CHAPIER-6

Microwave Passive Conmponents

6.1 INTRODUCTION
dividets td dinetional
COuplers are passive microwave components
Dvider
division power
or
conbining.
as illustrated in 'igure 6.1.
P =P,+Pa Divider P2
(Ouler
-Pa-(l-a)P or
Coupler P
(u) Power division
(b) Power combining
Fig 6.1
power divider, an input signal is divided into (wo (or more)
NsT weT, wile apower combiner accepts two or more
output signals of
input signals and
tius combines them at an ouput port.
A lhe divider may have three ports, four ports, or
more, and may be lossless
(ideally). Three-port power divider can be a T-junctions while four -port
nctworks can be directional couplers, circulators and hybrids.
A POwer dividers usually provide an in-phase output signals with an equal power
division ratio (3dB), but unequal power division ratios are also possible.
Dieetional couplers can be designed for arbitrary power ivision, while hybrid
junetions usually have equal power division. Hybrid junctions have either a 90
or a l80 phase shift between the output ports.

6.2 THREE-PORT JUNCTIONS (T-JUNCTIONS)

Asimple power divider is aT-junction network as shown in Fig 6.1. When we
are using as power divider, the port Iacts as an input port and ports 2and 3are
act as an output ports. The power is divided among the ports equally and it is
Cxpressed in terms of lossless as,
 Antennas and
Microwave
6.2
Inputpower =
P,
Output power
P +P:
Engmer
Z2

Fig 6.2 Alossless three-portjunctionused as apOwer divider

When used as power combiner, the port 1 is act as an output port and
2and 3 are act as an input ports and it is expressed as, the pot
P; +P =P
The scattering matrix for an arbitrary three-port network is given as.
S,, Sp Si3
S S3
S Ss3.
* For a lossless, the reciprocal three-port
junction is one where all three ports cz
be perfectly matched, then S11 =S2 = S33= 0 and its
symmetric (S;;=S). Now, the scattering matrix is givenscattering
by,
matrix will
0 Sp Sy3
(s =|S 0 S3
S S3 0
The scattering matrix of a reciprocal
that all the ports are perfectly four-port (directional coupler) nerh
matched and it is expressed as,
0 S,, S,; S4
s] = S 00 S, SA ..
|S, S 0 S4
S S S 0
 Pussiy 'omponents

Applications
('sedinnthe raliting elements of an
arrqy antenna
'ed in the balanved amplitiers both us pver dividers nl perwe
combiners.

6.3 FOUR PORTS NETWORKS: DIRECTIONAL COUPLES

A31Introduction
Definitions:
Adirectional coupler is a tor port nssie debce comnonly used (0r
in
coupling a known fraction of the microwave power To a port (coupled Port)
lo an 0upur
am auxiliary line while the power is flowing. rom an input port
portinthe main line. The renmaining port is ideally isolated
port amd mutched
terminated
on a lin' are
Here. portions of the forwvard and reverse traveling waves
separately coupled to hvo of the other ports.
reflected power, SWR
They can be designed to measure an incident and/or
perform
(Standing Wave Ratio) values, provide a signal path to a receiver or
the other desirable operations.
or bi - directional
They can be unidirectional(measuring only incident power)
(measuring both incident and reflected) powers.
Primary Waveguide
Port 2
Port 1
Coupling
device
Port 4
Port 3
Secondary Waveguide

Fig 6.3 Aschematicof a directional coupler

6.3.2 Properties of Directional Coupler

properties of an ideal
With matched terminations at all its ports, the
follows:
directional coupler can be summarized as
 Antennas and Microwuve
6.4
Aportion of power raveling from port l to port 2is coupled
()
not lo p0rt3.
Aportion ofpOwer Iraveling
from port 2lo port Iis
(ii)
nol to port 4.
coupled to port
(ii) Aportion ofpowerincident on port 3 is coupled to port 2 but
4
Iand aportion of the power incident on port is coupled port l m
not to port 2. Also ports I and 3 are decoupled as ports 2andto 4.

Input Main waveguide 2 P,

power

P Received
power

Pb
3
Auxillary
4 P
waveguide
Back
Coupled
power
power

Fig 6.4 Directional coupler indicating powers

where P; (or) Pi - Incident power at port 1,
P2 (or) P, - Received power atport 2,
P4 (or) P; - Forward coupled power at port 4, and
P; (or) P - Backpower at port 3.

6.3.3 Coupling Factor (C),Directivity (D), and Isolation (U)

The performance of a directional coupler is usually
its coupling, directivity and isolation. described in tens
(i) Couplingfactor (C):
The coupling factor of a directional coupler is defined as, "the ratio of
incident power P;' to the forward power P which is measured indB".
Coupling factor (dB) = 101 P
log10 PA
C(dB) =
10 log10 P;
Pr
 Passive Components

The coupling factor is a 6.5

sanpled. measure of how much of an incident power is being
j Directivity(D):
. The directivity of a
power P to the directional coupler is defined as, "the ratio of forward
backward power P' as erpressedin dB".
Directivity (dB) = 10 log1o
P,
D(dB) = 10 Pt
, Directivity is a
log10 p.
measure of how well the directional coupler
hetween the forward and reverse traveling distinguishes
powers.
(i) Isolation ():
Isolation is defined as, "the ratio of an incident power 'P;' to the back
power
P,' as expressed in dB".

Isolation (dB) = 10 P
log10 P3
I(dB) = 10loog10 P

The term isolation is sometimes used to describe the directive properties of a

coupler. Isolation (dB) equals coupling plus directivity.
Isolation (I) = Coupling factor (C) + Directivity (D)

0.3.4 Scattering Matrix of a Directional Coupler

Hence, (S] is a 4 x 4 matrix and it is
* Directional coupler is afourport network.
expressed as,
S,, S2 S S4
S S, S S4 ..... (1)
(s]= S, Sy Sg S4
S4 S Su
S2 Sa3
 Antennas and
6.6 Microwave
In a directional coupler all the four ports are perfecily matched to
Hence, all the diagonal elements are zero.
Si =S2 =S33 = S44 =0
the junction Erngine ring
(2
From symmetric property, Si = S;i
S12=S1, Sp3 = S32, S13 = S31, S24 =S42, S34 = S43, S41 =
There is no coupling between port 1 and port 3. S1a.. . 3)
S13= Sa =0
(4)
Also there is nocoupling between port 2 and port 4.
S24 =S42 =0
-(5)
By substituting the values of scattering parameters as per equations (2) to (3)i
equation (1), we get
0 S2 S4
0 Si3 0
[s]= S2 ".... (6)
0
S3 0
S340.
S;4 0

By applying an unity property of [S] matrix for cquation(6), we then get

(S] [S] = I
0 S2 S4 Sjp 0 Si4. 1 00 0|
S12 0 S3 0
S23 0
Sz3 1 0

S34 S3 S34 0 0 1 0
S4 0
S34 S14 0S34 0 00 1|
R,C1: |Sz +|Ss 1 .....7)
()
RC: |S +|S,a =1 (8)
R;Cs: (9)
Then, by using. zero property of [S] matrix,
RËCs: S,S +SSy =0 (10)
 Wionnel
Passive Components
6.7
Bycomparing equations (7) and(8),
we get

S4 =Sp3 ... (11)

Similarly, by comparing the equations (8) and (9), we get
|S,| +|Sy -|s, +|s,.
S12 =S34 .... (12)
Ietus assume that S12 1S real and
positive = p'
Sp = S4 p= S4 (13)
.Ry substituting equations (13) and (11) in
equation (10), we get
S,, S, +S,4 S4 =0 : Sj4 =S3|
pS, +8) - 0
S +Sza =0
S3 = - S,3 ..
(14)
4 From equation (14), it is clear that S,3 must be inaginary,
S3 jq
S3 = -jg
&From equations(11) and (12),
S2 S34 P (15a)
and S3 ..... (15b)
* By substituting equations (15a) and (15b) in equation (7)we get,
lp²+g? =1 ......(16)
By substituting equations (15a) and (15b) in equation (6), then [S] matrix of a
directional coupler is reduced to
0 0 jq
jg 0
[s .... (17)
0 jq
j4 p
0
l6.8| Antennas and
IMicrowave
6.4 WAVEGUIDE DIRECTIONAL COUPLERS Engine riny
D ional couplers can be made in many different forms.
nalcouplers cxists, such as a Several types
(i) Two -hole directional couple,
(ii) J'our- hole directional coupler,
(ii) Reverse - coupling directional coupler (Schwinger
(iv)Bethe - hole directional coupler. coupler), and
Ahybrid junction is a special case of a directional coupler, where the
factor is 3 dB (cqual split), and the phase relation between the
cither 90° (quadrature hybrid), or 180° (magic-Tor rat-race hybrid).
output coupiportsngis
(1) Bethe Hole Coupler
o The dircctional property of all the directional couplers is produced throueh h
use of two separate waves or wave componerts, which add in phase at
coupled port and are canceled at an isolated port.

(4) (Isolated)
2) (Through)
(Coupled) (3)
(Input) (1)
(a) Parallel waveguides
(Coupled) ()

(2) (Through)
(Input)(1)|

(solated)
(b) Skewed waveguides

Fig 6.5
 Passive Components 6.9
o Oncofthe simplest ways of doing this is to couple one waveguide to another
through a single small hole in the
waveguides. Such a common broad wall between the two
coupler is known as a Bethe hole coupler.
Dy adjusting the relative amplitudes of these two
cancelthe radiation in the direction of an isolatedequivalent
port, whilesources, we cal
enhancing the
radiationin the direction of the coupled port.
Design Multi-hole Couplers
p)
o Apractical|waveguide directional couplers are multi-hole couplers in which the
desired coupling response Vs frequency can be achieved by a proper selecuou
of the number of holes and the size of the holes.
0 Atwo-hole directional coupler consists of two waveguides namely, the
primary,:and the secondary ith two tiny holes Common between them.
The number of holes can be one (as in Bethecross guide coupler) or more
than two (as in a multi holecoupler).
Agl4 a

(a) Two- hole (b) Four -hole

Fig 6.6 Different types of directionalcouplers

the holes in
o The degree of coupling is determined by the size and location of
is the
the waveguide walls. The two holes are at adistance of ,14 where
guide wavelength.
L=(2n+1)9
4
Waveguide
Primary
Port 2
Port 1

Added port 4
Port 3 canceled
Waveguide
Secondary
directionalcoupler
Fig6.7 Two- hole
6.10 Antennas and
|Microwavehole
o Ihe Fig 6.7 shows thc traveling waves propagation in a
coupler. A fraction of the wave energy which is entered
t l hthe holes and is radiated into the
two
secondary guide asintotheport 1
Endgiireecriionnya
nas. The spacing between the centers of two holes
must holbe,es acs
L= (2n+ 1)
where n - Any positive integer, and
g- Guide wavelength.
o The forward waves in the secondary guide are in
same phase,
hole space, and are added 2t port 4. The coupling is then given by, regardless of the
C= - 20 log 2| Be|
where Br Amplitude in the forwarddirection.
o The backward waves in the
secondary guide (waveS are progressing rom tol
to left) are out of phase by 180° at the
position of the 1 hole and are
at port 3. canceled
6.5 THET-JUNCTION POWER DIVIDER
6.5.1 Introduction

(a) E-plane waveguide T (b) H-plane waveguide T

(c) Microstrip line

Tjunctiondivider
Fig 6.8 Various
T-junction power dividers
 Passive Components 6,11

Th T-junction
power divider iS asimple three-port network that can
VIraally
powerdivision or
fr power combining, and it can be implemented in
ftransmission line medim.
waveguide and
Figure 6.8 shows some commonly used T-junctions in
line
microstrip line or stripline form which are in the absence of transmission
loss, Jossless junctions.
62 LosslessDivider
junction
The lossless T-junction dividers of Figure 6.8 can all be modeled as a
of three transmission lines, as shown in Figure 6.9.
order modes associated with
In general, there may be fringing fields andhigher
energy that can be
the discontinuity at such a junction, leading to the stored
accounted for by a lumped susceptance, B.
order for the divider to be matched to an input line of characteristic
A In
impedance Zo, we must have,
1 1 ....(1)
Y, = jB ++

Zo VjB

Yin

Transmission line model of alossless T-junction divider

Fig 6.9 then the
be lossless (0r of low loss),
are assumed to
* If the transmission lines (1)
are real. If we also assume B= 0, then equation
characteristic impedances
reduces to
......
.(2)
 Antennas and
6.12 Microwave
In practice, if B is not negligible, some type
of discontinuity co
Eng er
SUscocmeptpenasnc:alio
to cancel this
reactive tuning element can usually be used
over a narrow frequency range.
selected
The output line impedances, Z and Z2, can be to
power division ratios. Thus, for a 50 2 input line, a 3 dB (equal provide
divider can be made byusing the two 100 Q output lines.
bring
lf necessary, quarter-wave transformers can be used to an outpu ti
impedances back to the desired levels. If the output lines are
input line will be matched and there will be no isolation
matched.,thea
output ports.
between the
6.5.3 Resistive Divider

Ifathree-port divider contains lossy components, it can be made to be m..

at all ports, although thetwo output ports may-not be isolated.
The rcut og
such a divider is illustrated in Figure 6.10, using lumped-element ciresich
Here, an equal-split (-3dB) divider is used, but unequal power division rati
are also possible.
Port 2 P2

Zo
Zo/3
Port 1 Zo/3

P4
Z,/3

Zin
Port 3

P
Fig 6.10 An equal-split
The resistive divider of three-port resistive power divider
Figure 6.10can easily be tleo
Assuming that all ports are terminated in the analyzed using circuit
characteristic impedance
 6.13|
roMvePassive Components
terminated
impedance,Z, seen looking into the Zo/3 resistor followed by a
the
outputlineis

4Z (3)
Z.= 3 Z,= 3
Thenthe input impedance of the divider is
Zy 2Z (4)
3 3
Because the
Equation (4) shows that an input is matched to the feed line.
ports are also matched.
network is symmetric from all three ports, the output
Thus, Sii = S2 =S33 =0.
voltage at port 1is V;, then by voltage division the voltage Vat the center
If the
of the junction is given as,
2Z,/3 .(5)
V= V,
3
are obtained as,
And the output voltages by using voltage division
V, = V; = V = Vx 3Z,+ Zo
3

3 Zo (6)
= Vx
4Zy v
By substituting equation (5) in equation (6),
3 2. *..... (7)

1
So the output powers are 6 dB below an input power
4 Thus, S,= S31 = Sz3 = 2
The network is reciprocl, so the scattering matrix is symmetric but not a
level.
as,
unitary matrix and it can be written
0 1 1
0 1 (8)
1 1 0
 Antennas and Microwuve
The power delivercd to the input of the divider is,

P'in 2 Zo
While the output powers are,

P, = P: =
1
2
( 8 Zo
=
1
4 Pin (lo)

Equation (10) represents that half of the supplied power is

resistors. dissipated in th
6.6 THE WILKINSON POWER DIVIDER

E Dravwbacks:
Thelossless T-junction divider is not being matched at all the ports, andi
does not have any isolation between output ports.
The resistive divider can be matched at all ports, but eventhoughit is not
lossless, isolation is still nÍt achieved.
The Wilkinson power divider is a network with the useful property of r
appearing lossless when the output ports are matched; that is, only ih
reflected power from the outpu ports is dissipated.
4
Zo
[2Zo
Zo 2Zo Zo
Zo 2Z0
2Z0
/4
-A/4/2Zo Zo

(a) An equal-split Wilkinson power divider (6) Equivalent transnission

in microstrip line form line cireuit

Fig 6.1I The Wilkinson power divider

herowavePassive Components
6.15
The Wilkinson power divider can be made with the power division,
which is often made in arbitrary
ligure 6.11(a):the microstrip line or stripline form, as depicted in
Figure 6.1 1(b). corresponding transmission line circuit is gi ven in

Even-Odd Mode Analysis

o For simplicity, we can normalize al impedances to the characteriste

impedance and can redraw the circuit of Figure 6.11(b) with the voltage
Zo,
generators at the output ports as shown in Figure 6.12.

Port 2 1

+V2
2 N4
rl2 Vg2
2,
N
Port 1 N4 rl2
1
+V3
W
Port 3
Vg3

Fig 6.12 The Wilkinson power divider circuit in normalized and symmetric form.
o This network has been drawn in a form that is symmetric across the
midplane; the two source resistors of a normalized value 2 which is combine
in parallel to give a resistor of normalized value 1, representing the
impedance of a matched source.
o The guarter-wave lines have a normalized characteristic impedance Z, and the
shunt resistor has a normalized value of r . For the equal-split power divider
which is given in Fig 6.11, these values should be Z=2 and r=2.
0 Now we define two separate modes of excitation for the circuit of.Fig 6.12
() Even mode

(i) Odd mode Vo =- Vo 2

 Antennas and
Microwve
|6.16
modes eflectively produces an
Superposition of these two parameters of the network is
scattering
Emg
excitalionme r
can find by using
V

(a) Even Mode

= 2Vo So V = V?, and
cven-mode excitation, V. = Vg
o For
current flows through the r/2 resistors or the short circuit between the therclore
of the two transmission lines at port1.

Port 2

V 1
N
Port 1

2 +Vi -N4 r/2

W )2Vo
0.C 0.C

(a) Even-mode excitation

Port 2

Port 1 +V
W

2 +v -N4 r/2
2Vo

(b) Odd-mnode excitation

Fig 6.13 Bisection of the

circuit of Fig 6.12.
o We can thenbisect the network of 6.12 with
obtain the network of Fig 6.13. An open circuits at these points
as, impedahce looking into port
isobaine-

Z 2
fcrowave Passive Components
6.17
This transmission
line looks like a
7=V2, then port 2 will be matched quarter-wave
for an
transformer. Thus, if
V = Vo since
Z=1.The even-mode excitation,
r/2 resistor is Superfluous in this case t
is open circuited. and onc end
TransmissionLine Equations
, To find V from the transmission line eguations, if x = 0 at port
and
x=-/4 at port 2, then we can write the
section is voltage on the transmisSiOn line

V(¢) = y (eJ* +T e')

Then
V=V-/4) =jV (1-)=Vo (2a)
V = V0) = V(1 +I) =jVo T+1 (26)
T-1
The reflection coefficient T is that seen at port l looking toward the resistor of
normalized value 2, so
T= 2-2
2+/2
and V - -jV,\2 ..... (3)

(b) Odd-Mode
For odd-mode excitation, V = - Vgg 2 Vo
So, V -v
then
There is a voltage null along the middle of the circuit in Fig 6.12. We can
bisect this circuit by grounding it at two points on its midplane in order to give
the network of Fig 6.13(b).
since the parallel-connected
oLooking into port 2, we see an impedance oI rI2
so looks like an onen
transmission line is 2/4 1long and shorted at port 1, and
circuit at port 2.
excitation the port 2 will be matched if we select
o Therefore, for odd-mode
Then V = V, and v =0; for this mode of excitation all powers are
r=2. 2
with none going to port 1.
delivered to the r/2 resistors,
 Antennas andI
6.18
Microwave
o Now, we must find an input impedance at port 1 of the
ports 2 and 3 are terminated in the matched loads.
shown in Fig 6.14(a), where it is seen that this is similar to
Wilkinson
The Engine rin
resultingdivider when
g
an even
excitation since V,=V3.
Port 2

V2
1 Zin
2

Port 1
1

Port 3
(a) The terminated Wilkinson divider

Port 2

Zin N4

Port 1
V2
-/4 1

Port 3
(b)Bisection of the
circuit in (a)
Fig 6.14 Analysis of the
oNo current Wilkinson divider to findS;.
flows through the resistor
removed, leaving the circuit of Fig of normalized value 2, so it paralle
a
connection of two quarter-wave 6.14(b). We then have the
unity (normalized). Then, an transformers
input
of
which is terminated in loads
impedance is given as,
1
(4)
 Passive Components
6.19
o The preceding formula for Sp applics because all ports are matched when
(erminated with the matched loads.
Whenthe divider is driven at port I andthe
dissipated in the resistor. outputs are matched, no power is
Thus the divider is lossless when the outputs are
matched; only
reflected power from ports 2 or 3 is dissipated in the resistor.
Because, S3 = S32 =0,
ports 2 and 3are isolated.
S.No.
Characteristic Scattering Parameters
1. Zi, =lat port 1. S =0
2. Ports 2 and 3 matched for even
and odd modes.
S=S3=0
3. Symmetry due to reciprocity. V+V°1
V +v
4. Symmetry of ports 2 and 3.
V2
5. Short or open at bisection. S3 = S3=0

Table 6.l:Scattering parameters for the Wilkinson divider

Wilkinson Dividers
2) Unequal Power Division and N -Way
power dividers with unequal
o A microstrip line version of Wilkinson-type
power splits is shown in Fig 6.15.

Zo2
R
R2 =Zo K

Zo Zo3 (3 Rg = Zo/K

Wilkinson power divider in microstripformhaving

Fig 6.15A unequalpowerdivision.
 Antennas and
Microwuve
6.20

between ports 2 and

3 is K'= P;/P,, then nge
o If the power ratio
design equations apply:
1+K?
Zo3 =Zo 1/ K3K³
Zy = Zo yK(1+K)
Zo = K

o The above results reduce to the equal-split case for K =1. Also observe that
ZoK and R3 =ZK,
output lines are matched to theimpedances R2 =
be used to
to the impedance Zo; matching transformers can translom
output impedances.
o The Wikinson divider can also be generalized to an N-way divider
combiner, as shown in Fig 6.16. This circuit can be matched at all then
with an isolation between all ports. For increased bandwidth, the Wilki
divider can also be made with stepped multiple sections,

ZoVN
Zo
Zo
ZoVN
Zo
Zo
ZoVN
Zo
Zo

Zo VN
Zo
214
Zo

Fig 6.16An N-way,

equal-split Wilkinson power divider.
E Drawback:

This divider requires crossovers for the resistors with N>3, which makesth'
fabrication difficult in planar form.
rowavePassive Components
6.21
6.7 THE
1Introduction
QUADRATURE (90°) HYBRID
pefinition:

Quadrature hybrids are 3 dB directional couplers with a

diference in the outputs of the 90° phase
is often made in through and coupled arms. This type of hybrid
branch-tine hybrid.microstrip
line or stripline form and it is also known as a

Zo ZoW2
Zo
(Input) 1) (2) (Output)
14
Zo Zo
N4

(Isolated) (4) 3)(Output)

Zo Zo
Zo1W2

Fig 6.17 Geometry of abranch-line coupler.

Other 3 dB couplers, such as coupled line couplers or Lange couplers, can also
be used as quadrature Couplers. We will analyze the operation of the
quadrature hybrid using an even-odd mode decomposition technique similar to
that used for the Wilkinson power divider.
With reference to Figure 6.17, the basic operation of the branch-line coupler is
as follows:

o With all ports matched, power entering port 1 is evenly divided

between the
ports 2 and 3, with a 90° phase shitt between these outputs. No power is
expressed as.
coupled to port 4 (the isolated port). The scattering matrix is
r0 j 1 0
j00 1
|S| = 1 0 0 j
Lo 1 j 0J
 Antennas and
6.22| Micasrowave
o The branch-line hybrid
used as an input port.
has a high degree of symmetry,
The output ports will always be on theany
Eporngeat Ca
of the junction from an input port, and the isolated
input port.
port owip olsitghe
remaining port on the same side as the
o This symmetry is reflected in the
scattering matrix, as each
obtained as atransposition of the first row.
6.7.2 Even -Odd Mode Analysis
Ay =1 (2
1 1/42 1

B B2
1

B4 Bg

1/42 1

Fig 6.18Circuit of the branch-line hybrid coupler in normalized form.

The schematic circuit of the branch-line coupler in the normalized omi
shown in Figure 6.18, where each line represents a transmission
indicated characteristic impedance normalized to Zo. We assume tha: awazd
unit amplitude Aj =1 is incident at the port 1.
The circuit of Fig 6.18 can be decomposed into the superposition of an
mode excitation and an odd-mode excitation as shown in Fig 6.19.
The superimposing of two sets of excitations produces the original eXC0aC
of Figure 6.18, and since the circuit is linear and the actual Tesponse(
scattered waves) can be obtained from the sum of the even2
tothe
odd excitations.
responses
Because of the symmetry or antisymmetry of the excitation, thefourp
networks
network can be decomposed into a set of two decoupled two-port
shown in Figure 6.19.
 TOWNePassive Components
6.23

1 1/N2 1
+1/2
1/2
+1/2
+1/2
1/N2 1 1
1 1
1/42
Line of symmetry
I=0 Open-circuited stubs
V= max (a) Even mode (e) (2 separate 2-ports)

1/2
+1/2 1 1/N2
1 1
+12 +1/2
1 1N2 1
1
Line of symmetry
V=0 Short-circuited stubs
I= max (2 separate 2-ports)
(b) Odd mode (o)

Fig 6.19 Decomposition of the branch-line coupler into

even- and odd-mode excitations
4 The amplitudes of an incident waves for these two-ports are +l2, the
amplitudes of an emerging wave at each port of the branch-line hybrid can be
expressed as,
1
(la)

B, -T, +;, ..(1b)

1 1
B, I. -3I (le)

B, T.-r, .... (1d)

where Te,0 and T., e,0 are the even- and odd-mode reflection and transmission

Coefficients for the two-port networks of Fig6.19.

 6.24 Microwe Eng
, and T, for an even-mode
First consider the calculation of
This can best be done by multiplying the 4BCD matrices of each t
Ci ient in that circuit as,
Two-por
A B7 -1
=

DJe -1.

Convert ABCD parameters (defined here with Z, = 1) to S

are equivalent to the reflection and transmission coefficients. Thus, parameiers,
A+B-C-D -1 +Ë-j+1) //2 =0
I, = A +B+C+D (-1+j+j- 1) /V 2
2 2
A+B +C+D (1+j+j-1) /\ 2
Similarly, for the odd-mode we obtain

Equation (4)gives the reflection and transmission coefficients as,

I, = 0

T, = (1-)
Using equations (3) and (5) in (1)gives the
S.No. following results:
1. Port 1 is matched.
Characteristics Port Amplitede
B, =0
2. Half power and- 90° phase shift
fromn port 1 to 2.. B, =
3.
Half power and- 180° phase
shift from port l to 3. B=
4. No power to port 4.
B, -0
Due to the
quarter-wave
branch-line hybrid lengh
is limited to requirement in practice, the bandwiti
With multi-section 10%-20%.
the bandwidth of a matching transformers and multi-hole
using branch-line hybrid can be directiona
multiple sections in cascade. increased to a
a decade