc a, 47. Find the arc length and the area of, the sector. 49, Calculate the perimeter of the sector 125m 51. Find the area of the sector. ‘ 345mm, 9 46, Find the angle B of the sector in radians pec and degrees. 9.70em 48, Find the are length and the area of 5 the sector. pall 253 50. Calculate the radius r of the sector which has an area of 201.1 m® r 52, Find the arc length and the area of the sector, 145m TAS 24 ~ Year 12 Mathematics and Statistics ~ Published by NuLake Ltd New Zealand © Robert Lakeland & Carl Nugent 10 53. Acar windscreen wiper sweeps through an angle of. ss 155°. —= Ti What is 155° in radians? ‘The blade runs from 0.12 m to 0.68 m from the centre, what is the area that the blade cleans? a) b) 55. Ata school athletics sports day a sector is ‘marked off for the discus throw: a) Calculate the area of the sector for the discus throw. IAS 2.4 - Trigonometric Relationships 54, Find the area of the sector when the external angle is 103.1" and the radius is 55 mm. A 103.1" b) The entire outside of the sector is marked off with rope. What length of rope is required for the perimeter of the discus sector (to the nearest metre)? ©) At10 m intervals from the throwing point four additional lengths of rope have been laid ‘on the ground. What is the total additional length of rope used for these four arcs? IAS 24 ~ Year 12 Mathematics and Statistics - Published by NuLake Ltd New Zealand © Robert Lakeland & Carl Nugent IAS 24 - Trigonometric Relationships 11 a Excellence ~ Solve these more complex problems explaining what you are doing at each step. 56. Aconical hat is ‘made by cutting a sector from a circle of card and joining the edges. The hat has a slant height of 32 cm and the resulting hat has a diameter of 22 cm. Find the angle of the sector cut from the circle and the area of the resulting hat. J / Slant height a2em cm Note: Not drawn to scale. 2emin — diameter 57. Ata sideshow at an A & P Show there is a modified dart board with four sections shaded green, ‘The sideshow offers a $100 prize if one dart (costing [a $2) lands in any of the four green sections. You want to find the probability that by chance a dart could land in a winning area. ‘The dart board has a radius of 312 mm and an area of 305 800 mm* (4 sf). Aclose up of one of the sectors gives you the following dimensions. I The inner green section (off A which two are green) goes. | from 132 mm to 143 mm \ while the outer section (of which two are green) goes |_| from 212 mm to 223 mm. \ [143mm ‘You will need to consider: \ J |/132.mm + the angular measure of 4 each wedge ae + the area ofthe two inner and outer green sections ‘+ the ratio of the winning area to the total board area in deciding whether this game offers a good random chance of winning. JAS 24 - Year 12 Mathematics and Statistics ~ Published by NuLake Ltd New Zealand © Robert Lakeland & Carl Nugent 12 IAS 2.4 - Trigonometric Relationships Area of a Triangle and Segment Area of a Triangle ‘The area of a triangle is given by Area = Fbase «height ——— base —— ‘This formula is of limited use in that we must know the length of the base and the vertical height of the triangle. ‘A non-right-angled triangle is labelled so that each side has the lowercase letter of its opposite angle. B c b A ‘The vertical height is now given by height =asinC Substituting this in the formula above gives Arment: Zdxasinc 1 or Fabsinc ‘The area of any triangle ABC B a < iG > A is given by the formula = dabsiny Area = Sabsin€ where a and b are the lengths of two adjacent sides and Cis the angle between them. IAS 244 ~ Year 12 Mathematics and Stat Labelling of Non-Right- Angled Triangles Asa non-right-angled triangle has no obvious starting point for labelling the angles and sides we label the angles A, B and C and the sides opposite each angle with the corresponding lowercase letter. A Label the “ three angles A, Band Cin any order, Now label the ‘opposite side b toeach angle with the corresponding ; lowercase letter. ‘s ~ Published by NuLake Ltd New Zealand © Robert Lakeland & Carl Nugent IAS 2.4 - Trigonometric Relationships rn We have already found the formula for the area of a sector is 1 Area = 51°0 r Sector ‘A segment is the part of a sector left over when the triangle formed by the radii is removed. © Segment ‘The area of the triangle removed is half the product of the two adjacent sides times the sine of the angle between them. Area A = $r°sin 8 Therefore the area of a segment is the difference between these two areas. ‘Area seg. = area sector ~ area of triangle = fr0—Fr'sin@ = }1'(0 — sin0) provided 8 isin radians. r Segment 13 z +3 = \\ Example This isosceles triangle has an area of 5.58 metr We label the triangle so the angle is labelled C and use the area formula. ee Area = JabsinC Sines 558 = }x’sin705 5.58 = 0.47137 x =3.44 m (Bsf z £\\ Example Find the area of the shaded segment. 465 em\ says wy 4.65 cm We convert 100” to radians and find the difference between the sector and the triangle. Angle = 1.745 radians ‘Change your calculator to radians. ‘Area = area sector —area of triangle Area = 31°(0 ~ sind) Area = 0.5 x 4.657 (1.745 — sin (1.745)) Area=822em? sf) You can switch your calculator to work in degrees or radians. It is important that you have the correct angle measure selected. Using your TI-84 Plus Select MODE and then with cursor buttons select the angle measure you tt jroogl ~~ Using your Casio 9750GII On the Casio 9750GII you need to go to the SETUP menu and then select radians etc. SETUP Rad eae cs) IAS 24 ~ Year 12 Mathematics and Statistics ~ Published by NuLake Ltd New Zealand © Robert Lakeland & Carl Nugent 14 IAS 2.4 - Trigonometric Relationships ks, Achievement - Find the area of the following. 58 2 120m 8.0 m 61, Find the area of the triangle. w27.am ea 2x BL-Tx 26-3 x sin B31" = 426 - 81m? 63. Find the area of the triangle. 386 m TW 314m 2 (B86) IAD Csin 14-2D BIATE = 44 * 65. A pane of glass is to be cut for a triangular framed window. Using the diagram of the window, calculate the required area of glass. (r C2D (B-AWsin LEPZ™ DNA mM 3.9m Wan Wo C301) (sin 65°) = 100 -\S m*> ‘fai 62. Find the area of the triangle. 9.0m 8.0m Car) Csin ge ™ 2Zh-82Bwi 64, Find the area of the triangle. 66. A plane searching for a disabled yacht is covering a triangular area 0f 527 km’ Find the missing length of the triangular shaped search area SU kw? + 27.50m “a 2 kn a /386 Gs-2)C sins) £4 IAS 24 ~ Year 12 Mathematics and Statistics - Published by NuLake Ltd New Zealand © Robert Lakeland & Carl Nugent IAS 2.4 - Trigonometric Relationships 15 & Achievement / Merit ~ Solve these trigonometry problems. Explain each step of your solution, 67. Calculate the following areas. 68, The segment has an area of 46.1 cm?, The angle is, 1.25 radians. Find the radius of the sector. a) The whole sector. b) The triangle JKO. ©) Thesegment. oom 69, Find the area of this figure. 70. Find the angle AOB in It isa circle with a segment degees for the sector. removed, r = 8.65 cm. ¥=6mm, Area = 12 mm’ 71. Atriangular patio with lengths 122m and 72, Ashape is made 147 m with an included angle of 84.6" is to be paved. The pavers used for the paving each measure 20cm x 10cm. The paving stones cost $9.50 each and an additional 10% are purchased to allow for wastage and breakage. cana i Find the area of Calculate the total cost to pave the patio area. the shape Show ALL working and explain each step of ‘your calculations. from four identical sectors of radius 64mm. The distance along the two chords is also IAS 24 ~ Year 12 Mathematics and Statistics - Published by NuLake Ltd New Zealand © Robert Lakeland & Carl Nugent 16 IAS 2.4 - Trigonometric Relationships as Excellence ~ Solve the following problems explaining each step of your solution. 73, Find the size of 74, ‘The shape has a angle G. =e. vertical axis retwo 745m Kasem —ofsymmetry. — [ There are to Find the area of the\, possible answers. shaded section, A= 6-240m* TA Sem BAScon>!|2* SinG= 2\- 41625 xSnG = & ort 623 =3\-4 7625 = Avs = sin! = We 42° herne ver “T40° E Wee 2 = \65-S8° 75. Acircle has a 76mm 76. A regular octagon is segment cut off the inscribed in a circle, top and bottom. The What percentage chord is 78 mm and of the circle’s area the circle is 124 mm is occupied by the in diameter. Find ‘octagon? the area remaining. IAS 2 - Year 12 Mathematics and Statistics ~ Published by NuLake Ltd New Zealand © Robert Lakeland & Carl Nugent IAS 24 - Trigonometric Relationships Sine Rule Deriving the Sine Rule ‘The angles of a non-right-angled triangle are labelled with uppercase letters and each angle’s opposite side with the corresponding lowercase letter. B c ‘To derive the sine rule an altitude is temporarily constructed to one of the sides. B From triangle BCX we find that sinc=h h=asin€ and from triangle ABX we get sina= 1 hecsind Therefore asinC =csin A or SHA = aac {A similar approach is used to extend the relation toside b and sin B. b ving, ‘sinB ~ sin a 17 The Sine Rule Formula al tostb ac sin A ~ SinB~ SinC where a, b and c are the lengths of the three sides and A, B and C are the angles opposite each of the corresponding sides. TThe sine rule can be expressed in two forms, ‘The form below is useful when we are required to calculate an angle. sin A a > c Only two of the three parts of these formulae are ever used to solve a single problem. Itis easier if we always represent our unknown with the letter a or if the unknown is an angle, the letter A. For example, to calculate xin this triangle we start by labelling side x asa. 34mm We then label its opposite angle ‘Aand the known sidebandits 34mm. x angle B, 6 a It does not matter how we label the other sides as long as we have sides opposite their corresponding angle. You can use your graphics calculator for sine and cosine rule problems by entering the problem in the solver and getting the calculator to solve for the unknown. IAS 24 ~ Year 12 Mathematics and Statistics - Published by NuLake Ltd New Zealand © Robert Lakeland & Carl Nugent 18 Z fe ¥i Example Use the sine rule to find the side length x. Le 0.882. m The angles of the triangle are labelled with uppercase letters and opposite sides with. lowercase letters 0,882 m b B ax We need to find side a, so we write down that part of the formula, aa nA ‘The rest of the expression is found by checking if we are given b and angle B or c and angle C. a b Sin A = sinB We now substitute in this expression and solve forx. 0.882 = sin 263 0.882 5 = eSB, «sin 1054 0.882 x sin 105.4 u sin 263 =192m @sf) Fee serenity 77. Calculate the length x. 2 416 mm IAS 24 - Trigonometric Relationships ramp Use the sine rule to find angle G. 26.7 em (e The triangle is labelled A, B, C, a, b and c. A c The unknown, is labelled Aand its opposite side aete. B ‘The required angle is A so we write down that part of the formula using the form with the angle on the top. sin A @ ‘The rest of the expression is found by checking if we are given b and angle B or ¢ and angle C. sinA _sinB deta We now substitute in this expression and solve for angle G. sinG _ sins87 ay $6 267 = SB85Z 267 sin357,.267 sing = 90537,267 G =698" GBsf) G 78. Calculate the distance between, Ganda. 156.2 kt —\ IAS 244 - Year 12 Mathematics and Statistics ~ Published by NuLake Ltd New Zealand © Robert Lakeland & Carl Nugent TAS 2.4 - Trigonometric Relationships 19 1. si. 7 93cm > 82. In the diagram below two boats are shown 83 A cycle race comprises a triangular course as offshore from a lighthouse. Calculate the drawn below. By calculating the lengths x and distance x, between the two boats. y of the triangle, find the total distance of the 4 course. 84, The diagram below shows the roof line of a building. ©) Ifthe sheets of zincalume to be fitted to the roof are 0.9 m wide and the width of the roof is to be 13.5 m, how many sheet widths of Zincalume will be needed to cover both the x and y sides? o4m 4) The cost of the zincalume is $16.95 per linear ‘metre. Calculate the cost to use zincalume to cover the roof, Assume no overhang at the top orbottom. IAS 24 ~ Year 12 Mathematics and Statistics - Published by NuLake Ltd New Zealand © Robert Lakeland & Carl Nugent 20 IAS 2.4 - Trigonometric Relationships. &, Achievement — Use the sine rule to solve the following problems, 6. #7. ; 7m 9.8mm Ak e ae ramm iy > 2m Oo 88. Calculate 89. Calculate the angles M and N. amie 290m 2imm 217 mm ; 90. A yacht course is represented in the diagram 91. Calculate the angles X and Y and the length y in below. From the start to the first mark is a this triangle. distance of 3.4 km, and from the first to the second mark is a distance of 2.5 km. Find the oon 37m angle D and the distance x, from mark 2 to the ‘ finish. Mark Finish IAS 24 - Year 12 Mathematics and Statistics - Published by NuLake Ltd New Zealand © Robert Lakeland & Carl Nugent IAS 2.4 - Trigonometric Relationships & Merit - Use the sine rule to solve the following problems. 92 Calculate the sides 2 pand q. q 124m 94. Find the angles 201m G then H of this triangle. 143 199m a 96. Analuminium window is to be constructed for an alteration to a building. The builder, who knows his trigonometry well, measures just two sides and one angle of the window. See the diagram below. 570m Lat] ‘To have the window constructed he must, supply all measurements (angles and length) to the manufacturer. y

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