walkemaths CONTENTS Glossary 3 4 Revision of trigonometric functions 5 Radians. oa 6 Trigonometric functions 9) Features associated with periodic functions... eo The basic trigonometric functions... 1 Exact values for trigonometric functions: special triangles 12 Another way of viewing trigonometric functions 13 Transformations of trigonometric functions. 18 Translations 19 Enlargements : ene maeeeo0) Putting it all together 36 Using a graphics calculator to draw trigonometric graphs.....n..44 Trigonometric identi 46 Reciprocal trigonometric functions and identities... 4% Hints for proving identities 48 Two more trigonometric identities and simple proofs 49 The Pythagorean identities..... = 53 Mixing it Up nn - 57 ‘Angle sums and differences 61 Double angles “6 Sums and products. see 9 Trigonometric equations. 1 Formulae for general solutions a Basic equations... 8 Rearrangements of general solutions 8 Solving trigonometric equations by factorising 101 Using a graphics calculator to solve trigonometric equations ....... 109 Putting it together. 112 Practice tasks : 120 Answers 12633 TRIGONOMETRY OK Revision of trigonometric functions You will have learned about three trigonometric functions: sin x (sine) cos x (cosine) and tan x (tangent) f(x) or y = sin x Ina right-angled triangle, sin x = -SPPostte _ hypotenuse f(x) or y = cos x " Bpeetrofarciad istancisy cospe= oe oon wy opposite hypotenuse pects nae opposite ‘adjacent Ina right-angled triangle, tan x = SSPE You should also be familiar with the behaviour of sine and cosine functions for angles less than 0° and greater than 90°. fx) = sin x: fo =isinbo q ost f(x) = cos x: a) j These are known as periodic functions. Instead of measuring angles in degrees, you will be measuring them in radians. Ise oracs7042s728 pyoTO#OPHNG OFS NE RESTITED UNDER LA 5walkemaths __ O< Radians One radian = the angle formed in a sector with an arc length that is the same as the radius. One radian is approximately 57.3°. The length of the radius doesn’t make any difference to the angle size: . | Make sure you know how to switch your calculator between degrees and radians. To convert between radians and degrees: 1 radian r 360° circumference of the circle r ar aan 2x +. 2x radians = 360° a radians Example: Convert 45° to radians. ene 45° = xxi ae 4 eee) 180° = x radians. your starting point. It is often convenient to = 0.7854 or = ite angles in terms of =. 4 ee Example: Convert = (radians) to degrees. i x radians = 180° Whenever you see an angle ee which includes x, that angle Je Rg x 100 “will be in radians. = 120° Example: Convert 7 (radians) to degrees. radians = 180° | :. 7 radians = 180° x — =a *3.3 TRIGONOMETRY Convert the following angles from degrees to radians. soe me 2 Ee 22 ce sae eS me, 26° = 8 P= 9 10 114°= Complete the following diagrams, leaving x in your answers. " Seo recsrocasra8 _morocoPyNG OF TMs AGE AESTRICTEDUNOER LAW 7walkemaths____——— Convert the following angles from radians to degrees. (a he 1s =-—_____ 16 0.3n= : 7 oe oe 1e He 19g me ee ee eg 20) a = ae a eee hea Use your calculator to find the following sines, cosines and tangents of angles. Make sur switch your calculator to radians and use brackets when there are fractions. 234s 24g castx = ee 25 tan 26 eee 2 27 cose 28 ieee" 29 30 Sx 4x 31 or 32 sin -UN ee 33. cos (0.7) = —___ 34 sin3.9= n rcrcaeme OFS HES RESTRCEDUNOEN LA RTE33 TRIGONOMETRY Od Trigonometric functions Features associated with periodic functions Periodic functions = x, fle) = cos x and f(x) = tan xare all p functions. ‘* Periodic functions repeat the same pattern indefinitely. Cycle = one complete pattern, with no repetition. : 2n Frequency = the number of cycles in 2x radians = 53.5 TRIGONOMETRY O< Trigonometric functions Features associated with periodic functions Periodic functions * f(x) = sin x, flx) = cos x and f(x) = tan x are all periodic functions. * Periodic functions repeat the same pattern indefinitely. Cycle = one complete pattern, with no repetition. : peered On Frequency = the number of cycles in 2m radians = 55 SS 97e057045728 _ MOTOCOPING OF TH LG SRESTRCTED LNOERLAN ’beh J walkemaths 10 1 & y “oh Pa ae ok a 2 2 2 Period = ______ Frequency = ‘Amplitude = — 2 Period = _____ Frequency = _______ Amplitude = ____— 3 Period = ______ Frequency = ____ Amplitude = _____— 4 Frequency = _______ Amplitude = _______ Periodwalkemaths. Exact values for trigonometric functions: special triangles Trigonometric functions for most angles do not have exact values. Your calculator gives you these values to many decimal places, and it is usual to round these to 4 decimal places. For example: cos 0.6 = 0.825335614... = 0.8253 (4 dp) Using special triangles, it is possible to write exact values for some angles. Exact values must be able to be written as fractions made up of whole numbers and/ or surds (roots of whole numbers) For * or 45°), use an isosceles right-angled triangle with equal sides 1 unit long: Using this triangle: By Pythagoras age 4° v2 costa UES 4 v2 x tanf=1 Fors and or 30° and 60°), use half an equilateral triangle with sides 2 units long: By Pythagoras Using this triangle: vB3.3 TRIGONOMETRY Another way of viewing trigonometric functions * Its often convenient to view trigonometric functions in terms of quadrants: { | 1 ie a i} First quadrant Second quadrant | Third quadrant —__ Fourth quadrant — * Itis also useful to be aware of the signs of each trigonometric function in each quadrant. 88) Fist quadrant Second quadrant. Third quadrant Fourth quadrant 2 Cosine nagativ Tangent negative All postive ‘This approach makes it easy to find other functions when told the value of one. Oor2x Sine negative Cosine negative Tangent positive _/ Sine negative Cosine positive Tangent negative Sse srarroczstau_ puoro#aPANG OF MS PNG RESTRICTED UNDER LAW 3walkemaths Examples: 1a Hsin @=> and0< 0 <2r, find all possible values for 6. Sin @ is positive in the first and second quadrants. 2 2 2 2 x A B Dor an 3 3s = 3 - on ee or a Note: You could also do this using a graph: 10) First Third quadrant eI for exact values, leave root signs in your answer. | : The quadrant approach allows you to calculate the values for any trigonometric function, but doing it on a graph does not.5.5 TRIGONOMETRY 2 Iftan@ and 0 < @< 2x, find the values of sin @ and cos 6. Tan @ is negative in the second and fourth quadrants. VPP Doran or sing= 3 8 cos @ 3 Answer the following questions. 1 a Ifeosa= } and 0 < 6 < 2r, find all possible values for 0. ate z = By : 3 & 2 b Find exact values of sin @ and tan 6. no= VB n= VE 2S 2 a Iftan @=1 and 0 < 6 < 2x, find all possible values for 6. a =m : ce . Pe | eal ora ST Oorax a ‘son ovas704asr28 poTo#OPHNG OF Ms GES RESTRICTED DER LA 15walkermaths b Find exact values of sin 6 and cos @. 3 b Find exact values of sin @and tan 6. a Zc = +e Oe aeons ton O@= —JB x 4 a Iftan@=- and < @< 2x, find all possible values for 6. b Find exact values sin @ and cos @. Su@e =) wosOs ve ce a 5 cos = $ and0 < 6 < 2x, find exact values for sin @and tan 84 3.3 TRIGONOMETRY 6 and 0 < @ < 2a, find exact values for cos @ and tan 6. SE 7 Iftan@= 1.5 and 0 < @< 2n, find exact values for cos @ and tan 0. 8 Hsin = and0 < @ < 2x, find exact values for cos and tan 0 9 Ifcos @=-0.6 and 0 < @< 2x, find exact values for sin @ and tan 8. ‘spuo7e0x70105728 _PHOTOCOPING OFTHE PGE RESTITED UNDER LA ”33 TRIGONOMETRY 4 and 0 < @< 2r, find exact values for cos @ and tan 6. 7 Iftan@= 1.5 and0< @< 2n, find exact values for cos @ and tan 6. 8 Hsin 0=- and0 < 0 < 2x find exact values for cos @and tan 0 9 Ifcos @=-0.6 and 0 < @ < 2n, find exact values for sin @ and tan 6. Ison oveorr04as728 pHOTODPHNG OFS PNG RESTETED UNDER LA ”walkernaths__ Transformations of trigonometric functions * You need to be able to transform sine and cosine graphs. © Transformations include: — translations — vertical, horizontal and combinations of these enlargements — vertical, horizontal and combinations of these combinations of translations and enlargements. In general: Vertical enlargement Horizontal enlargement a= amplitude b = frequency = Max— min 2n 2 period a>t= 1 stretched Ibl>1=>- >< shortened O += shift up f d= shift down I 833 TRIGONOMETRY Translations 1 Vertical translations: f(x) = sin x + d or f(x) = cos x +d * Avertical translation shifts the graph up or down. * It does not change the shape. * You can shift a graph up by adding a number to the function or down by subtracting a number from a function. = Maximum value of function + minimum value of function 2 Examples: Ice-overrocaszas _rYovo9PH OF Ms PNG RESTRICTED UNDER LAN ”20 walkemaths. Draw the following graphs. 1 fix) =cosx+05 fix) * = ® On 2 2 2 f(x) = sin x-0.6 &) * + x ra an 2 2 2 : 3 f(x) =cosx-26 fly) Paeea ae 4 sgertntes 2 z = 23.3 TRIGONOMETRY 2 Horizontal translations: f(x) = sin (x + c) or f(x) = cos (x + c) * Ahorizontal translation shifts the graph left or right. * Itdoes not change the shape. * You can shift a graph left by adding a number to the x term or right by subtracting a number from the x term. Examples: Notice that f(x) = sin 6-35 would produce an identical graph lemceraourocasrae _myovoogrNG OF 4s MEE RESTRETED WOER LA awalkemaths Draw the following graphs. Sn 1 fW) = sin «- 5%) < | fe X 2 : HE EEE Eee ft ce Bs. 2n 2 2 fi x 2 233 TRIGONOMETRY 3 Combinations of translations a Drawing combinations of translations caneee |, Se 1 f(x) = cos (x+x)+1 Draw the function f(x) = cos x and translate every point left by = and up 1. co fx) = cos (x +x) #4 2 fix) = sin c= 4) - 1.5145 = down 15 | Draw the function f(x) = sin x and translate every point right by a and down 1.5. i errs, A009 = six = ft Nt 4 ‘sa sracivoaasrg proCoP/mG OF Ms GE RESTRICTED UNDER LA 2Bwalkemaths b Writing equations for combinations of translations Example 1: For a sine curve Step 1: Calculate the value of d mi um value of function + minimum value of function 2 Draw the horizontal axis of the function FTG Ena the function 7 Meximum value of funtion = 1.5 154605) +05) wos nimum vale of function = -0:5 d=+0.5 Step 2: Calculate the value of c ¢ = horizontal distance between the f(x) axis and an increasing midpoint on the function Increasing midpoint onthe function a al ie = - 3%, so fon = sin (x-24) +05 Bae. Don't forget that horizontal translations take the opposite sign of the directi es PTOCOPMNGOF HS NES ESTRITEDINOER LAM,33 TRIGONOMETRY An alternative value for ¢ Increasing midpoint onthe function . ul = aoe << Horizontal ais = d= 0.5 4x 4x’ = +4 s0 fix) =sin [x + 42) +05 Example 2: For a cosine curve Step 1: Calculate the value of d q = Maximum value of function + minimum value of function 2 Draw the horizontal axis of the function. Maximum value of function = -0.8 maxiewue value iim vl dat ‘sixe-svecz125728 PHOTOOQPNOFTHS PES RESTRTED OER AM 3