Extraction and Exploitation of Extraction and Exploitation of

Mineral Resources Mineral Resources

Mining Quarrying
- the process of extracting stone,
-the process of extracting useful
gravel, sand, limestone, granite, or
materials from the earth other materials from a quarry.
-e.g. coal, gold, or iron ore. Iron - a type of open-pit mine containing
ore is the material from which the above, quarries are also
the metal iron is produced referred to as surface or opencast
mines.

Extraction and Exploitation of Environmental Impacts of Mineral

Mineral Resources Exploitation
Smelting
- a process by which a metal is - Disruption of land due to
extracted, either as the element or as mining activities
a simple compound, from its ore by - Acid rain due to acid
heating beyond the melting point, waters mixing with bodies
ordinarily in the presence of oxidizing of water
agents, such as air, or reducing agents, - Land/water pollution due to
such as coke. oil spillage
Environmentally Sustainable Mining Water Management

Energy Consumption Reduction Waste Management

Waste Management Mine Site Reclamation

Fossil Fuels
● Naturally occurring carbon
compounds found in the
Earth’s crust
● Non-renewable
● Used for the synthesis of
petrochemicals and medical
products and for energy
supply
 Types of Fossil Fuels Coal
● Solid fossil fuel that is
hard, dark colored and
rock-like in appearance
● Readily combustible
● Has many uses

Coal Formation COAL FORMATION

● Coal formation
started during the
Carboniferous period
● It takes millions of
years to produce
coal
 Coalification

Coalification Oil (Petroleum)

● Liquid fossil fuel that is black, thick,
and highly viscous
● Highly flammable
● Can be found in layers of rocks or in
tar sands and has many uses like
producing kerosenes, diesel, jet fuel,
and other petroleum products and
generating electricity
 Natural Gas
● Gaseous fossil fuels that is
odorless, colorless, and highly
flammable
● Composed of methane gas
● Used in generating electricity
and in supplying energy for
cooking and transportation
Oil and Natural Gas
Formation
● Occurred mostly during
the Mesozoic and
Cenozoic era
● During those times, oil and
natural gas are often
made from diatoms and
planktons

Oil and Natural Gas

Formation
1. Oil and natural gas form from the
organic matter of dead marine
organisms (plankton, fishes, and
algae) that settle at the bottom
of oceans and seas.
2. Then, the sediments, mud, and
silt buried this matter and made
it compact
3. With high temperatures and
pressure, the organic matter is
developed into oil and
eventually natural gas
 Oil and Natural Gas Formation
Summary
● Oil and natural gas moved up through the porous part of the
ground creating reservoirs of oil or natural gas
● Usually, oil and natural gases are extracted along shorelines or
coastal areas
 Solar PV
● A photovoltaic system is a power
system used to supply solar
power by means of photovoltaic
● Photovoltaic (PV) is a method of
converting solar energy into
direct current electricity using
semiconducting materials that
exhibit photovoltaic effects.
 Water
● Covers around
70% of the earth’s
surface
● Goes through a
process called
Hydrologic cycle
Groundwater Resources: Glaciers
and Ice caps