Introduction to Hardware and Software

Course Code: IT 123

Lecturer: Evans Benny-Coffie
Computer
A computer is an electronic device that can be programmed
to carry out sequences of arithmetic or logical operations
(computation) automatically. Modern digital electronic
computers can perform generic sets of operations known as
programs. These programs enable computers to perform a
wide range of tasks.
Personal Computer (PC)
A personal computer (PC) is a general-purpose computing
device designed for individual use. It is a versatile machine
that can be used for various tasks, such as word processing,
web browsing, multimedia playback, gaming, and much
more.
PCs are typically smaller and less powerful than mainframe
computers or supercomputers, but they are more affordable
and easier to use.
PCs are available in different forms, including desktop
computers, laptops, and tablets, each offering its own
advantages and features.
The Basic Components of a Typical PC
The basic components of a typical PC include a central
processing unit (CPU), memory (RAM), storage devices (such
as hard drives or solid-state drives), input devices (such as a
keyboard and mouse), output devices (such as a monitor or
printer), and various other peripherals (like speakers or
webcams). These components work together to enable users
to interact with the computer and perform tasks efficiently.
Operating Systems (OS)
Operating systems (OS) serve as the software foundation for
PCs. Popular operating systems for PCs include Microsoft
Windows, macOS (for Apple computers), and Linux. The
operating system provides a user interface that allows
individuals to interact with the computer, manage files and
programs, and customize settings.
Flexibility and Upgradability
PCs offer significant flexibility and upgradability compared to
other computing devices. Users can choose and upgrade
individual components, such as adding more memory or
upgrading the graphics card, to improve performance or
meet specific requirements.
This versatility makes PCs suitable for a wide range of tasks,
from basic everyday use to demanding professional
applications like video editing or computer programming.
PCs also provide a platform for software applications and
programs. Users can install a variety of software, including
productivity tools, creative applications, games, and more, to
enhance their computing experience and accomplish specific
tasks.
Connectivity
Additionally, PCs are highly connected devices, allowing
users to access the internet, communicate with others
through email or instant messaging, and connect to various
external devices such as printers, scanners, or cameras. This
connectivity enables seamless integration into modern
digital workflows and the ability to collaborate and share
information with others.
General Use of Personal Computers
Personal computers have become an essential part of
modern life, empowering individuals with the ability to
perform a wide range of tasks, access information, and
communicate effectively. Whether for work, education,
entertainment, or personal use, PCs provide a powerful and
versatile tool for users to navigate the digital world.
system unit
The personal computer system unit, often referred to simply
as the "computer tower" or "CPU tower," is the main housing
for the key components of a desktop computer. It typically
sits on or under a desk and contains the following
components:
1. Motherboard: The motherboard is the primary circuit
board that connects and allows communication between
various hardware components. It provides slots, sockets,
and connectors for the CPU, RAM, storage drives,
expansion cards, and other peripherals.
2. Central Processing Unit (CPU): The CPU, also known as
the processor, is the "brain" of the computer. It performs
most of the calculations and executes instructions
necessary for the computer to function. The CPU is
usually installed onto the motherboard and is covered by
a heat sink and fan for cooling.
3. Random Access Memory (RAM): RAM is the
temporary memory that stores data and instructions that
the CPU needs to access quickly. It allows for fast data
retrieval and influences the computer's multitasking
capabilities. RAM modules are inserted into slots on the
motherboard.
4. Storage Drives: The system unit can house various
types of storage drives. Hard Disk Drives (HDDs) are
traditional mechanical drives that provide high-capacity
storage for programs and files.
Solid-State Drives (SSDs) are faster and more reliable,
utilizing flash memory technology. Some systems may
also include optical drives, such as CD/DVD drives, for
reading or writing discs.
5. Power Supply Unit (PSU): The PSU provides electrical
power to the components within the system unit. It
converts the AC power from an outlet into DC power that
the computer requires. The PSU is connected to the
motherboard and other components via cables.
6. Expansion Slots: These are slots on the motherboard
that allow for the installation of additional expansion
cards. Common examples include graphics cards for
enhanced video performance, sound cards for improved
audio capabilities, and network interface cards for
networking functions.
7. Cooling System: To prevent overheating, the system
unit employs cooling mechanisms. These typically consist
of fans and heat sinks attached to the CPU and sometimes
other components like the graphics card. The fans
dissipate heat, and the heat sinks absorb and transfer
heat away from critical components.
8. Connectors and Ports: The system unit features
various connectors and ports on the front and back
panels. These include USB ports for connecting
peripherals, audio jacks for speakers and microphones,
video ports for connecting monitors, Ethernet ports for
wired networking, and more.
The system unit is an essential part of a desktop computer,
containing the core components that enable its functionality.
However, it should be noted that the term "PC" is often used
interchangeably to refer to the entire desktop computer
system, including the system unit, monitor, keyboard, mouse,
and other peripherals.
Types of System Unit
There are primarily two types of system units commonly
used in desktop computers: tower/desktop system units and
all-in-one system units.
1. Tower/Desktop System Unit: This is the traditional
form of a desktop computer system unit. It is a separate,
standalone unit that typically sits on or under a desk.
Tower system units are vertical in shape and come in
various sizes, such as full tower, mid-tower, or small form
factor (SFF).
These units provide ample space for expansion and
customization, allowing users to add or upgrade
components easily. Tower/desktop system units are
often preferred by users who require high-performance
computing, gaming capabilities, or extensive storage
options.
2. All-in-One System Unit: An all-in-one (AIO) system
unit integrates the computer components, including the
display, into a single unit. The display is built directly into
the system unit, eliminating the need for a separate
monitor. The AIO system unit typically resembles a large
monitor with the computer components housed behind
the screen. AIO systems are designed to be compact and
space-saving, making them suitable for environments
with limited desk space.
They offer a clean and clutter-free appearance as all the
components are neatly contained within the display.
However, compared to tower system units, AIO systems
generally have limited upgradability as the components
are tightly integrated.
Peripherals
Peripherals are devices that connect to a personal computer
(PC) to enhance its functionality or provide additional
input/output capabilities.
Here are some common peripherals used with PCs:
1. Keyboard: A keyboard is an input device that allows
users to enter text, commands, and other characters into
the computer. Keyboards come in various designs,
including standard, ergonomic, and gaming keyboards,
with options like wired or wireless connectivity.
2. Mouse: A mouse is a pointing device used to control
the cursor on the computer screen. It allows users to click,
select, and navigate through graphical user interfaces.
Like keyboards, mice can be wired or wireless, and
different types include optical mice, laser mice, and
gaming mice.
3. Monitor: A monitor, also known as a display or screen,
is an output device that shows visual information
generated by the computer. Monitors come in different
sizes, resolutions, and technologies (such as LCD, LED, or
OLED) to suit various needs, including gaming, design, or
general office use.
4. Printer: Printers are output devices used to produce
physical copies of documents, images, or other digital
content. There are different types of printers, including
inkjet printers, laser printers, and multifunction printers
that can also scan, copy, and fax documents.
5. Speakers/Headphones: These audio output devices
allow users to listen to sounds, music, or other audio
content generated by the computer. Speakers can be
standalone units or integrated into the monitor, while
headphones provide a more private listening experience.
6. Webcam: A webcam is a video input device that
captures video and audio, allowing users to participate in
video calls, conferences, or record videos. Webcams are
often integrated into laptops or monitors, but external
webcams are available as well.
7. Microphone: A microphone is an input device that
captures audio or voice recordings. It is used for various
purposes, including voice chat, recording audio, or
participating in online meetings and conferences.
8. External Storage Devices: These devices provide
additional storage capacity for PCs. Examples include
external hard drives, solid-state drives (SSDs), USB flash
drives, and memory cards. They are used for data backup,
file transfer, or expanding storage capabilities.
9. Scanners: Scanners are input devices used to convert
physical documents or images into digital files. They
capture the content and create digital copies that can be
stored or edited on the computer.
10. Game Controllers: Game controllers, such as
gamepads, joysticks, or steering wheels, are input devices
designed specifically for gaming. They provide more
precise control and immersion for gaming enthusiasts.
These are just a few examples of peripherals commonly used
with personal computers. There are many other peripherals
available, including graphics tablets, barcode scanners,
external DVD drives, and more, catering to specific needs and
preferences of PC users.