1.

) Computer organization and computer architecture are two closely related yet
distinct fields within the realm of computer science. Computer organization refers to the way
a computer's components are structured and how they interact at a low level to execute
instructions. It deals with the arrangement of hardware elements such as the memory, CPU,
and input/output devices, focusing on their functionality and connectivity. Computer
organization is concerned with the design of the data path and control unit, addressing
questions like how data flows between registers and how instructions are fetched and
executed.

On the other hand, computer architecture extends beyond the physical arrangement of
components to encompass the high-level design and conceptual structure of a computer
system. It defines the instruction set architecture (ISA), which dictates the machine language
and how programs interact with the CPU. Computer architecture is more concerned with
performance, scalability, and compatibility across different generations of processors. It plays
a pivotal role in determining the overall system's performance and efficiency, shaping the
capabilities of software developers and influencing hardware advancements.

2.) The basic components of a computer are:

A.) Central Processing Unit (CPU): The CPU is the brain of the computer. It executes
instructions from programs, performs calculations, and manages data flow within the
computer. It consists of an arithmetic and logic unit (ALU) for calculations and a control unit
to coordinate operations.

B.) Memory (RAM): Random Access Memory (RAM) is temporary storage used to
hold data and program instructions that the CPU is currently working on. It allows for quick
data access and manipulation. When the computer is powered off, data in RAM is lost.

C.) Storage Devices: These include Hard Disk Drives (HDDs) and Solid State Drives
(SSDs). They provide long-term storage for files, programs, and the operating system. Unlike
RAM, data stored here persists even when the computer is turned off.

D.) Motherboard: The motherboard is the main circuit board that houses the CPU,
RAM, and other essential components. It provides connections for peripherals, including
expansion slots for additional hardware like graphics cards.

E.) Input Devices: These allow users to provide input to the computer. Common input
devices include keyboards, mice, touchpads, and touchscreens.

F.) Output Devices: These display information processed by the computer. Common
output devices include monitors, printers, and speakers.

G.) Power Supply Unit (PSU): The PSU converts electrical power from an outlet into
a form usable by the computer's components. It supplies power to the motherboard, CPU, and
other parts.
 H.) Expansion Cards: These are optional components that can be added to the
motherboard to enhance the computer's capabilities. Examples include graphics cards for
improved visuals and network cards for connectivity.

I.) Ports and Connectors: Computers have various ports and connectors for
connecting external devices. Common ports include USB ports for peripherals, HDMI and
VGA ports for displays, and audio jacks for speakers and headphones.

J.) Operating System (OS): The OS is system software that manages the computer's
hardware and provides an interface for users to interact with the computer. Popular OS
options include Windows, macOS, and Linux.

K.) BIOS/UEFI: The Basic Input/Output System (BIOS) or Unified Extensible

Firmware Interface (UEFI) is firmware that initializes the computer's hardware during startup
and facilitates the loading of the operating system.

L.) Cooling System: Computers generate heat during operation, so cooling systems
like fans and heat sinks are essential to prevent overheating and maintain optimal
performance.

3.) When seeking a personal computer or laptop, several crucial technical

specifications warrant attention. Firstly, the processor (CPU) is paramount, with modern
multi-core CPUs from Intel or AMD offering enhanced performance. Secondly, memory
(RAM) should be considered, with 8GB being the minimum for most users, though 16GB or
more facilitates smoother multitasking. Storage options, including a Solid State Drive (SSD)
for speed and a larger Hard Disk Drive (HDD) for data, should be weighed. Graphics needs
should be assessed, whether it's a dedicated GPU for gaming or integrated graphics for
general use. Lastly, consider factors like display size, resolution, battery life (for laptops), and
the availability of necessary ports. Careful consideration of these specifications aligns your
purchase with your specific computing needs and budget.