CONTINUATION OF

INTRODUCTION
TO COMPUTING
 OUTPUT DEVICES

1. Computer display monitor – It displays

information in visual form, using text and graphics.
The portion of the monitor that displays the
information is called the screen or video display
terminal.
 OUTPUT DEVICES

2. LCD PROJECTORS – An LCD projector works on

trans-missive technology. LCD projectors are more
popular than many alternatives due to the fact that
they are cheaper to produce and have excellent color
reproduction. They are commonly used in business
meetings, presentations and seminars.
 OUTPUT DEVICES

3. PRINTER – A device that prints text or illustrations

on paper.
 OUTPUT DEVICES

4. SPEAKER – It is used to play sounds. They may be

built into the system unit or connected with cables.
Speaker allow you to listen to music and hear sound
from your computer
 OUTPUT DEVICES

4. HEADSET – It is a hardware device that connects

to a telephone or computer that allows the user to
talk and listen while keeping their hands free.
 TYPES OF STORAGE DEVICES

Compact Disc (CD) – It is also called optical disc is a

nonmagnetic, polished metal disk used to store
digital information. The disc is read by the CD-ROM.
A standard 120 mm CD can hold about 700MB
 TYPES OF STORAGE DEVICES

Digital Versatile Disc(DVD)- An optical disc

technology with a 4.7-gigabytes storage capacity on a
single-sided, one layered disk, which is enough for a
133 minutes movie.
 TYPES OF STORAGE DEVICES

Jump Drive and USB Flash Drive- It is a plug and

play portable storage device that uses flash memory
and is lightweight enough to attach to a key chain
 TYPES OF STORAGE DEVICES

Hard Drive – The main, and usually largest, data

storage device in a computer. The operating system,
software titles and most other files are stored in the
hard disk drive.
 Different types of SoftWares

Application Software – An application program (app

or application for short) is a computer program
designed to perform a group of coordinated
functions, tasks, or activities for the benefit of the
user.
 Different Types of Soft Wares

Operating System – An operating system (OS) is

system software that manages computer hardware
and software resources and provides common
services for computer programs.
 Different Types of Soft Wares

PeopleWare – can refer to anything that has to do with the

role of people in the development or use of computer software
and hardware systems, including such issues as developer
productivity, teamwork, group dynamics, the psychology of
programming, project management, organizational factors,
human interface design.
 The Computer Sub-System and Peripherals

System Unit - The main part of a microcomputer,

sometimes called the chassis. It includes the
following parts: motherboard, Microprocessor,
Memory, Chips, Buses, Ports, Expansion Slots and
Cards.
 Parts of the System Unit

1. Motherboard / Mainboard / System Board – The

main circuit board of a computer. It contains all the
circuits and components that run the computer.
 Parts of the System Unit

2. The CPU (Central Processing Unit) – The CPU is also

called microprocessor. It is considered as the brain of
the computer. The CPU interprets and carries out the
instructions or commands in each program of
software.
 Parts of the System Unit
3. The RAM and ROM – Is the computer’s main
memory. RAM’s are integrated circuits (IC) or chips
that can be used to store program instructions and
data temporarily. The computer accesses information
through this main memory randomly by using unique
memory address number
 Parts of the System Unit
RAM – Is a volatile type of memory because whatever we
store into it during the time we use the computer, would
vanish completely once we turn off the computer’s
switch. The RAM is capable of holding millions of data
temporarily. In other words, to make it easier to search
the data needed, the computer use this memory address
scheme to locate it.
 Parts of the System Unit

ROM(Read Only Memory) – is a non-volatile type

memory because the program and data stored into it
are permanent. Like RAM, the ROM is also a chip.
 Parts of the System Unit
The CMOS – The CMOS(Complementary Metal-
Oxide Semiconductor) chip is used to hold and record
all the basic setups of the computer system such as
the number of hard disks installed, the system date
and time, and if other computer peripherals are
connected to it such as modem, sound card, and
other.
 Parts of the System Unit

The CMOS – In the desktop personal computer, this

chip is powered by a battery. That is the reason why
your computer has an updated time clock and date,
even if you had switched it off for a day or week. All
settings of hardware and software are recorded on
the CMOS Chip.
 Parts of the System Unit
Computer Ports – The computer ports allow the user
to connect to the input and output devices or other
peripherals into the PC or Laptop. These ports are
usually can be found at the back of our PC or in some
cases, in front of it.
 Parts of the System Unit
Computer Ports – The computer ports allow the user
to connect to the input and output devices or other
peripherals into the PC or Laptop. These ports are
usually can be found at the back of our PC or in some
cases, in front of it.
 Computer Ports

Keyboard and mouse ports- as the name implies,

we can plug our PC’s keyboard and mouse into them.
Monitor Port – The LCD monitor is plugged into this
computer port.
Network Port- to connect our PC or Laptop to the
company or school’s Local Area Network (LAN),this is
the port we use, as well as to connect to the internet
via the company or school’s LAN. Presently, we call
this port as RJ-45 port, the standard port used in LAN
 Computers Ports

Parallel Port – the older model printer should be

connected to this port for hardware compatibility.
The newer model of printers is using the USB
(Universal Serial Bus)ports to connect them.
Serial Port – this port is the one we use to connect
our external modem. This is mostly applied if we want
to connect our PC or Laptop to the Internet via phone
line.
 Computers Ports

USB Port- the universal serial bus (USB) is a newly

designed port for computer devices or peripherals to
connect to, such as the printers, USB flash drive, iPod,
and digital cameras.
Audio Port- there is a color coding or symbols
(sometimes called an icon) used and applied to this
port to distinguish it from one another.
 Computer Bus

In the ever-evolving realm of computer

hardware and architecture, computer buses
play a pivotal role in enabling communication
between various components. These essential
data highways are responsible for transmitting
data, control signals, and power throughout a
computer system
 Types of Computer Buses:
Computer buses come in various forms, each serving a distinct purpose.
Some of the most common types include:

1. System Bus: This is the primary communication pathway in

a computer system, connecting the CPU, memory, and other
essential components. The system bus is divided into three
subtypes: the data bus, address bus, and control bus.
 Types of Computer Buses:

2. Expansion Bus: Expansion buses are used to

connect peripheral devices like graphics cards,
sound cards, and storage devices to the
motherboard. Common examples include PCIe
(Peripheral Component Interconnect Express) and
AGP (Accelerated Graphics Port).
 Types of Computer Buses:

3. USB (Universal Serial Bus): USB is a versatile

serial bus standard used for connecting a wide range
of peripherals, from keyboards and mice to external
hard drives and smartphones.
 Sound Card
A sound card, also known as an audio card or audio interface,
is a hardware component or peripheral device that is
responsible for processing and rendering audio on a computer.
Sound cards play a crucial role in allowing computers to
produce, record, and manipulate audio for various purposes,
such as entertainment, communication, and professional
audio production.
 Video Card
A video card, also known as a graphics card or GPU (Graphics
Processing Unit), is a critical hardware component in a
computer responsible for rendering and displaying visual
content on a monitor or screen.
It plays a fundamental role in shaping the quality of graphics
and video performance for various applications, including
gaming, video editing, 3D modeling, and general desktop use.
 Power Supply Unit
A Power Supply Unit (PSU) is a crucial component in a
computer that converts electrical energy from your power
source (usually the wall outlet) into a form usable by the
internal components of your computer.
It provides the necessary electrical power to run all the
hardware components within your computer system.
 Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS)
An Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) is an electrical device
that provides battery backup power when the main power
source fails or experiences voltage fluctuations, ensuring that
critical devices and systems remain operational.
UPS units are commonly used to protect sensitive electronic
equipment, such as computers, servers, data centers,
networking equipment, and home electronics.
 Optical Drive
An optical drive, often referred to as an optical disc drive
(ODD), is a hardware component that reads, writes, and stores
data on optical discs. These drives use a laser to access and
manipulate data on various types of optical media, such as
CDs, DVDs, and Blu-ray discs.
Optical drives were once a standard feature in most desktop
and laptop computers but have become less common due to
the rise of digital distribution and the use of USB drives and
cloud storage for data transfer.
 System Fan
A system fan, also known as a case fan or cooling fan, is a
hardware component in a computer that is designed to
dissipate heat and maintain a proper operating temperature
for the internal components of the computer.
These fans are crucial for cooling the CPU, graphics card,
power supply, and other components to prevent overheating
and ensure stable and reliable performance.
 Bits, Bytes, Data and Information

Bits, bytes, data, and information are fundamental terms

in the realm of computing and information technology.
They represent the building blocks and levels of
abstraction for representing and processing digital
information.
 Bit (Binary Digit):

-A bit is the smallest unit of digital information.

-It can have one of two values: 0 or 1, representing the
binary system's basic on/off or true/false concept.
-Bits are often used for low-level data representation and
processing in computing, such as in machine language
instructions, data storage, and data transmission.
 Byte:

-A byte consists of 8 bits.

-Bytes are the standard unit of data used in computer
architecture.
-Bytes are often used to represent characters, numbers,
and small chunks of data. For example, the ASCII
character set uses one byte to represent each character.
 Data:

-Data refers to raw facts, numbers, text, symbols, or any

form of information that is collected, stored, or
processed.
-Data can be unorganized and lack context. It can exist in
various forms, including numbers, text, images, audio,
and more.
-Data is typically the starting point for any computing or
information processing task.
 Information:

-Information is data that has been processed, organized,

or interpreted to provide meaning, context, or value.
-It represents knowledge or insights derived from data.
-The transformation of data into information often
involves analysis, interpretation, and presentation.
 Comparison:

-Data is like individual puzzle pieces, while information is

the complete picture that emerges when those pieces
are assembled.
-Data is static, while information is dynamic and often
used for making decisions or understanding a situation.
-Bits and bytes are the binary and digital representations
of data, serving as the basic building blocks for storing
and processing information in a computer.
 Comparison:

-In summary, bits and bytes are the fundamental units

for representing data in digital form, while data is raw
information that can be processed and organized.
Information is the meaningful output that results from
analyzing and interpreting data, providing knowledge or
insights that can be used for various purposes, from
decision-making to communication.
 IP Address
An IP address, which stands for Internet Protocol address, is a
numerical label assigned to each device that is part of a
computer network using the Internet Protocol for
communication.
IP addresses serve two primary functions: host or network
interface identification and the location addressing of these
devices on the network. They are essential for routing data
packets to their intended destinations and enabling
communication across the internet and local networks.
 Here are some key aspects to understand
about IP addresses:
1. IPv4 and IPv6:
-There are two primary versions of IP addresses: IPv4 and IPv6.
-IPv4 addresses are 32-bit numerical labels, typically expressed
in four groups of decimal numbers (e.g., 192.168.0.1).
-IPv6 addresses are 128-bit numerical labels, usually
represented as a hexadecimal string (e.g.,
2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334). IPv6 was
introduced to address the limitations of the IPv4 address
space.
 Here are some key aspects to understand
about IP addresses:
2. Address Hierarchy:
-IP addresses follow a hierarchical structure, typically
divided into network and host portions. The network
portion identifies the network to which a device belongs,
while the host portion identifies the specific device within
that network.
-For example, in the IPv4 address 192.168.0.1, "192.168.0"
is the network portion, and "1" is the host portion.
 Here are some key aspects to understand
about IP addresses:
3. Public and Private IP Addresses:
-Public IP addresses are unique and globally routable on the
internet. These addresses are assigned to devices or networks
that need to be directly accessible from the internet.
-Private IP addresses are used within local or private networks
(e.g., within a home or organization). They are not directly
routable on the public internet but can be translated by a router
or firewall for internet access. Common private IP address ranges
include 192.168.x.x and 10.x.x.x.
 Decimal Number System

The decimal number system, often simply referred to

as "decimal," is a base-10 numeral system that uses ten
digits—0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9—to represent
numbers. It is the most commonly used numeral
system in the world and is widely used in everyday life,
mathematics, science, and technology.
 Here are some key aspects of the decimal
number system:
1. Base-10 System:
-The term "decimal" comes from the Latin word "decem," which
means ten. This reflects the fact that the decimal system is based
on powers of 10.
-Each digit in a decimal number represents a power of 10. The
rightmost digit represents 10^0 (1), the next digit to the left
represents 10^1 (10), the next represents 10^2 (100), and so on.
 2. Decimal Digits:

-The decimal system uses ten digits: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7,

8, and 9.
-By combining these digits, we can create an infinite
range of numbers. For example, 237 represents 2
hundreds (10^2), 3 tens (10^1), and 7 ones (10^0).
 3. Place Value:

-The position of a digit within a decimal number

determines its place value. Moving from right to left,
the place value increases by a factor of 10 for each
position.
-For example, in the number 456, the "4" is in the
hundreds place, the "5" is in the tens place, and the "6"
is in the ones place.
 4. Whole Numbers and Fractions:

-Decimal numbers can be either whole numbers or

fractions. Whole numbers have no fractional part, while
numbers with digits to the right of the decimal point
represent fractions of 10, 100, 1000, and so on.
-For example, 3.14 represents the whole number 3 and the
fraction 14/100 (which can be simplified to 7/50).
 5. Decimal Point:

-The decimal point is used to separate the whole

number part of a decimal number from the fractional
part. It indicates where the place values transition from
positive integer powers of 10 to negative integer
powers of 10.
 6. Mathematical Operations:

-Decimal numbers are used for various mathematical

operations, including addition, subtraction,
multiplication, and division. These operations follow
specific rules within the decimal system.
 Example:

1.
5675=5x10ˆ3+6x10 ˆ2+7x10 ˆ1+5x10 ˆ0

2.
32.28=3x10 ˆ1+2x10 ˆ0+2x10 ˆ-1+8x10 ˆ-2
 Decimal to Binary Number Conversion

Decimal numbers can be converted into binary

numbers by dividing it by 2. The remainders are
considered as its binary equivalent by reading it upward
or the last remainder is the first to be read. You have to
neglect the numbers after the decimal point in the
quotient.
 Decimal to Binary Number Conversion

Example: Decimal number always have a base 10

1. 9
2.26
3. 135
 Binary to Decimal Number Conversion

Binary numbers can be converted into a decimal

number using an expanded notation in base 2 instead
of base 10(in the case of decimal numbers.
 Binary to Decimal Number Conversion

Example: Binary number always have a base 2

1. 1001
2.11010
3. 10000111
 The Octal Number System

The octal number system has eight basic digits:

0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7. It is a Base 8 number system. The octal
number system is used to conserve memory storage
location of the computer system by grouping the binary
digits into three. Meaning , 3 bits is equivalent to 1 octal
number.
 Decimal to Octal Number Conversion

To convert a decimal number into an octal number,

first, we divide the decimal number by 8. Then, we have
to take note the remainder after each computation of
division operation. The computation process will stop
when the quotient becomes 0. Again we have to read
the remainders in an upward direction or the last
number is to be read first.
 Decimal to Octal Number Conversion

Example: Always put Base 8 when you have Decimal to

Octal number Conversion.
1. 12
2.116
3. 1229
 Octal To Decimal Number Conversion

To convert octal number to decimal number, we have

to multiply each octal number by its positional value.
Then, we sum up all the resulting products.
 Octal To Decimal Number Conversion

Example: Always put Base 10 when you have Octal to

Decimal Number Conversion.
1. 14
2.164
3. 2315
 Octal To Binary Number Conversion

Using the given table below, we can convert octal

number to its equivalent binary number. Each octal
number must be converted one at a time by its
equivalent binary number.
 Octal To Binary Number Conversion

Example: Always put Base 2 when you have Octal to

Binary Number Conversion.
1. 13
2.127
3. 5.05
 Binary To Octal Number Conversion
We just simply reverse the procedure when we convert
the binary number into an octal number. You could
notice that every octal number has three equivalent
binary digits(bits). That is why we group the bits in
three during the conversion process. We will add zeroes
to complete the group when incomplete groupings
occur. Now refer to the table below to know the
corresponding equivalent.
 Binary To Octal Number Conversion

Example: Always put Base 8 when you have Binary to

Octal Number Conversion.
1. 001011
2.001010111
3. 101.000101
Presenting: The Hexadecimal Number System

The Hexadecimal Number system has ten basic digits:

0-9 and six letters: A, B, C, D, E, F. A is equivalent to 10,
B=11, C=12, D=13, E=14, F=15, respectively. It is a base
16 number system. In Hex number system the binary
digits are grouped into four. Meaning, 4 bits is
equivalent to 1 hex number.
 Decimal to Hexadecimal Number Conversion

To convert a decimal number into hex number, first, we

divide the decimal number by 16. Then, we have to take
note the remainder after each computation of division
operation. The computation process will stop when the
quotient becomes 0. Again we have to read the
remainders in an upward direction or the last number is
to be read first.
 Decimal to Hexadecimal Number Conversion

Examples:
1. 12
2.116
3. 1229
 Hexadecimal to Decimal Number Conversion

To convert hex number to decimal number, we have to

multiply each hex number by its positional value. Then,
we sum up all the resulting products.
 Hexadecimal to Decimal Number Conversion

Examples:
1. C
2.74
3. 4CD
 Hexadecimal to Binary Number Conversion
Using the given table below, we can convert hex
number to its equivalent binary number. Each hex
number must be converted one at a time by its
equivalent binary number.
Hex Binary Hex Binary
0 0000 8 1000
1 0001 9 1001
2 0010 A 1010
3 0011 B 1011
4 0100 C 1100
5 0101 D 1101
6 0110 E 1110
7 0111 F 1111
 Hexadecimal to Binary Number Conversion

Hex Binary Hex Binary

Examples: 0 0000 8 1000

1.2C 1 0001 9 1001

2 0010 A 1010
2.147 3 0011 B 1011
4 0100 C 1100
3.3AB 5 0101 D 1101
6 0110 E 1110
7 0111 F 1111
 Binary to Hexadecimal Number Conversion

We just simply reverse the procedure when we Hex Binary Hex Binary
convert the binary number into hex number. 0 0000 8 1000
You could notice that every hex number has 1 0001 9 1001
four equivalent binary digits(bits). That’s why 2 0010 A 1010
we group the bits in four during the conversion
3 0011 B 1011
process. We will add zeroes to complete the
group when incomplete groupings occur. Now 4 0100 C 1100

refer to the table above to know the 5 0101 D 1101

corresponding equivalent. 6 0110 E 1110
7 0111 F 1111
 Binary to Hexadecimal Number Conversion

Hex Binary Hex Binary

0 0000 8 1000
Examples: 1 0001 9 1001
1. 0010 1100 2 0010 A 1010

2. 0001 0100 0111 3 0011 B 1011

3. 0011 1010 1011 4 0100 C 1100

5 0101 D 1101
6 0110 E 1110
7 0111 F 1111