Annexure 1

SCIENCE PROJECT

NAME:……………………………………………………………….………………………………

CLASS/SEC: …………………………………………………………………………………………

ADMISSION NUMBER: …………………..………………………………………………………

ROLL NUMBER: …………………………………………………….………………………………

PROJECT THEME: …………………………………………………….………………………………

PROJECT TITLE: ……………………………………………………………………………..

NAME / SIGNATURE OF THE TEACHER I/C : …………………………………………….……

REMARKS / GRADE : ………………………………………………………………………………………….

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Annexure 2

DECLARATION

I hereby declare that the project titled _________________

________________________ submitted to DELHI PUBLIC SCHOOL, PATNA
embodies the results of my original work.

No part of this project has been submitted in part or full for the award of any
other such work.

Name of the Student: ______________________________________

Class/section: ____________________________________________

Admission No: ___________________________________________

Session: _________________________________________________

Place: Delhi Public School, _______________________________

Date: __________________________________________________

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Annexure 3

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE /CONTENT PAGE NUMBER

1. PROJECT TOPIC Annexure 1
2. DECLARATION BY THE STUDENT Annexure 2

3. TABLE OF CONTENTS Annexure 3

4. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

5. INTRODUCTION

6. THEORY /PROJECT DETAIL

7. OBSERVATION/DATA COLLECTION/SURVEY

8. DATA ANALYSIS /TABLE/GRAPH/PICTURES

9. CONCLUSION

10. REFERENCES / BIBLIOGRAPHY

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to thank Mrs. Mridhula Dhume ma’am, our teacher-in-

charge and our Principal, Amita Singh ma’am for their support and
guidance in completing our project on the topic CARBON CYCLE. It was a
great learning experience.

I would like to take this opportunity to express my gratitude to all my

group members Arya Gargate, Koustavi Chakrabarti, Shaivi Trivedi,
Lakshita Saraswat, Aashka Vyas and Samruddhi Gangawane.

The project would not have been successful without their cooperation
and inputs.

Name-

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 INRODUCTION TO CARBON

Carbon is found and is exchanged between global reservoirs: the atmosphere,

the ocean, terrestrial plant biomass, and soil. The balance of carbon between
these reservoirs is important for life.

Carbon exists in the combined state in all three forms-solid , liquid and Gas

Life on earth would not be possible without carbon. This is in part

due to carbon's ability to readily form bonds with other atoms, giving
flexibility to the form and function that biomolecules can take, such
as DNA and RNA, which are essential for the defining

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Why is carbon so basic to life?
The reason is carbon’s ability to form stable bonds with many elements,
including itself. This property allows carbon to form a huge variety of very large
and complex molecules. In fact, there are nearly 10 million carbon-based
compounds in living things! However, the millions of organic compounds can
be grouped into just four major types: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins,
and nucleic acids. You can compare the four types in Table below. Each type is
also described below.

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 CARBON CYCLE
Carbon Cycle Definition:
The carbon cycle is nature's way of reusing carbon atoms, which travel from
the atmosphere into organisms in the Earth and then back into the
atmosphere over and over again. Most carbon is stored in rocks and
sediments, while the rest is stored in the ocean, atmosphere, and living
organisms.

Carbon Cycle Diagram

The carbon cycle diagram below elaborates the flow of carbon along
different paths.

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Carbon Cycle on Land:
Carbon in the atmosphere is present in the form of carbon dioxide. Carbon
enters the atmosphere through natural processes such as respiration and
industrial applications such as burning fossil fuels. The process
of photosynthesis involves the absorption of CO2 by plants to produce
carbohydrates. The equation is as follows:

CO2 + H2O + energy → (CH2O)n +O2

Carbon compounds are passed along the food chain from the producers to
consumers. The majority of the carbon exists in the body in the form of carbon
dioxide through respiration. The role of decomposers is to eat the dead
organism and return the carbon from their body back into the atmosphere.
The equation for this process is:

(CH2O)n +O2 → CO2 + H2O

Oceanic Carbon Cycle:

This is essentially a carbon cycle but in the sea. Ecologically, oceans take in
more carbon than it gives out. Hence, it is called a “carbon sink.” Marine
animals convert carbon to calcium carbonate and this forms the raw building
materials require to create hard shells, similar to the ones found in clams and
oysters.

When organisms with calcium carbonate shells die, their body decomposes,
leaving behind their hard shells. These accumulate on the seafloor and are
eventually broken down by the waves and compacted under enormous
pressure, forming limestone.

When these limestone rocks are exposed to air, they get weathered and the
carbon is released back into the atmosphere as carbon dioxide.

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IMPORTANCE OF
CARBON CYCLE

The carbon cycle describes how carbon transfers between different reservoirs
located on Earth. This cycle is important for maintaining a stable climate and
carbon balance on Earth.

➢ Even though carbon dioxide is found in small traces in the atmosphere, it

plays a vital role in balancing the energy and traps the long-wave
radiations from the sun. Therefore, it acts like a blanket over the planet.
If the carbon cycle is disturbed it will result in serious consequences such
as climatic changes and global warming.

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➢ Carbon is an integral component of every life form on earth.
From proteins and lipids to even our DNA. Furthermore, all
known life on earth is based on carbon. Hence, the carbon
cycle, along with the nitrogen cycle and oxygen cycle, plays a vital
role in the existence of life on earth.

Moreover, this Carbon Cycle is an imperial aspect of the survival of all

life on earth. From an environmental perspective, carbon provides
insulation by trapping the sun’s heat. From a biological perspective,
carbon is the building block of life and forms stable bonds with other
elements necessary for life.

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STAGES OF CARBON CYCLE

Following are the major steps involved in the process of the carbon cycle:

1. Carbon present in the atmosphere is absorbed by plants for

photosynthesis.
2. These plants are then consumed by animals and carbon gets
bioaccumulated into their bodies.
3. These animals and plants eventually die, and upon
decomposing, carbon is released back into the atmosphere.
4. Some of the carbon that is not released back into the
atmosphere eventually become fossil fuels.
5. These fossil fuels are then used for man-made activities,
which pump more carbon back into the atmosphere.

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CARBON FOOTPRINT
And Government Initiatives to Reduce Carbon Footprint

WHAT IS CARBON FOOTPRINT?

A carbon footprint is the total amount of

greenhouse gases (including carbon
dioxide and methane) that are generated
by our actions. The average carbon
footprint of a person is close to 4 tons.

HOW TO REDUCE YOUR CARBON FOOTPRINT?

Lowering individual carbon footprints from 16 tons to 2 tons doesn’t

happen overnight! By making small changes to our actions, we can
start making a big difference. Carbon footprints can be reduced
through improving energy efficiency and changing lifestyles and
purchasing habits. Switching one’s energy and transportation use
can have an impact on primary carbon footprints. For
example, using public
transportation, such as buses
and trains, reduces an
individual’s carbon footprint
when compared with driving.
Individuals and corporations can
reduce their respective carbon
footprints by installing energy-
efficient lighting,

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adding insulation in buildings, or using renewable energy sources to
generate the electricity they require.
For example, electricity generation from wind power produces no
direct carbon emissions. Additional lifestyle choices that can lower
an individual’s secondary carbon footprint include reducing one’s
consumption of meat and switching one’s purchasing habits to
products that require fewer carbon emissions to produce and
transport.

GOVERNMENT INITIATIVES TO REDUCE CARBON

FOOTPRINT

After being approved by both houses of Parliament in India, the

Energy Conservation (Amendment) Act 2022, which amends the
2001 Energy Conservation Act, came into force on January 1 2023.
The amendment empowers the central government to specify a
carbon credit trading scheme, which aims to reduce carbon
emissions. In addition, designated
consumers, including those in the industrial
and transport sectors, may be required to
meet a proportion of their energy needs
from non-fossil sources, and energy
consumption standards may be applied
to vehicles and ships. The Act seeks to
facilitate the achievement of COP-26
goals and, by introducing concepts such as
mandated use of non-fossil sources and carbon credit trading, to
ensure faster decarbonisation of the Indian economy.

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CASE STUDY ON CARBON
CYCLE
Abstract:
Uncertainties in terrestrial carbon (C) cycle projections increase the
uncertainty of potential climate feedback. Efforts to improve model
performance often include increased representation of biogeochemical
processes, such as coupled carbon–nitrogen (N) cycles. In doing so, models are
becoming more complex, generating structural uncertainties in model form
that reflect incomplete knowledge of how to represent underlying processes.

CARBON CYCLE DIAGRAM

Introduction:
The global carbon (C) cycle provides a critical set of feedbacks that influences
climate change in Earth system model (ESM) simulations of the twenty-first
century. However, simulations of the terrestrial C cycle show considerable
spread among models, and much of the uncertainty in C cycle feedback with
climate change arises from terrestrial processes. Uncertainty in projections of
global surface temperature change arising from C cycle feedbacks compares in
magnitude to the uncertainty arising from physical climate processes
Moreover, many ESMs poorly simulate key metrics of the present-day
terrestrial C cycle such as vegetation and soil C, plant productivity, and C
turnover rates, among others.
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Efforts to analyze model uncertainty fall into several broad categories. First,
model intercomparisons characterize uncertainty among different models
using a multi-model ensemble of simulations, and often compare results with
standardized datasets. A second approach involves perturbing key model
parameter values to show that a wide range of C cycle projections (of equal
magnitude to multi-model ensembles) can be obtained from a single model
given a plausible range in parameter values.

Methods:
The CLM4.5bgc is a revision to CLM4. Key model improvements pertinent to
the C cycle are revisions to the leaf photosynthesis and canopy integration
vertically resolved soil C and N biogeochemistry, and permafrost hydrology.
These modifications to CLM4.5bgc improve model agreement with observed
trends in the terrestrial C cycle over previous versions of the model.We
conducted two sets of offline simulations with CLM4.5bgc that were identical
apart from their representation of BNF. In the NPP-driven case, we use the
standard NPP–BNF relationship from Cleveland et al that is used in CLM.

Results:
Initial estimates of global BNF were approximately 15% higher when simulated
as a function of NPP than when simulated as a function of ET, totaling 90 and
77 Tg N y−1, respectively. Both of these values are lower than the BNF
estimates of Cleveland et al, and at the upper end of the uncertainty estimates
in Vitousek et al. In the ET-driven case, rates of BNF across much of the
northern hemisphere were 25–35% lower than in the NPP-driven case. By
contrast, rates of BNF were higher in many arid ecosystems and savannas using
the ET parameterization, and generally similar across tropical forests.

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RESULTS REPRESENTED THROUGH DIGRAM:

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 ART INTEGRATION

Net zero means achieving a balance between the greenhouse gases put into
the atmosphere and those taken out.At the 26th session of the Conference of
the Parties (COP26) of the UNFCCC in November 2021, Prime Minister
Narendra Modi announced that India will achieve the target of net zero
emissions by 2070.

COMPARING CARBON EMISSIONS-

MAHARASHTRA V/S SIKKIM

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Emissions of Maharashtra increased at a rate of 4.65%
(compounded annually) from 160.71 Mt CO2e in 2005 to 290.33 Mt
CO2e in 2018 (Figure 1). During the reference period, Maharashtra's
emissions increased rapidly due to an increase in emissions from
the Energy sector.

The per capita emissions of Sikkim were negative till 2015. They
became positive from 2016 onwards due to decline in GHG
removals from the stateIt may be noted that Sikkim’s per capita
emissions increased at a compounded rate of 67.08% from 0.07 t
CO2e/capita in 2016 to 0.19 t CO2e/capita in 2018, which was much
higher than that of India between 2016 and 2018 (4.28%)

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MAHARASHTRA’S PLANS
Under its first-ever Climate Action Plan, Mumbai aims to reach net-zero
carbon neutrality by 2050. This means finding the right balance between
development goals and environmental preservation.---------------( PLAN
PROPOSED IN MAHARASHTRA)

SIKKIM’S PLANS
Sikkim has become the first Indian state to assess its carbon footprint and
estimate a trend for emissions.Sikkim is not only carbon-neutral, but carbon-
negative, according to the preliminary report. This means our forests
sequester more carbon than the state’s total emissions.Thus sikkim leads in
planning a better path leaving less carbon footprints.

CONCLUSION
Carbon is the chemical backbone of life on Earth. Carbon compounds regulate
the Earth's temperature, make up the food that sustains us, and provide
energy that fuels our global economy. Most of Earth's carbon is stored in rocks
and sediments. The rest is located in the ocean, atmosphere, and in living
organisms.This project gave us a beautiful overview to the portfolio that
carbon has created on mother earth.

Diving through concepts of carbon cycle and its importance and highlighting
started facts was the main aim of this project...

Teamwork gave off results as this project that we present.

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 BIBLIOGRAPHY
For successfully completing my project, I have taken
help from the following links:

• https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-
9326/10/4/044016/meta
• https://www.britannica.com/science/carbon-footprint

• https://www.infineuminsight.com/en-gb/articles/new-legislation-
for-carbo n-reduction-in-
india/#:~:text=After%20being%20approved%20by%20both,ai
ms%20to%20reduce%20carbon%20emissions.
• www.ghgplatform-india.org

• https://www.bio.libretexts.org
• www.futurelearn.com

• https://www.crownoil.co.uk/news/what-is-the-carbon-cycle-why-is-
it-so-important/

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