Name: Hảo Date: July, 2016

Reference and inference

1. Give a brief definition of reference and inference. Give an example to illustrate your
answer.
- Reference is an act in which a speaker, or writer, uses linguistic forms to enable a
listener or reader, to identify st.
EX: I see Lan, she is coming to this room.
- Inference is any additional information used by the listener to connect what is said
to what must be meant.
- Ex: I enjoy listening to Mozart
2. There is a direct relationship between words and entities.
T or F?
3. Reference is tied to speaker’s _______ and _________ in the use of language.
4. True or False?
Anaphoric references are always the same entities as denoted by the antecedents.
5. Differentiate referential and attributive use of reference. Give an example to illustrate
your answer.
CỦ KHOAI TÂY CẮT CHÚNG RA, BỎ CHÚNG VÀO NỒI
CHÚNG 1: LÀ CỦ KHOAI NGUYÊN VẸN, CHŨNG 2 LÀ LÁT KHOAI.
6. Identify the use of reference below as referential or attributive:

a. Do you know the girl Henry got married last week? HƯỚNG ĐẾN NGƯỜI CỤ
THỂ RỒI => R
b. She wants to buy a wooden chair with arms. CHƯA CỤ THỂ GHẾ NÀO=> A
 c. I’m on the way to find my Mr. Right, a man like David Beckham.KHÔNG PHẢI
TÊN NGƯỜI CỤ THỂ. MR, RIGHT LÀ NGƯỜI ĐẠT CHUẨN CỦA TÔI => A
d. Tigers are carnivores. =>A
e. Children are encouraged to take up habits that are good for their health. A
f. Hanah is from a country with four seasons. A
NẾU MÀ THAY “a” BẰNG “the” thì lại là R
g. Louise is from the country that is famous for Eiffel Tower. R
h. The president of the United States changes every five years A
i. That man over there in the funny hat, whoever he is, is trying to break into the car.
R. TRONG ĐẦU TÔI BIẾT TK ĐẤY RÒI
j. The Republican presidential candidate in 1964 will be a conservative. A.
DO ĐÂY LÀ “will” nên không biết là ai
7. Identify the type of reference (exophora, anaphora, cataphora) in the following
cases:
a. Look! It is setting. E
b. We are going to see Shakespeare in London. E
c. What advice would you give to someone who has just failed a job interview? Why
so?
d. Do you know Mary?
- Yes. She is the girl standing next to Adam. A
e. Now I speak to Allan Baker …. And he has this to say …. “Well the problem is
that you want to find these children at quite a young age, to train them and to
motivate them as early as possible …”
f. I bought a new computer last night. When I went home; however, I realized the
loud speaker didn’t work well.
g. Hello. Can I speak to Mrs. John, please? This is Ellen.
h. It is very nice to see you again.
i. I want to ask these questions: Who invented telephone? And then?
 j. What is life like for ordinary Chinese citizens? What sort of housing, education,
and mediation treatment do they have?
- They’ve recently opened their doors to the rest of the world.
k. Oh. She’s coming.

8. Indicate anaphoric, cataphoric or exophoric reference.

1. When he arrived home, John went to sleep.
2. I went out with Jo on Sunday. She looked awful.
3. Peter left because he was tired.
4. I can’t believe it. We won!
5. A large grey cat was lying on the stairs, and I had to step over it.
6. If you want some, here's some strawberry ice-cream.
7. After he had received his orders, the soldier left the barracks.
8. If you want them, there are cookies in the kitchen.
9. Look at that.
10. I should have known it: The task is simply too difficult.
11. Once upon a time there was an old woman who had a lazy son. She was forever
scolding him, but it made no difference - he spent all his time lying in the sunshine,
ignoring her. His main job was to look after her goats, but he preferred to sleep in the
sun.
12. Mary went to California because Susan did.
13. He may be late. If so, we shall miss the bus.
14. This is what I believe: that all men were created equal.
15. Tom may arrive this morning. If so, I’ll be very happy.
16. No one wanted to admit that he might be wrong.
17. If you can find it, I would recommend buying the 1977 Vishnevskaya recording.
18. I've got a pet goldfish, and my brother's got one too.
19. Yesterday he was mugged. Fortunately such things are rare in his life.
20. Benjamin was much more anxious than Lewis, but in the end they both enjoyed
the flight.
21. Some careless drivers backed into our car. Such people made me mad.
22. You must remember this: A kiss is just a kiss; a sigh is just a sigh.
23. Did the gardener water those plants?
24. Benjamin, an elderly farmer, was very poor.
25. Benjamin, who was an elderly farmer, was afraid of flying.