THE IDEAL MOUNT LITERA ZEE SCHOOL (2021-2022 )

GRADE: IX LESSON IN POINTS SUBJECT: BIOLOGY

NAME : CHAPTER-14: NATURAL RESOURCES DATE: 3.10.2021

Basic requirements of life forms on the earth

i) resources available on earth is called natural resources. Like air, water, soil,
living organism etc.
ii) solar energy from the sun.
Earth- its outer crust area known as lithosphere, water cover
areas known as hydrosphere, and air cover areas known as
atmosphere.
 These three are life supporting zone known as Biosphere.
Biosphere ( two factor/component)
 abiotic factor like air, water, soil, minerals etc
 biotic factor like microbes, plant & animals.
The breath of life: air
 Composition of air( O2-20.9%,N2-78%,CO2-0.03%, other gases-0.97%)
 T his composition of air support the life.
 In Mars & Venus there is no life because major component of the
atmosphere is CO2 (app. 95 to 97%)
All living organism breath air despite this the percentage of CO2
in our atmosphere is less why?
 CO2 is fixed in two ways
i) All green plant-photosynthesis
ii) Many marine animal use dissolved carbonate to make their shell and
skeletons.
Role of the atmosphere in climate control
Air is bad conductor of heat
 Maintain the average temperature during day and night time.
  Prevent the sudden increase or decrease of temperature during day &
night respectively.
 In moon there is no atmosphere, therefore temperature ranges from -
190*c to 110*c
Movement of airs : form wind due to uneven heating of
atmosphere in different parts the earth.
 In costals region, during the day both sea water and land gets heated up
due to sunlight. Land gets heated up faster than the sea, so air above the
land get heated faster & start rising create low pressure. Cool air move
from sea flows towards land, which is called sea breeze.
 Whereas, during night time, cooling of land is faster than sea water.
Thus, warm air above sea rises up and cool air from land flows
towards sea,which is called land breeze.
 Rain formation- When the water bodies heated the hot air carrying
water vapour rises above. This hot air first expands & cools causing
water vapour to condense into tiny droplets. Suspended particles like
dust act as nucleus and facilitate the formation of water droplets.
 Water droplets when it becomes big & heavy it fall down in the form of
rain or snow when the atmospheric temperature is too low.
Air pollution-Any undesirable change in the physical, chemical or
biological characteristic of air is called air pollution.
 Causes-Burning of fossils fuel in automobiles, industries etc release CO,
CO2, oxide of N and S causes acid rain.
 It also release some unburn hydrocarbon particles form smoke, that
affects respiratory system and causes diseases such as bronchitis,
asthma, lungs cancer, tuberculosis etc.
 in winter season smoke + fog form smog, that reduce the visibility and
increase the chances of accident.
Water: a wounder liquid
 Distribution of water 75%-hydrosphere, 2.5%-fresh water(glaciers ice
sheet, ground water or surface water)
  Many sources of water are contaminated with industrial waste or
sewage, because of this reason we should conserve water.

Importance of water
 act as medium for all life process.
 it is a universal solvent.
 transport many things to different body parts.
 we depend on water for many activities like cooking, agriculture,
transportation, production of hydel power etc.
 maintain the cell shape.
Water pollution-if any physical, chemical or biological changes in the
quality of water affecting living organisms and making unfit for use is
called polluted water.
 Causes-Addition of undesirable substances like sewage, fertiliser causes,
Eutrophication, and addition of pesticides causes Biomagnification.

 Removal of desirable substance, eg dissolved O2 & minerals consumed

by “algae bloom”
 Change in temperature-if hot water is discharge from thermal power
plant it affect breeding in aquatic animals.
Soil –It is the upper layer of earth crust is called the soil.
Composition-it contains small particles of rocks, humus, microbes,&
minerals nutrient. Types of soil or quality of soil is depend upon its
composition. Quality of soil decide the biodiversity of life in an area.
Top soil-topmost layer of soil that contains humus & living organism is
called top soil.
Importance of humus make the soil more nutrient rich

 improves the water holding capacity ( sandy soil)

 provides porous & allow water and air to penetrate.
 therefore the top soils decide the biodiversity of life in an area.
 Formation of soil-soils are formed by weathering of
rocks. Following factors help in formation of soil.
THE SUN-Due to sun heat rocks expand during the day and then
contracts at night. This unequal expansion and contraction from
cracks on rocks which break them up into smaller pieces.
BY WATER-water enters into the cracks in the rocks, which if
freezes widen the cracks.
Water carries rocks particles downstream which break down into
smaller and finer particles through abrasive action. It results in soil
formation far away from its parent rocks.
BY WIND-Wind erods rocks down. They also carry sand from
one place to another.
THE LIVING ORGANISM:
 Lichen-it release the chemicals and cause the rocks surface to powder
down and form thin layer of soil.
 Moss-they grow on the rocks surface and cause the rocks to break down.
 Big tree-its long roots cracks the rocks sa the roots grow bigger the
cracks found bigger.
Soil pollution- if any physical, chemical or biological changes occur
in soil is called soil pollution.
 Causes
i)Removal of essential components like humus, minerals ions, microbes etc.

ii) Addition of other substances like pesticides, chemo fertilisers kill essential
microbes & earthworm etc decrease the soil fertility.
Soil erosion- It is the process of removal of fertile top soils due to
climatic and physical process is called soil erosin.
 Causes of soil erosion: i) strong wind ii) over grazing iii)improper tilling
iv)frequent flooding v) deforestation.
 Preventation: i) intensive cropping ii)proper drainage canal around field
iii)practising trace farming in hilly reason iv) plantation etc
Biogeochemical cycle-The cyclic flow of nutrient between abiotic &
biotic factor is called the Biogeochemical cycle. eg C,N,O & water
cycle.
Its make a dynamic and stable ecosystem.
• THE WATER CYCLE:
Water evaporates from water bodies & move upwards. Then vapour
condense & form rain droplet & again flow back into water bodies.
These water used by plants & animals for various life processes.
Living organism also release water through transpiration and
respiration goes to atmosphere.

THE NITROGEN CYCLE- it form various biologically important

compounds like Nucleic acid, vitamins, protein, alkaloid & urea too.
 78% of atmospheric N2 directly can not utilised by the plants and
animals. Therefore, it is fixed into soluble form.
 Steps of N2 cycle :
i) Nitrogen fixation :
Biological- Rhizibium bacteria,
bga Physical – lightning
Chemical – industries ( makes nitrogen fertilizer )
ii) Ammonification-It is the process to release ammonia from dead organism
like plants and animals by its decomposition by bacteria and fungi.
iii) Nitrification-It is the process of conversion of ammonia into nitrites & then
nitrates is called Nitrification. Eg.Nitrobacter, Nitrsomonas.
iv) Denitrification –The nitrate present in the soil is reduce into N2 and goes
back into the atmosphere is called Denitrification.eg Pseudomonas,
Thiobacillus etc.

THE CARBON CYCLE- The cabon in our atmosphere occur in various

forms like elemental form-graphites, diamonds and in combined form
like CO2, CO3 etc
 Biologocal compound like nucleic acid, protein, carbohydrates,
fats,vitamins.
 Even endoskeleton & exoskeleton also made up of carbonate salts.
THE GREEN HOUSE EFFECTS :
 Absorption of infrared radiation from sun by green house gases such as
co2 etc thereby increasing the temperature of earth. It is called green
house effects. It leads to global warming.

THE O2 CYCLE: it is also essential biological compound like

carbohydrates, protein, fats etc.
 Also occur in combined form like co2, oxide of nitrogen, sulphur etc.
 Oxygen used in three process-cumbation, respiration, formation of oxide
of nitrogen.
 Oxygen retuned to atmosphere by photostnthesis.
OZONE LAYER:It is the layer of ozone gases present in
strastosphere is called the ozone layer.
 It absorb harmful radiation from sun.
 It also prevent the entry of harmful radiation in our atmosphere.
 Main ODs is CFC form ozone hole ( thinning of ozone layer).