Course on Basics HTRI

and introduction to
EDR
- Professor@ ChemKlub
Shell and tube heat exchanger
Shell and Tube Heat exchanger
Fixed Tubesheet Design
´ Simple construction
´ Most economical for low pressure services
´ Outside of tubes cannot be cleaned
´ That’s why its application is limited to clean services in shell side.
U-Tube Design
´ Removable Tube Bundle
´ Least expensive for high pressure services
´ Outside of tubes can be cleaned
´ Permits thermal expansion for tubes
´ Mostly used refineries and oil & gas industry in high pressure systems
Floating Tubesheet Heat Exchanger
´ Very versatile type of heat exchanger
´ Removable tube bundle
´ Tube cleaning from both inside as well as outside is possible
´ This has very high thermal expansion space for tubes
´ Relatively expensive
´ Used in dirty services where chances of fouling is high
 TEMA Classification
´ TEMA - Tubular Exchanger Manufacturer's Association
´ Develops and publishes the basic industrial standards for shell and tube heat
exchangers

´ Class R - severe service environments of petroleum refineries and related

industries.
´ Class C - generally moderate service environments of commercial and general
process industries.
´ Class B - chemical process industry.
´ Class B is similar to Class R with respect to design requirements, but Class B is closer to
Class C than to Class R with respect to minimum thickness and corrosion allowance.
TEMA Front Head Types
Front Head Type
´ A Type (Channel and removable cover)
´ Bolted to tube sheet at one end & flat cover plate
at the other end.
´ Cleaning of insides of tubes is possible without
removing the whole channel or associated piping.
´ Relatively high cost due to two flanged joints.
´ Very widely used, especially in petroleum refineries
Front Head Type
´ B Type (Bonnet)
´ Flanged joint at one end of channel.
´ Welded head at other end of channel.
´ Cheaper & lighter than A type.
´ Not recommended for exchangers requiring
frequent tube side cleaning.
´ For mechanical cleaning of tubes, bonnet &
associated piping must be removed.
´ Used for cleaner tube side fluids.
´ For large diameter bonnets, man way may be
provided to provide access without removing
bonnet and associated piping.
Front Head Type
´ C Type (Channel integral with tube sheet)
´ Similar to A type, except that the channel is
welded directly to tube sheet.
´ Tube sheet extended & bolted to shell.
´ Shell is removable, channel & tube bundle left
in place.
´ Suitable for hazardous tube side fluids &
heavy, high pressure tube bundles.
´ Suitable for exchangers requiring more
frequent cleaning on shell side.
Front Head Type
´ N Type (Channel integral with tube
sheet)
´ Similar to C type, except tube sheet is
welded to shell.
´ Only applicable for fixed tube sheet
exchangers.
´ Tubes can be internally cleaned without
removing the channel or the associated
piping.
´ Can be used for hazardous services.
´ Shell side cleaning is not possible.
´ Requires larger shell diameter.
Front Head Type
´ D Type (Special high pressure closure)
´ Specially designed closure for high pressures
on tube side.
´ Tube sheet and channel are integral (drum
tube sheet).
´ Very large bolt sizes for channel cover
requiring use of hydraulic bolt tensioners.
´ Several designs available (some patented)
to reduce cost. Breechlock type is one such
proprietary design
TEMA Rear Head Types

´ Rear heads can be broadly classified into three

categories as we have seen above
´Fixed tube type
´Floating head/tubesheet type
´U tube type
Rear Head Types
´ L Type
´ Fixed tube sheet arrangement.
´ Corresponds to A type front head.
´ Generally used with single or odd
no. of tube pass exchangers
´ Cleaning of insides of tubes is
possible without removing the
channel.
Rear Head Types

´ M Type
´ Fixed tube sheet
arrangement.
´ Corresponds to B type front
head.
´ Generally used with even no.
of tube pass exchangers
Rear Head Types

´ N Type
´ Fixed tube sheet arrangement.
´ Corresponds to N type front
head.
´ Generally used with single or
odd no. of tube pass
exchangers.
´ Cleaning of insides of tubes is
possible without removing the
channel.
Rear Head Types

´ P Type:
´ In this the gap between
the shell and the
floating tube sheet is
sealed by compressing
packing material.
´ This is not suitable for
hazardous and high
pressure applications.
Rear Head Types

´ S Type ( Floating head with

backing device)
´ Also called as split ring floating
head (SRFH).
´ Floating head is bolted to backing
device.
´ Backing ring is split (made in two
halves).
´ Commonly used with A type front
end head.
´ AES is most common type in
refinery services.
Rear Head Types
´ T Type (Pull through floating head)
´ Rear end can be pulled through
without removing the floating
head.
´ Requires larger shell diameter
than S type.
´ Relatively costlier than S type.
´ Easier to dismantle than S type.
´ Commonly used in Kettle type
heat exchangers.
´ Preferred when there is large
pressure differential between shell
& tube sides.
Rear Head Types
´ U-Type (U tube bundle)
´ Bundle is easily removable
for external cleaning.
´ No problems of differential
thermal expansion.
´ Extensively used for clean
tube side services like
steam, gases, BFW.
´ Used for two-phase mixtures
on tube side to prevent
phase separation.
´ When used with D type front
head, gives very
economical design by
eliminating tube sheet and
channel at rear end.
Rear Head Types
´ W Type (Externally sealed
floating tube sheet)
´ Also called as O-ring or lantern
ring type
´ Uses lantern ring seals between
the floating tube sheet, shell &
channel.
´ Possibility of leaks at packed
joints.
´ Suitable for low pressure, non-
hazardous fluids on both shell
and tube side.
´ Used for water, steam, air, lube
oil.
´ Design temperature should not
exceed 191°C; limitations on
design pressure.
TEMA Shell Types
Shell Types
´ E Type
´ One pass on shell side.
´ Mostly common type – industry standard.
´ If two or more tube passes are used, then temperature
cross may be a problem.
´ Temperature cross can be avoided by using multiple shells
in series.
Shell Types
´ F Type
´ Two passes on shell side.
´ Mostly used with two tube side passes to ensure true counter current flow.
´ Possibility of fluid leakage through longitudinal baffle from first pass to
second pass.
´ Leakage can be controlled by using lamiflex type seals or by welding the
longitudinal baffle to the shell.
Shell Type
´ G Type
´ Also known as split flow shell.
´ Low shell side pressure drop can be achieved.
´ Has higher temperature efficiency than E type.
´ Mostly used as thermosyphon Reboiler.
´ Full support plate provided at centre of shell inlet / outlet nozzles.
Shell Type
´ H Type
´ Also known as double split flow type.
´ Similar in principle to G type.
´ Pressure drop is very low (almost one-eighth of E type).
´ Mostly used as thermosyphon Reboiler.
´ Full support plate provided at centre of shell inlet / outlet nozzles
and at centre of the shell.
Shell Type
´ J Type
´ Also known as divided flow type.
´ One shell inlet and two shell outlet nozzles; variant with two inlet and
one outlet nozzles.
´ Since half the fluid is flowing through half the length of the shell, shell
side pressure drop is very low.
´ Commonly used for low pressure condensers and other services with
low allowable pressure drop.
Shell Type
´ K Type
´ Also known as Kettle type.
´ Exclusively used for vaporizing services.
´ Tube bundle submerged in pool of liquid.
´ Liquid level maintained above tube bundle.
´ Vapor disengagement space provided above tube bundle.
´ Full tube support plates provided.
Shell Type
´ X Type
´ Also known as cross flow type.
´ Lowest pressure drop of all shell types.
´ Used when the shell side volumetric flow rate is very high and /or
allowable pressure drop is very low.
´ Mostly used in vacuum condensers.
´ Full tube support plates are provided.
´ Proper design to avoid mal-distribution at shell inlet.
´ Multiple inlet & outlet nozzles / distributor plates provided.