1.

4 Determination of the inclination of the line of

sight from an overdetermined configuration

Design matrix A
𝐻 𝐻 𝐻 𝐻 𝐻 𝐻 𝐻 𝐻 ⋯ 𝐻 𝑡
𝑙 1 0 0 0 0 0 -1 0 ⋯ 0 𝑠
𝑙 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1 ⋯ 𝑠
Set 1 ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋱ ⋮ ⋮
𝑙 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 ⋯ -1 𝑠
A= 𝑙 0 1 0 0 0 0 -1 0 ⋯ 0 𝑠
𝑙 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 -1 ⋯ 0 𝑠
Set 2
⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮
𝑙 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 ⋯ -1 𝑠
𝑙 0 0 1 0 0 0 -1 0 ⋯ 0 𝑠
𝑙 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 -1 ⋯ 0 𝑠
Set 3 ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮
𝑙 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 ⋯ -1 𝑠

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Frank Neitzel | Geodetic Sensors 34

1.4 Determination of the inclination of the line of
sight from an overdetermined configuration

Design matrix C

𝐂 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 … 1 0

𝐋 𝐯 𝐀𝐗
𝐂𝐗 𝐜

Extended normal equation system Residuals

𝐀 𝐏𝐀 𝐂 𝐗 𝐀 𝐏𝐋 𝐯 𝐀𝐗 𝐋
𝐂 𝟎 𝐤 𝐜

Adjusted unknowns Adjusted observations

From vector 𝐗, convert 𝑡̂ into 𝛼 mgon 𝐋 𝐋 𝐯

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Frank Neitzel | Geodetic Sensors 35

1.4 Determination of the inclination of the line of
sight from an overdetermined configuration
Empirical reference standard deviation

𝐯 𝐏𝐯
𝑠 𝑛 : number of constraints, here: 𝑛 1

VCM of adjusted unknowns

𝚺 𝑠 ·𝐐 with 𝐐 𝐐

𝐀 𝐏𝐀 𝐂 𝐐 𝐐
𝐂 𝟎 𝐐 𝐐

Question: Is t significant?
 Apply statistical test

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Frank Neitzel | Geodetic Sensors 36

1.4 Determination of the inclination of the line of
sight from an overdetermined configuration

Interpretation: Graphical representation of the line of sight

Plot of the
line of sight

Plot of the
residuals

 any systematic influences present?

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Frank Neitzel | Geodetic Sensors 37

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Frank Neitzel | Geodetic Sensors 38
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Frank Neitzel | Geodetic Sensors 39
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Frank Neitzel | Geodetic Sensors 40
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Frank Neitzel | Geodetic Sensors 41
Exercise 1

Set‐up

LSP 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
ISP1: 𝑠 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

ISP2: 𝑠 52.5 47.5 42.5 37.5 32.5 27.5 22.5 17.5 12.5 7.5

All distances in [m]

► Prepare a sketch of the set‐up

► Measure all relevant distances
► From each ISP at least three series of observations, change the height of the
instrument after each series
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Frank Neitzel | Geodetic Sensors 42
Exercise 1

► Prepare a form for a field notebook (at home)

• Instrument (type) • Serial number
• Date • Temperature!
• Observer/Reporter
• Example field notebook, see next slide

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Frank Neitzel | Geodetic Sensors 43

Exercise 1
Instrument (type): Date: Presettings of instrument:
Refraction:
Serial number: Temperature:
Curvature of the earth:
Observer: Reporter: Inclination of line of sight
Set 1 Set 2 Set 3 Set 1 Set 2 Set 3

𝑙 𝑙 ‐ All measurements in [m]

‐ Measurements in readable
𝑙 𝑙 handwriting!
‐ No pencil
𝑙 𝑙

𝑙 𝑙

𝑙 𝑙

𝑙 𝑙

𝑙 𝑙

𝑙 𝑙

𝑙 𝑙

𝑙 𝑙

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Frank Neitzel | Geodetic Sensors 44

Exercise 1

► Evaluation (at home)

1. Generate input values for adjustment calculation  reduction into planar model
2. Adjustment
3. Plot of line of sight / Plot of residuals

Attention
►Detailed report
►Show all the formulas and results of intermediate steps
►Present the results in appropriate tables
►Interpretation of the results! (very important!)

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Frank Neitzel | Geodetic Sensors 45

Exercise 1

At home
► Read manuals of ZEISS DiNi 10, LEICA DNA03 or LEICA Sprinter 150 M
► Prepare field notebook

In the field
► Open boxes and wait ~10 minutes  Temperature
► Check presettings of the instruments
• Switch off all „corrections“ (refraction, „curvature of the earth“)
• Set 𝛼 0 (if possible)

Exercise on Monday 16 May 2022

at 12:00 s.t.

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Frank Neitzel | Geodetic Sensors 46

Exercise 1

Meeting point: Road behind the main building of TU Berlin

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Frank Neitzel | Geodetic Sensors 47

 rotation axis

tilting axis

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Geodetic Sensors
Levelling Instruments
Prof. Dr.-Ing Frank Neitzel | Institute of Geodesy and Geoinformation Science