The flavor transition process b → sγ in the U (1)X SSM with the

mass insertion approximation

Xin-Xin Long1,2,3 , Shu-Min Zhao1,2,3∗ , Xi Wang1,2,3 , Yi-Tong Wang1,2,3 ,

Tong-Tong Wang1,2,3 , Jian-Bin Chen4 , Hai-Bin Zhang1,2,3 , Tai-Fu Feng1,2,3,5
1
Department of Physics, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
arXiv:2212.14211v2 [hep-ph] 5 Jul 2023

2
Key Laboratory of High-precision Computation and Application of
Quantum Field Theory of Hebei Province, Baoding 071002, China
3
Research Center for Computational Physics of Hebei Province, Baoding 071002, China
4
College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering,
Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China and
5
Department of Physics, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
(Dated: July 6, 2023)

Abstract
People extend the MSSM with the local gauge group U (1)X to obtain the U (1)X SSM. In the
framework of the U (1)X SSM, we study the flavor transition process b → sγ with the mass insertion
approximation (MIA). By the MIA method and some reasonable parameter assumptions, we can
intuitively find the parameters that have obvious effect on the analytic results of the flavor transition
process b → sγ. By means of the influences of different sensitive parameters, we can obtain
reasonable results to better fit the experimental data.

PACS numbers:

Keywords: U (1)X SSM, flavor transition, mass insertion approximation

∗
zhaosm@hbu.edu.cn

1
I. INTRODUCTION

The rare decay B̄ → Xs γ is the Flavor Changing Neutral Current (FCNC) process with
great research value, whose CP averaged branching ratio is used to constrain many models
of new physics. People have conducted multi-angle research on the process. The authors
of Refs. [1–3] present the calculation of the rate of the inclusive decay B̄ → Xs γ in the
two-Higgs doublet model (THDM). The supersymmetric effect on B̄ → Xs γ is discussed in
Refs. [4–9].
Since the influence of new physics on FCNC process is mainly derived from the loop
diagrams process, the decay process b → sγ is very sensitive to new physics beyond the
Standard Model (SM). The average experimental data on the branching ratio of the inclusive
B̄ → Xs γ is [10]

BR(B̄ → Xs γ)exp = (3.40 ± 0.21) × 10−4 , (1)

and the prediction of SM at next-next-to-leading order (NNLO) is [11–18]

BR(B̄ → Xs γ)SM = (3.36 ± 0.23) × 10−4 . (2)

A famous extension of the SM is the minimal supersymmetric extension of the standard

model (MSSM) [19]. As a popular extension, the MSSM solves many problems. However, the
explanation of neutrino oscillation requires tiny neutrino mass, which can not be naturally
generated by the MSSM. So people extend the MSSM into multiple models, among which,
the U(1)X extension of the MSSM is called as the U(1)X SSM [20, 21] with the local gauge
group SU(3)C ⊗SU(2)L ⊗U(1)Y ⊗U(1)X . Compared to the MSSM, the U(1)X SSM has more
superfields such as right-handed neutrinos. The right-handed neutrinos and the added Higgs
singlets can explain the tiny mass of neutrino. It can alleviate the µ problem of the MSSM,
√
because µĤu Ĥd and λH Ŝ Ĥu Ĥd in the U(1)X SSM produce the effective µ′H = µ + λH vS / 2.
Mixing the CP-even parts of Hd , Hu , η, η̄, S can improve the masses of the tree-level
lightest and sub-lightest CP-even Higgs particles.
The mass eigenstate basis is the most commonly used method in FCNC research. How-
ever, the mass eigenstate method depends on the mass eigenvalues of particles and rotation
matrices, which makes it difficult to find the sensitive parameters clearly and intuitively. To
solve this problem, we use another method - Mass Insertion Approximation (MIA) [21–25].

2
The MIA results can be alternatively obtained from expanding properly the expressions in
the mass eigensate basis [26]. At the analytical level, it avoids tedious calculations and
reduces the chances of errors. In addition, its relatively concise and clear analytical results
are helpful for the analysis of sensitive parameters.
To sum up, we investigate the FCNC process b → sγ under the U(1)X SSM by MIA. Our
paper is organized as follows. In Sec.II, we mainly introduce the U(1)X SSM including its
superpotential and the general soft breaking terms. The analytic expressions for b → sγ
decay in the U(1)X SSM are given in Sec.III. In Sec.IV, we give the numerical analysis. And
our conclusions are summarized in Sec.V.

II. THE U (1)X SSM

We extend the MSSM with the local gauge group U(1)X to obtain the U(1)X SSM, whose
local gauge group is SU(3)C ⊗ SU(2)L ⊗ U(1)Y ⊗ U(1)X . There are new superfields in it
compared to the MSSM, including three Higgs singlets η̂, η̄ˆ, Ŝ and right-handed neutrinos
ν̂i . The U(1)X SSM has several advantages than the MSSM. For example, through the seesaw
mechanism, light neutrinos obtain tiny masses at the tree level. The superpotential of this
model is:

W = lW Ŝ + µĤu Ĥd + MS Ŝ Ŝ − Yd dq̂ ˆ Ĥd − Ye êˆl Ĥd + λH Ŝ Ĥu Ĥd

κ
+ λC Ŝ η̂ η̄ˆ + Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ + Yu ûq̂ Ĥu + YX ν̂ η̄ˆν̂ + Yν ν̂ ˆl Ĥu . (3)
3

We show the explicit forms of two Higgs doublets and three Higgs singlets here
    
Hu+ √1 vd + H 0 + iP 0
d d
Hu =    , Hd =  2 ,
1 0 0
√
2
vu + Hu + iPu Hd−

1 
0 0
 1 
0 0

η= √ vη + φη + iPη , η̄ = √ vη̄ + φη̄ + iPη̄ ,
2 2
1  
S = √ vS + φ0S + iPS0 . (4)
2
In Eq.(4), vu , vd , vη , vη̄ and vS respectively represent the vacuum expectation values(VEVs)
of the Higgs superfields Hu , Hd , η, η̄ and S. And two angles are defined as tan β = vu /vd
and tan βη = vη̄ /vη .

3
 The soft SUSY breaking terms of this model are shown as
Tκ 3
Lsof t = LM SSM
sof t − BS S 2 − LS S − S − TλC Sηη̄ + ǫij TλH SHdi Huj
3
IJ i I∗ ˜J
−TX η̄ν̃R ν̃R + ǫij Tν Hu ν̃R lj − m2η |η|2 − m2η̄ |η̄|2 − m2S S 2
IJ ∗I ∗J

2 IJ I∗ J 1 2

−(mν̃R ) ν̃R ν̃R − MX λX̃ + 2MBB λB̃ λX̃ + h.c .
′ (5)
2
LM SSM
sof t represent the soft breaking terms of MSSM. In the U(1)X SSM, a new effect never
seen in the MSSM occurs: the gauge kinetic mixing produced by the two Abelian groups
U(1)Y and U(1)X . In general, the covariant derivatives of U(1)X SSM can be written as
[27–30]
  
′
  gY , g Y X A′Y
µ
Dµ = ∂µ − i Y, X    . (6)
g ′ XY , g ′ X A′X
µ

Under the condition that the two Abelian gauge groups are not broken, we can change the
basis of the above equation by rotation matrix R, with A′Y ′X
µ and Aµ representing the gauge

fields of U(1)Y and U(1)X respectively,

   
′
  gY , g Y X A′Y
µ
Dµ = ∂µ − i YY, YX   RT R   . (7)
′ ′
g XY , g X A′X
µ

Then combined with our redefined

       
′ ′Y Y
g , g YX g, g A A
 Y  RT =  1 Y X  and R  µ  =  µ  , (8)
g ′XY , g ′ X 0, gX A′X
µ AX
µ

we get the covariant derivatives of the U(1)X SSM that changes the base:
  
 g1 , gY X Y
 A
Dµ = ∂µ − i Y Y , Y X   µ  . (9)
0, gX AXµ

Three neutral gauge bosons AX Y 3

µ , Aµ and Vµ mix together at the tree level, whose mass

matrix is shown in the basis (AYµ , Vµ3 , AX

µ)
 
1 2 2
g v
8 1
− 18 g1 g2 v 2 1
g (g
8 1 YX
+ gX )v 2
 
− 81 g1 g2 v 2 1 2 2
g v − 81 g2 gY X v 2 , (10)
 
8 2

 
1
g (g + gX )v 2
8 1 YX
− 18 g2 (gY X + gX )v 2 1
(g
8 YX
+ gX )2 v 2 + 81 gX
2 2
ξ

with v 2 = vu2 + vd2 and ξ 2 = vη2 + vη̄2 .

4
 ′
To get mass eigenvalues of the matrix in Eq.(10), we use two mixing angles θW and θW .
′
θW is the Weinberg angle and the new mixing angle θW is defined by the following formula

1 [(gY X + gX )2 − g12 − g22]v 2 + 4gX 2 2

ξ
sin2 θW
′
= − p .(11)
2 2 [(gY X + gX )2 + g12 + g22 ]2 v 4 +8gX
2
[(gY X + gX )2 −g12 −g22 ]v 2 ξ 2 +16gX
4 4
ξ
′
θW appears in the couplings involving Z and Z ′ . The exact eigenvalues of Eq.(10) are
deduced

m2γ = 0,
1 2
m2Z,Z ′ = [g1 + g22 + (gY X + gX )2 ]v 2 + 4gX 2 2
ξ
q8

∓ [g12 + g22 + (gY X + gX )2 ]2 v 4 +8[(gY X + gX )2 −g12 −g22 ]gX
2 2 2 4 4
v ξ +16gX ξ . (12)

The other used mass matrices can be found in the works [31, 32].
In addition, there are some couplings that need to be used later:
√  R L

¯ d˜ = d̄i 2g3 D̃i PL − D̃i PR ΛG ,
Ldg (13)
 
LūdH = ūi Yu,i Hu+ PL + Yd,j Hd+ PR Vij dj , (14)
h i
+ R∗ + L∗ L∗ +
Lχ̄− dũ = (H̃u Yu,i Ũi − g2 W̃ Ũi )PL + Yd,j Ũi H̃d PR Vij dj , (15)
n 1 √ √
¯
¯ 0 D̃ = di − [2 2g1 B̃ D̃i +
Ldχ R
2(2gY X + 3gX )λX̃ D̃iR + 6Yd,i H̃d0 D̃iL ]PL
6
1 R 0
√ L 0
o
− [6Yd,i D̃i H̃d + 2D̃i (g1 B̃ + gY X λX̃ − 3g2 W̃ )]PR . (16)
6

III. FORMULATION

At scale µ = O(mb ), the effective Hamiltonian of the flavor transition process b → sγ has
the following form [33]:
6 8
4GF h X X i
Hef f (b → sγ) = − √ V32∗ V33 C1 Qc1 + C2 Qc2 + Ci Qi + (Ci Qi + C̃i Q̃i ) , (17)
2 i=3 i=7

5
and the operators are given by Refs. [34–36]:

O1c = (s̄L γµ T a bL )(c̄L γ µ T a bL ), O2c = (s̄L γµ bL )(c̄L γ µ bL ),

X X
O3 = (s̄L γµ bL ) (q̄γ µ q), O4 = (s̄L γµ T a bL ) (q̄γ µ T a q),
q q
X
O5 = (s̄L γµ γν γρ bL ) (q̄γ µ γ ν γ ρ q),
q
X
a
O6 = (s̄L γµ γν γρ T bL ) (q̄γ µ γ ν γ ρ T a q),
q

O7 = e/g3 mb (s̄L σµν bR )F µν ,

2
O8 = 1/g32mb (s̄L σµν T a bR )Ga,µν ,

Õ7 = e/g32mb (s̄R σµν bL )F µν , Õ8 = 1/g32mb (s̄R σµν T a bL )Ga,µν . (18)

Through the amplitudes of the Feynman diagrams involved in the process b → sγ, we can
extract the coefficients of these operators. Actually, when we calculate the branching ratio
with formula presented in Ref. [33]:

BR(B̄ → Xs γ)N P
16π 2 a77 

−4
|C7,N P (µEW )|2 + |C̃7,N P (µEW )|2

= 10 × (3.36 ± 0.23) + 2
αs (µb )
2
16π a88 
|C8,N P (µEW )|2 + |C̃8,N P (µEW )|2

+ 2
αs (µb )
4π 
+ Re a7 C7,N P (µEW ) + a8 C8,N P (µEW )
αs (µb )

4πa78

+ C7,N P (µEW )C8,N P (µEW ) + C̃7,N P (µEW )C̃8,N P (µEW ) , (19)
αs (µb )

only the coefficients of O7,8 and Õ7,8 are needed. In Eq.(19), the first term is the SM
prediction, and C7,N P (µEW ), C8,N P (µEW ), C̃7,N P (µEW ) and C̃8,N P (µEW ) indicate Wilson
coefficients at electroweak scale. In this representation, the effect evolved to the hadron
scale µ ∼ mb has been included in the coefficients a7,8,77,88,78 . The numerical values of these
coefficients are shown in Table I.

TABLE I: Numerical values for the coefficients a7,8,77,88,78 at electroweak scale.

a7 a8 a77 a88 a78

−7.184 + 0.612i −2.225 − 0.557i 4.743 0.789 2.454 − 0.884i

6
 A. Using MIA to calculate b → sγ in U (1)X SSM

The self-energy Feynman diagrams under the U(1)X SSM are obtained by MIA in Fig. 1.
To obtain the branching ratio, we research one-loop diagrams in Fig. 1. To obtain triangle

(a) (b) (c)

 



 





 








 


(d) (e) (f)

 







 









 


 






(g) (h) (i)

FIG. 1: Self-energy Feynman diagrams for b → sγ in the MIA.

diagrams, the photon should be attached to all inner lines with electric charge. In this case,
the coefficients of O7 and Õ7 can be extracted from the amplitudes of these diagrams of
b → sγ. Similarly, the coefficients of O8 and Õ8 can be obtained from the diagrams of
b → sg with gluons attached to all the inner lines with color charge. We give the following
two basic functions:

i  x log x y log y z log z 

f (x, y, z) = − 2
− − , (20)
16π (x − y)(x − z) (y − x)(y − z) (z − x)(z − y)
1  
g(x, y, z, t) = f (x, y, z) − f (x, y, t) . (21)
z−t

7
 1. The one-loop contributions from B̃(λX̃ )-D̃jL -D̃iR (i = 2, j = 3).

1 Td ij v cos β 2 2 √
C71 (D̃jL , D̃iR , B̃) = g g x1 I1 (x1 , xD̃jL , xD̃iR ), (22)
216 Amb Λ3 3 1
1 Td ij v cos β 2 2
C72 (D̃jL , D̃iR , λX̃ ) = g (2g + 3g g ) xλX̃ I1 (xλX̃ , xD̃jL , xD̃iR ), (23)
p
3 Y X Y X X
432 Amb Λ3
1 Td ij v cos β 3 2 √
C81 (D̃jL , D̃iR , B̃) = g g x1 I1 (x1 , xD̃jL , xD̃iR ), (24)
216 Amb Λ3 3 1
2 L R 1 Td ij v cos β 3 2
C8 (D̃j , D̃i , λX̃ ) = g3 (2gY X + 3gY X gX ) xλX̃ I1 (xλX̃ , xD̃jL , xD̃iR ), (25)
p
432 Amb Λ 3

m2 1
in which, m stands for the particle mass, with x = Λ2
. The coefficient A is equal to ∗V
GF V32 33

and Λ represents the energy scale. The function I1 (x, y, z) is

 z ∂2 y ∂2 ∂ ∂2 
I1 (x, y, z) = − + + +y f (x, y, z). (26)
2 ∂z 2 2 ∂y 2 ∂z ∂y∂z

2. The one-loop contributions from B̃(λX̃ )-H̃ 0-D̃jR -D̃iR (i = 2, j = 3).

Fig.s 1(b)-1(e) are all computed with the same method of coefficients and the functions
required in the process, so here we take Fig. 1(b) as an example.
√
3 R R 0 2 ms ∆RR
ij (D̃) 2 2
C7 (D̃j , D̃i , B̃, H̃ ) = g3 g1 tan β x1 xµ′H I2 (x1 , xD̃jR , xD̃iR , xµ′H ), (27)
p
72 Amb Λ 4
√
4 R R 0 2 ms ∆RR
ij (D̃) 2
C7 (D̃j , D̃i , λX̃ , H̃ ) = g (2gY X + 3gX )(gY X + gX )
288 Amb Λ4 3
q
× tan β 2xλX̃ xµ′H I2 (xλX̃ , xD̃jR , xD̃iR , xµ′H ), (28)
√
3 R R 0 2 ms ∆RR
ij (D̃) 3 2
C8 (D̃j , D̃i , B̃, H̃ ) = g3 g1 tan β x1 xµ′H I2 (x1 , xD̃jR , xD̃iR , xµ′H ), (29)
p
72 Amb Λ 4
√
4 R R 0 2 ms ∆RR
ij (D̃) 3
C8 (D̃j , D̃i , λX̃ , H̃ ) = g (2gY X + 3gX )(gY X + gX )
288 Amb Λ4 3
q
× tan β 2xλX̃ xµ′H I2 (xλX̃ , xD̃jR , xD̃iR , xµ′H ), (30)

λH µ′2
in which, µ′H = √vS + µ and xµ′H = H
. The function I2 (x, y, z, t) is
2 Λ2

 z ∂2 y ∂2 ∂ ∂2 
I2 (x, y, z, t) = − + + + y g(x, y, z, t). (31)
2 ∂z 2 2 ∂y 2 ∂z ∂y∂z

3. The one-loop contributions from H̃ ± -W̃ ± -ŨjL -ŨiL .

√ 3
2 X ms ∆LLij (Ũ ) ∗
n√
C75 (ŨjL , ŨiL , H̃ ± , W̃ ± ) = V V g 2
3i 3 2g x2 I3 (xµ′H , xŨjL , xŨiL , x2 )
4 i,j=1 Avmb Λ3 2j
o
+x2 xµ′H tan βI4 (xµ′H , xŨjR , xŨiR , x2 ) , (32)
p

8
 3 √
2 X ms ∆LLij (Ũ ) ∗
n√
C76 (ŨjL , ŨiL , H̃ ± , W̃ ± ) = V V g 2
3i 3 2g x2 I3 (xµ′H , xŨjL , xŨiL , x2 )
6 i,j=1 Avmb Λ3 2j
o
+x2 xµ′H tan βI2 (xµ′H , xŨjL , xŨiL , x2 ) , (33)
p
√ 3
5 L L ± ± 2 X ms ∆LLij (Ũ ) ∗ 3
n√
C8 (Ũj , Ũi , H̃ , W̃ ) = V V g
3i 3 2g x2 I3 (xµ′H , xŨjL , xŨiL , x2 )
6 i,j=1 Avmb Λ3 2j
o
+x2 xµ′H tan βI2 (xµ′H , xŨjL , xŨiL , x2 ) . (34)
p

The functions I3 (x, y, z, t) and I4 (x, y, z, t) are

 ∂ ∂ y2 ∂2 z2 ∂2 ∂z 2 
I3 (x, y, z, t) = − 1 + 2y + 2z + + + yz g(x, y, z, t), (35)
∂y ∂z 2 ∂y 2 2 ∂z 2 ∂y∂z
∂ ∂ y ∂2 z ∂2 ∂2 
I4 (x, y, z, t) = +2 + + + y g(x, y, z, t). (36)
∂y ∂z 2 ∂y 2 2 ∂z 2 ∂y∂z

Similar to the third case, C77 , C78 , C86 can be extracted from Fig. 1(h), and calculation process
and form are the same as those of C75 , C76 , C85 . We don’t repeat them here.
4. The one-loop contributions from H̃ ± -W̃ ± -ŨiL .
3 √
2 X ms n p
C77 (ŨiL , H̃ ± , W̃ ± ) = V2i∗ V3i g32 g2 x2 xµ′H tan βI5 (xŨiL , x2 , xµ′H )
4 i=1 Avmb Λ
√ o
+ x2 I6 (xŨiL , x2 , xµH ) ,
′ (37)
√ 3
8 L ± ± 2 X ms ∗ 2
n p
C7 (Ũi , H̃ , W̃ ) = V V3i g3 g2 x2 xµ′H tan βI7 (xµ′H , x2 , xŨiL )
6 i=1 Avmb Λ 2i
√ o
− x2 I8 (xµ′H , x2 , xŨiL ) , (38)
√ 3
6 L 2 X ms n p
± ±
C8 (Ũi , H̃ , W̃ ) = V2i∗ V3i g33 g2 x2 xµ′H tan βI7 (xµ′H , x2 , xŨiL )
6 i=1 Avmb Λ
√ o
− x2 I8 (xµ′H , x2 , xŨiL ) . (39)

The functions I5 (x, y, z), I6 (x, y, z), I7 (x, y, z) and I8 (x, y, z) are
∂ ∂ y ∂2 z ∂2 ∂2 
I5 (x, y, z) = +2 + + + y f (x, y, z), (40)
∂y ∂z 2 ∂y 2 2 ∂z 2 ∂y∂z
 ∂ ∂ y2 ∂2 z2 ∂2 ∂z 2 
I6 (x, y, z) = 1 + 2y + 2z + + + yz f (x, y, z), (41)
∂y ∂z 2 ∂y 2 2 ∂z 2 ∂y∂z
∂ z ∂2   ∂ 
I7 (x, y, z) = + f (x, y, z), I 8 (x, y, z) = 1 + z f (x, y, z). (42)
∂z 2 ∂z 2 ∂z

9
 5. The one-loop contributions from ΛG -D̃jL -D̃iR (i = 2, j = 3).

1 Td ij v cos β 4 √
C79 (D̃jL , D̃iR , ΛG ) = − g xΛG I1 (xΛG , xD̃jL , xD̃iR ), (43)
48 Amb Λ3 3
1 Td ij v cos β 5 √
C87 (D̃jL , D̃iR , ΛG ) = − g xΛG I7 (xD̃jL , xD̃iR , xΛG ), (44)
16 Amb Λ3 3
1 Td ij v cos β 5 √
C88 (D̃jL , D̃iR , ΛG ) = − g xΛG I1 (xΛG , xD̃jL , xD̃iR ). (45)
48 Amb Λ3 3

According to the above procedure, we can get the coefficients of all the diagrams in Fig. 1.
We add the coefficients of each diagram separately to obtain the Wilson coefficients, and
import them into Eq.(19) to obtain the branching ratio.

B. Degenerate Result

Assuming that the masses of all the superparticles are almost degenerate, we are able to
more intuitively analyze the factors affecting the flavor transition process b → sγ. In other
words, we give the one-loop results in the extreme case, where the masses for superparticles
( M1 , M2 , µ′H , MΛG , MλX̃ , MD̃L , MD̃R , MŨL , MŨR , MBB′ ) are equal to MSU SY :

|M1 | = |M2 | = |µ′H | = |MΛG | = |MλX̃ | = |MBB′ |

= MD̃L = MD̃R = MŨL = MŨR = MSU SY . (46)

ij ij
The functions Ii (i = 1 · · · 11), ∆AB
ij (Q̃)(A, B = R, L), Td and Tu are much simplified as

i i i
I1 (1, 1, 1) = , I2 (1, 1, 1) = , I3 (1, 1, 1, 1) = − ,
192π 2 192π 2 320π 2
i i i
I4 (1, 1, 1, 1) = − , I5 (1, 1, 1, 1) = , I6 (1, 1, 1, 1) = ,
480π 2 480π 2 320π 2
i i i
I7 (1, 1, 1, 1) = − , I8 (1, 1, 1) = − , I9 (1, 1, 1) = − ,
480π 2 192π 2 64π 2
i i
I10 (1, 1, 1) = , I11 (1, 1, 1) = − , (47)
192π 2 48π 2
∆LL 2 LL
ij (D̃) = MSU SY δij (D̃), ∆RR 2 RR
ij (D̃) = MSU SY δij (D̃), ∆LL 2 LL
ij (Ũ ) = MSU SY δij (Ũ ),

Td ij = MSU SY δTijd , Tu ij = MSU SY δTiju . (48)

To simplify the study, we suppose that the used matrices are symmetric, for example Td ij =
Td ji .

10
 Then, we obtain the much simplified one-loop results of C7 and C8

iAg32 n tan β
RR

2 2 ′ 2 ′

C7 = δ ( D̃) (3g + g X g Y X − 2g )sign[Mλ µ ] − 2g sign[M 1 µ ]
2304π 2MSU 2
SY 15 23 X YX X̃ H 1 H

tan β ms LL  
+ δ23 (D̃) 3g22sign[M2 µ′H ] − (gX gY X + gY2 X )sign[MλX̃ µ′H ] − g12 sign[M1 µ′H ]
15 mb
v cos βδT23d 
+ 10g12sign[M1 ] + (15gX gY X + 10gY2 X )sign[MλX̃ ] − 8g1 gY X sign[MλX̃ M1 MBB′ ]
180mb
 √2M 3
SU SY ms
 X
2 ′ ∗ LL
−45g3 sign[MΛG ] + g2 2 tan βsign[µH ] − sign[M2 ] V2n V3l δln (Ũ )
v mb l,n=1
3
22ms sign[µ′H ] X ∗ o
− V2i V3j muj δTjiu , (49)
5mb v cos β i,j=1
iAg33 n tan β
RR

2 2 ′ 2 ′

C8 = δ ( D̃) (3g + g X g Y X − 2g )sign[M λ µ ] − 2g sign[M 1 µ ]
240π 2 MSU 2
SY 12 23 X YX X̃ H 1 H

tan β ms LL  
+ δ (D̃) 3g22sign[M2 µ′H ] − (gX gY X + gY2 X )sign[MλX̃ µ′H ] − g12 sign[M1 µ′H ]
12 mb 23
v cos βδT23d 
+ 10g12sign[M1 ] + (15gX gY X + 10gY2 X )sign[MλX̃ ] − 8g1 gY X sign[MλX̃ M1 MBB′ ]
144mb
 √2M 3
SU SY ms
 X
2 ′ ∗ LL
−60g3 sign[MΛG ] + g2 sign[M2 ] − 4 tan βsign[µH ] V2n V3l δln (Ũ )
4v mb l,n=1
3
2ms sign[µ′H ] X ∗ o
− V2i V3j muj δTjiu . (50)
mb v cos β i,j=1

It can be found that sign[M1 ], sign[M2 ], sign[MλX̃ ], sign[µ′H ], sign[MG ] and sign[MBB′ ]
have a certain impact on the corrections of C7 and C8 . According to 1 > gX > gY X > 0,
we assume sign[M1 ] = sign[MλX̃ ] = sign[µ′H ] = sign[M2 ] = sign[MG ] = sign[MBB′ ] = 1,
and get the larger values of C7 and C8

iAg32 n tan β
RR 2 tan β ms LL
C7 = δ23 (D̃)(3gX + gX gY X − 2gY2 X − 2g12 ) + δ (D̃)
2
2304π MSU SY2
15 15 mb 23
v cos βδT23d
×(3g22 − gX gY X − gY2 X − g12 ) + 10g12 + 15gX gY X + 10gY2 X − 8g1 gY X − 45g32


180mb
√ 3 3
2ms MSU SY X 22ms X o
+ g2 (2 tan β − 1) ∗ LL
V2n V3l δln (Ũ) − V2i∗ V3j muj δTjiu , (51)
mb v l,n=1
5mb v cos β i,j=1

11
 iAg33 n tan β
RR 2 tan β ms LL
C8 = δ23 (D̃)(3gX + gX gY X − 2gY2 X − 2g12 ) + δ (D̃)
2 2
240π MSU SY 12 12 mb 23
v cos βδT23d
×(3g22 − gX gY X − gY2 X − g12 ) + (10g12 + 15gX gY X + 10gY2 X − 8g1 gY X − 60g32)
144mb
√ 3 3
2ms MSU SY X 2ms X o
+ g2 (1 − 4 tan β) ∗ LL
V2n V3l δln (Ũ ) − V2i∗ V3j muj δTjiu . (52)
4mb v l,n=1
mb v cos β i,j=1

To determine the sensitive parameters affecting the branching ratio more clearly and
intuitively, similar method is used to derive C̃7 and C̃8 in Eq.(19). Then in combination
with the degenerate results in Eq.(51), Eq.(52) and Eq.(48), we set MSU SY = µ′H , gY X =
2 2
0.1, gX = 0.5, ∆RR LL 4 LL 4
23 (D̃) = ∆23 (D̃) = 1 × 10 GeV , ∆ij (Ũ ) = 4.2 × 10 GeV (i 6=

j and i, j = 1, 2, 3) and ∆LL 6 2

ii (Ũ ) = 5 × 10 GeV (i = 1, 2, 3) to obtain the following figures:

70

60

0.0003450
50
0.0003425
0.0003400
tanβ

40 0.0003375
0.0003350
30 0.0003325
0.0003300

20 0.0003275

10
-1000 -500 0 500 1000
Td23 /GeV

FIG. 2: With Tu 23 = −650 GeV and µ = 1000 GeV, the effects of tan β and Td 23 on Br(B̄ → Xs γ).
The x-axis denotes the range of Td 23 is from −1000 GeV to 1000 GeV, and the y-axis represents
10 < tan β < 70. The different colors of the rightmost icon correspond to the values of Br(B̄ →
Xs γ).

Combined with Fig. 2 and Fig. 3, it can be seen that tan β, µ, Td 23 and Tu 23 have a
significant impact on the results. In Fig. 2, we can see that Br(B̄ → Xs γ) increases as the
tan β increases. The reason can be found in Eq.(51) and Eq.(52). tan β is almost always in
the numerator, so it is proportional to the result. When tan β = 40 and Td 23 = −600 GeV,
Br(B̄ → Xs γ) reaches 3.4 × 10−4 . Compared to the influence of Td 23 , tan β obviously
has stronger influence. In our hypothesis, MSU SY is equal to µ′H , and µ is proportional

12
 1400

1300

0.0003400
1200 0.0003395
0.0003390

μ/GeV
1100 0.0003385
0.0003380
1000 0.0003375
0.0003370
900 0.0003365

800
-1000 -500 0 500 1000
Tu23 /GeV

FIG. 3: With Td 23 = 600 GeV and tan β = 50, the effects of µ and Tu 23 on Br(B̄ → Xs γ).
The x-axis denotes the range of Tu 23 is from −1000 GeV to 1000 GeV, and the y-axis represents
800 GeV < µ < 1400 GeV. The different colors of the rightmost icon correspond to the values of
Br(B̄ → Xs γ).

to µ′H . In Eq.(51) and Eq.(52), MSU SY is inversely proportional to the result. Thus, µ
should be inversely proportional to the result, which can be demonstrated in Fig. 3. When
µ = 800 GeV and Tu 23 = −730 GeV, the branching ratio reaches 3.4 × 10−4. And the
influence of µ is greater than that of Tu 23 . At the same time, as the values of FCNC sources
∆LL RR LL
ij (D̃), ∆ij (D̃) and ∆ij (Ũ) go up, the result also grows. But they have gentle influence

on the result, which is not shown here. In summary, we can get the sensitive parameters
including tan β, µ, Td 23 and Tu 23 .

IV. NUMERICAL RESULTS

To study Br(B̄ → Xs γ), we consider the mass constraint for the Z ′ boson (MZ ′ >
5.1 TeV) [37] from the latest Large Hadron Collider (LHC) data [38–44]. The constraints
MZ ′ /gX ≥ 6 TeV and tan βη < 1.5 are also taken into account. According to the research in
Ref. [45], we take the mass of gluino more than 2 TeV. The parameters are used to make the
scalar lepton masses larger than 700 GeV, and chargino masses larger than 1100 GeV, and
the scalar quark masses greater than 2000 GeV. Ref. [46] and Ref. [47] discuss parameter
space for b → sγ under various models, and in their data analysis the value of tan β is

13
relatively high. Considering that U(1)X SSM has more parameters and larger adjustment
space of parameters, we tend to choose a large value of tan β.
In this section, we discuss the numerical results of branching ratio with some assumptions.
Other free parameters introduced in the U(1)X SSM are set to

gX = 0.4, gY X = 0.1, λH = 0.1, vS = 3.5 TeV, Tu11 = Tu22 = Tu33 = 3 TeV,

M1 = 1 TeV, M2 = 1.1 TeV, MλX̃ = 1.4 TeV, MG = 2.1 TeV, MBB′ = 0.8 TeV.(53)

After roughly determining the sensitive parameters, in order to study the influence of
parameters on Br(B̄ → Xs γ) better, we also need to study before degenerate. To show the
numerical results clearly, we draw the relation diagrams and scatter diagrams of Br(B̄ →
Xs γ) with the parameters of the U(1)X SSM. Fig. 4 shows the relationship between tan β

0.000344

0.000342
Br(B→Xs γ)

0.000340 =800
=1000
0.000338
=1200
0.000336

10 20 30 40 50 60 70
tanβ

FIG. 4: Br(B̄ → Xs γ) versus tan β with ∆ij = 3 × 105 GeV2 .

0.000344

0.000342
Br(B→Xs γ)

0.000340 =8
=1
0.000338
= 
0.000336

-400 000 -200 000 0 200 000 400 000

Δij /G
2

FIG. 5: Br(B̄ → Xs γ) versus ∆ij with tan β = 60.

and Br(B̄ → Xs γ), where Br(B̄ → Xs γ) increases with the enlarging tan β. As the lines
in the figure go from bottom to top, the value of µ decreases gradually. Meanwhile, under

14
the same tan β, the smaller the µ is, the larger the value of Br(B̄ → Xs γ) is. This is the
same as the conclusion of degenerate results. When the value of µ decreases, the influence
of tan β gradually becomes more significant. Since the influences of some FCNC sources are
small, we set ∆LL RR LL
ij (D̃), ∆ij (D̃) and ∆ij (Ũ ) to be equal in the drawing of the diagram, and

their values are represented by ∆ij (i 6= j), so as to get Fig. 5. The result is proportional
to ∆ij . When ∆ij = 1.3 × 105 GeV2 and µ = 800 GeV, Br(B̄ → Xs γ) reaches 3.4 × 10−4 .
Compared with the degenerate result, the influence degree of some parameters on the result
has changed. For example, the effects of Td 23 and Tu 23 are reduced in precise results. But
∆ij , which have less effect on the degenerate result, have more effect here.
For more multidimensional analysis of sensitive parameters, we draw the scatter points
in Figs. 6 - 8. Under the premise of current limit on flavor transition process b → sγ, we
select the parameter ranges as follows:

tan β = 10 ∼ 70, Td 23 = −1000 ∼ 1000 GeV,

µ = 800 ∼ 1300 GeV, ∆ij = (−4.0 ∼ 4.0) × 105 GeV2 . (54)

In Figs. 6 - 8,  mean the value of Br(B̄ → Xs γ) less than 3.37×10−4 , N mean Br(B̄ → Xs γ)
in the range of 3.37 × 10−4 to 3.39 × 10−4 ,  show 3.39 × 10−4 ≤ Br(B̄ → Xs γ).
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tanβ

FIG. 6: The effects of tan β and µ on Br(B̄ → Xs γ).

Fig. 6 shows the relationship between tan β and µ, and it can be seen that the largest
area is occupied by .  are mainly concentrated on the right side of the image and decrease
with the increase of µ or the decrease of tan β. When tan β is greater than 45, the result is
easier to get to 3.40 × 10−4 . Moreover, the three markers , N and  have clear distribution
boundaries, and tan β has a greater impact on the results.

15
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/GeV tanβ

(a) (b)

FIG. 7: The effects of µ and ∆ij on Br(B̄ → Xs γ)(a); the effects of tan β and ∆ij on Br(B̄ →
Xs γ)(b).

Fig. 7(a) shows the relationship between µ and ∆ij , and Fig. 7(b) is the relationship
between tan β and ∆ij . It can be further seen from the figure that tan β has more obvious
influence than µ, because the distribution of midpoints in Fig. 7(a) is not as clear as that
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the branching ratio. And when ∆ij are greater than −1 × 10−5 GeV2 , it is easier to reach
3.40 × 10−4 . The relationship between Td 23 and tan β is shown in Fig. 8. It can be seen
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-1000◆◆◆ ◆◆ ◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆◆ ◆ ◆◆ ▲◆▲ ▲▲◆◆▲◆▲▲▲ ◆◆◆◆▲◆◆▲◆◆ ▲▲◆◆◆■■▲▲◆◆▲◆▲◆ ■▲▲▲◆◆▲ ▲■■
10 20 30 40 50 60 70
tanβ

FIG. 8: The effect of tan β and Td23 on Br(B̄ → Xs γ).

that the results increase with the enlarging Td 23 . However, when tan β increases to a certain
extent, the influence of Td 23 turns weak gradually.

16
V. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION

The U(1)X SSM has new superfields including right-handed neutrinos ν̂i and three Higgs
superfields η̂, η̄ˆ, Ŝ, and its local gauge group is SU(3)C ⊗ SU(2)L ⊗ U(1)Y ⊗ U(1)X . As
an interesting process of FCNC, the flavor transition process b → sγ is investigated by
the MIA within the framework of the U(1)X SSM. With effective Hamiltonian method, we
present the Wilson coefficients extracted from amplitudes corresponding to the concerned
one-loop diagrams. Based on the analytical results, constraints on the parameters are given
with the experimental data of Br(B̄ → Xs γ). From the data analysis, the flavor transition
process b → sγ has relatively stricter restrictions on the quark flavor violation sources than
most other parameters.
We take into account the constraint from the branching ratio. By MIA, we obtain simpler
degenerate results. These results contribute to us to more intuitively determine sensitive
parameters. It is convenient for subsequent numerical analysis. Through the multi-angle
analysis of the values, it is found that the branching ratio is more dependent on the vari-
ables tan β and µ in the U(1)X SSM. ∆ij are composed of quark flavor violation sources
23
∆LL RR LL
ij (D̃), ∆ij (D̃) and ∆ij (Ũ ), and the influence is also obvious. The effects of Td and
Tu 23 are relatively insignificant. Parameters that are not graphed, such as gX and gY X , have
gentle effects on the results. gX , gY X , g1 , g2 , and g3 are the coupling constants. gX and
gY X only appear in some part of analytical result. So the impact of gX and gY X is relatively
small. Therefore, we can get the main sensitive parameters that are tan β, µ and the FCNC
sources ∆ij . This work is conductive to further research on the U(1)X SSM and FCNC.
Acknowledgments
This work is supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (NNSFC)
(No. 12075074), Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province (A2020201002, A202201022,
A2022201017), Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Education Department (QN2022173),
Post-graduate’s Innovation Fund Project of Hebei University (HBU2023SS043), the youth
top-notch talent support program of the Hebei Province.
Data Availability Statement: The data are available from the corresponding author

17
on reasonable request.

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