D E PA RT M E N T O F A R C H I T E C T U R E

COURSE TITLE: LANDSCAPE

COURSE CODE: AR407

Course instructor: Dr. Ahmed Zaki

OVERHEAD SPACE DEFINATION
SPACE ENCLOSURE
SPACE ENCLOSURE & HUMAN SCALE
RELATION BETWEEN PLANTS & SPACE
TYPES OF OPEN SPACE
SPATIAL SENSATIONS
FUNCTIONAL USES OF LAND FORM
INTEGRATION WITH LANDFORMS
ADAPTATION TO LANDFORMS
HOW TO TRANSMIT FROM LEVEL TO ANOTHER
CONTOURS - STEPS - SLOPES
LEVEL SITE & LANDFORM MODIFICATIONS
LANDFORMS & EXPRESSIONS
ENCLOSURE – AESTHETICS – INDICATION – VIEWS
The lines of figures enclosed the spaces have many expressions
.and meanings

The form, height, density, solidity, reflectivity, texture, color,

symbolism, and degree of overhead enclosure all have a telling
effect on the spatial quality.
-At 45 degree, human tends to view details without building
shape as a whole (give full sensation of enclosure).
-At 30 degree, human enclose the whole building (less sensation
of details).

-At proportion 1:3 , human tends to enclose the building with

backgrounds (partially absence of space enclosure).
-At proportion 1:4 , starts the feeling of no enclosure completely
(the building is not present)
Human scale is indicated by tree

Space enclosure is indicated

by hill &tree
Presence of space enclosure indicated by contrast
between horizontality and verticalility

No indication of space form (no privacy, loneliness

.and human scale becomes un acceptable

Indication of space form ( we feel some kind of privacy which lead

to safety feelings ( duo to planting and acceptable human scale)
Creation of focal points

Creation of focal points ( contrast between a

vertical element and horizontal element

Modification to type of use and

.socio-culture conditions

Building in upper layer is considered open space, while

building in lower layer is enclosed and give privacy. The
.case which affect both type of use and culture

Creation of a module

.Feeling of space indication. This character is absent in flat lands

.Such case creates a kind of a module
Relation between plants and spaces

The vertical trees modulate Modification of spaces

the theme of a space
(direct, receive, message) .Distribution of trees affect modification of spaces
Relation between plants and spaces

Spatial subdivision by softscape Groups of plants indicating shape of

elements water bodies

Space Modification
using softscape elements to
create and link a sequence of
spaces in an architecture fashion
 Public open space
Private open space

Semi-public open space

Open spaces shared by group

of dwelling units
 ‫االحساس بالفراغ ‪spatial sensation‬‬

‫• وهى عملية إدراك الشخص للفراغ الخارجي وإحساسه بتشكيل األرض ‪ landform‬سواء‬
‫على مستوى اإلقليم أو على مستوى الموقع البسيط‪.‬‬

‫• ويعتبر امتداد المستوى البصري للمشاهد هو ما يحدد الحيز الفراغي‬

‫• ونجد أن اختالف مستويات الطبوغرافية و االختالف في المستوى الرأسي يحدد الفراغات‬
‫المختلفة ومستوى سطح األرض باإلضافة إلى درجة الميول( ‪)slopes‬ونقاط المنسوب‬
‫تحدد مستوى حلقة الفراغ وهذا التحديد يعطينا اإلحساس بالفراغ سواء كان (‪)smooth‬‬
‫أو (‪)aggressive‬‬
Functional uses of land ‫االستعماالت الوظيفية لشكل األرض‬
form

aggressive

smooth
Building is not integrated with site Buildings integrated with site
)not accepted( )integrated with landform: mountain(

Reduces the verticality of mountain Emphasizes the verticality of mountain

Importance of adaptation landforms
• To diminish landscape disruption
• To reduce the costs of earthwork
• To prevent the wasting of topsoil
• To preclude the need for erosion control and replanting
• To blend into the natural scene

designed for lawns, gardens, or crop production or be preserved in its natural

state.

c
 Preservation

Accentuation

Alteration

Destruction

The four alternatives in the development of a hill

 The essence of land planning for any project:
1. Seek the most suitable site.
2. Let the site suggest plan forms.
3. Extract the full site potential.

Wind break

Visual screen

Sound
barrier

Earth Shaping
Contours, steps, ramps are used for transition from level to another levels

They are also used to separate site functions

zoning
.The shape, or relief, of the ground surface can be indicated by contours

Contours can be thought of as edges of plateau Amphitheater seating on contour

 aggressive

Illustrative section of contour

smooth

Terraces edges simulate contour lines

aggressive
 aggressive

smooth
 cantilever
supported platform

retaining walls
terracing

On a sloping site the level plane is

,achieved by terracing
,retaining walls
,the supported platform
.or the cantilever
 Plants combined with mounding
can hide parking and service areas

Sky line profile

Topographic profile

Combine planting with earth

shaping to create landscape
.interest
 Landform expressions affect : Aesthetics, space enclosure
.and indication, views, climate

Sky line profile

Topographic profile
Maximize every topographic opportunity
 Landform expressions affect : space enclosure, aesthetics
.and indication, views, climate

space enclosure

The vertical plane of this

softscape element provides
space enclosure and visual
control.
.Aesthetic character

aggressive

smooth
Landform types by form ‫أشكال تأكيد شكل األرض‬
indication
Plant provides slop stabilization Outside deck created on steep site

Bridges link between levels, zones and create view

 ‫‪views‬‬ ‫الرؤية البصرية‬
‫• تشكيل األرض يؤثر علي جمال الرؤية من أي نقطة يف املوقع‬
‫• قد يعطي رؤية متتابعة ألي جسم أو حيجب بعض األجسام‬

‫‪View is blocked‬‬

‫‪agressive‬‬

‫‪View is available‬‬

‫‪smooth‬‬
Figures of expressions and meanings (1)
Figures of expressions and meanings (2)
END of LECTURE 4