Chapter 1

Tourism Outlook
Objectives of this chapter :
The students will be able to learn the following issues after going through the chapter :
What is tourism
2. Meaning and Nature of Tourism
3. Basic Tourism Units
4. Visitors According to Forms of Tourism
5. Components of Tourism
6. Types of Tourism Destination
7. Different Types of Tourism Products
8. Basic Approaches to Study Tourism
9. Cost and Benefits of Tourism

Definition of Tourism

Etymological: tour - tornare (Latin) tornos (Greek) - Lathe, Circle, movement around an axis

The Definition of Tourism varies from source to source, person to person. There is no consensus
concerning the definition of tourism. Nearly every each institution define "Tourism" differently.
But in basic term, if it is explained, we can sum it up as follows;

"Tourism is a collection of activities, services and industries which deliver a travel experience
comprising transportation, accommodation, eating and drinking establishments, retail shops,
entertainment businesses and othe hospitality services provided for individuals or groups
traveling away from home"

Macintosh and Goeldner defined tourism as :

"The sum of the phenomena and relationships arising from the interaction of tourists, business
suppliers, host governments and host communities in the process of attracting and hostin these
tourists and other visitors" ( McIntosh, R.W. & Goeldner, C.R,1986).

“The temporary movement of people to destinations outside their normal places of work and
residence, the activities undertaken during their stay in those destinations, and the facilities
created to cater to their needs.” (Mathieson and Wall,1982)

First Definition of Tourism

The first definition of tourism was made by Guyer Feuler in 1905. It defines tourism as :
“A phenomenon unique to modern time which is dependent on the people’s increasing need for a
change and relaxing, the wish of recognizing the beauties of nature and art and the belief that
nature gives happiness to human beings and which helps nations and communities’ approaching
to each other. (cecevy.wordpress.com)

According to The Swiss Professors Walter Hunziker and Kurt Krapf, quoted by Burkart and
Medlik (1981), published their general theory of tourism in 1942, defining the subject in this
way: “Tourism is the sum of the phenomena and relationships arising from the travel and stay of
non-residents, in so far as they do not lead to permanent residence and are not connected with
any earning activity”.

This concept was later approved by the International Association of Scientific Experts in
Tourism (AIEST). In 1968, the Statistical Commission of the United Nations, following the first
Intergovernmental Conference on Tourism, Rome 1963, approved the following guidance:For
statistical purposes the term ‘visitor’ describes any person visiting a countryother than that in
which he has his usual place of residence for any reason other than following an occupation
remunerated from within the country visited.

The International Union of Official Travel Organizations (IUOTO), later the World Tourism
Organization (WTO), agreed with this description but recommended that the term ‘visitor’
should be divided into two categories: ‘tourist’ to cover all visitors staying at least one night in
the country or place visited, and ‘excursionist’ or day visitor. The early post-war work on travel
statistics, a field of study often neglected by academics and the tourism industries at that time,
was largelydirected to measuring international travel in view of tourism’s increasing
importance in international trade and the balance of payments. However, domestic movement
and day trips in particular increased substantially and began to contribute massively to GNP and
both national and regional prosperity in the areas visited.
The tourism definitions should be consistent with current international standards and
classifications in related areas such as demography, transport, business, migration, balance of
payments, and national accounts, so that useful comparisons could be made. In order to prevent
the disaccords to define "Tourism", UNWTO defined it as indicated below;

"Tourism comprises the activities of persons traveling to and staying in places outside their
usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business and other
purposes."

Tourism is different from travel. In order for tourism to happen, there must be a displacement: an
individual has to travel, using any type of means of transportation (he might even travel on foot:
nowadays, it is often the case for poorer societies, and happens even in more developed ones,
and concerns pilgrims, hikers …). But all travel is not tourism.

Three criteria are used simultaneously in order to characterize a trip as belonging to tourism. The
displacement must be such that;

• It involves a displacement outside the usual environment: this term is of utmost

importance and will be discussed later on;
• Type of purpose: the travel must occur for any purpose different from being remunerated
from within the place visited: the previous limits, where tourism was restricted to
recreation and visiting family and friends are now expanded to include a vast array of
purposes;
• Duration: only a maximal duration is mentioned, not a minimal. Tourism displacement
can be with or without an overnight stay. We shall discuss the particularity of in transit
visits, from a conceptual and statistical point of view. (Tugberk ugurulu)

Meaning and Nature of Tourism

"Tourism is the totality of the relationship and phenomenon arising from the travel and stay of
strangers provided, the stay does not imply the establishment of a permanent residence and is not
connected with remunerated activity".
The definition of Tourism given by the Swiss Professor Hunziker and Krapt is considered to be
the International Association of Scientific Experts in Tourism (AISET) Business of providing
Travel accommodation, food entertainment for the people who are on travel, tours, trade etc. It is
a phenomenon where a number of people meet one another at a particular area, locality, site,
Place etc. e.g.: Cultural tourism, adventure tourism, Pilgrimage tourism wildlife tourism.
It was an industry of yesterday, today and tomorrow. It is the fastest growing industry in the
world. Tourism is sensitive to world economic and political conditions.
The explosive growth of the tourism industry has created a demand for new professional careers
in the industry.

The followings are the five main features of tourism.

1) Tourism arises from a movement of people to and their stay in various destinations.
2) There are two elements in all tourism: The journey to the destination and the stay
including activities at the destination.
 3) The journey and the stay take place outside the normal place of residence and work, so
that tourism gives rise to activities which are distinct from those of the resident and
working population of the places, through which tourists travel and in which they stay.
4) The movement to destination is of a temporary, short-term character is of an intention to
return within a few days weeks or months.
5) Destinations are visited for purposes other than taking up permanent residence or
employment remunerated from within the places visited.
However, The definition brings out the following three distinct elements of tourism:-
1) The involvement of travel by non residents.
2) Stay of temporary nature in the area visited
3) Stay not connected with any activity involving earnings.

One of the earliest definitions of Tourism was given by an Australian Economist Hermann V
Schullard in the year 1910. He defined it as the sum total of operators, mainly of an economic
nature, which directly relate to the entry, stay and movement of foreigners inside and outside a
certain country, city or region. Over the couple of decades, tourism had emerged as an important
socio-economic activity.
While on the social side it promoted international understanding and helped in national
integration on the economic side also it played a significant role, because of
The scope for the enormous foreign exchange earnings and employment generating
potential, Tourism had emerged the fastest growing industry in the world.
Tourism denoted the incidence of a mobile population of travelers who are strangers to
the places they visit. Tourism is different from migration. Migration represents a long term
population movement with a view to taking up permanent residence. In tourism money earned in
one's normal domicile is spent in the places visited and op the way to these places.
Technically tourism represents various forms of short-term travel and visits and is
variously defined for particular purpose, by reference to the purpose of travel or visit, duration
and other destinations.

FORMS OF TOURISM
In relation to a given country, the following forms of tourism can be distinguished:
1 Domestic tourism, involving residents of a given country travelling only within this country.
2 Inbound tourism, involving non-residents travelling in the given country.
3 Outbound tourism, involving residents travelling in another country.

The term ‘domestic’ used in the tourism context differs from its use in the national accounts
context. ’Domestic’, in the tourism context, retains its original marketing connotation, that is, it
refers to residents travelling within their own country. In the national accounts context it refers to
the activities and expenditures of both residents and non-residents travelling within the reference
country, that is, both domestic tourism and inbound tourism.

Basic Tourism Units

Traveler
The overall concept of ‘traveler’ refers to ‘any person on a trip between two or more countries or
between two or more localities within his/her country of usual residence. An international
traveler is defined as ‘any person on a trip outside his orher country of residence (irrespective of
the purpose of travel and means of transport used, and even though he or she may be travelling
on foot)’. A domestic traveler is defined as ‘any person on a trip in his or her own country of
residence (irrespective of the purpose of travel and means of transport used, and even travelling
on foot)’.

Visitor

For purposes of tourism statistics, the term ‘visitor’ describes ‘any person travelling to a place
other than that of his/her usual residence for less than 12 months and whose main purpose of the
trip is other than the exercise of an activity remunerated from within the place visited’.
The three fundamental criteria that appear sufficient to distinguish visitors from other travelers
are as follows:
(a) The trip should be to a place other than that of the usual environment, which would exclude
more or less regular trips between the place in which the person carries out his or her work or
study and the place in which he or she has his or her domicile.
(b) The stay in the place visited should not last more than 12 consecutive months, beyond which
the visitor would become a resident of that place (from the statistical standpoint).
(c) The main purpose of the visit should be other than the exercise of an activity remunerated
from within the place visited, which would exclude migratory movements for work purposes.

Usual environment of a person

The main purpose of introducing the concept ‘usual environment’ is to exclude from the concept
of ‘visitor’ persons commuting every day or week between their home and place of work or
study, or other places frequently visited. The definition of usual environment is therefore based
on the following criteria:

(a) Minimum distance travelled to consider a person a visitor;

(b) Minimum duration of absence from usual place of residence;
(c) Minimum change between localities or administrative territories.

Usual residence

The country of usual residence is one of the key criteria for determining whether a person
arriving in a country is a visitor or other traveler, and if a visitor, whether he or she is a national
or overseas resident. The underlying concept in the classification of international visitors by
place of origin is the country of residence, not their nationality. Foreign nationals residing in a
country are assimilated with other residents for the purpose of domestic and outbound tourism
statistics. Nationals of a country residing abroad who return to their home country on a
temporary visit are included with non-resident visitors, though it may be desirable to distinguish
them in some studies.

Resident in a country
For purposes of international tourism statistics ‘a person is considered to be a resident in a
country if the person:

(a) has lived for most of the year (12 months) in that country
(b) has lived in that country for a shorter period and intends to return
within 12 months to live in that country’.

Resident in a place

In parallel with the definition of the previous paragraph, for purposes of statistics on domestic
tourism ‘a person is considered to be a resident in a place if the person:

(a) has lived for most of the past year (12 months) in that place, or
(b) has lived in that place for a shorter period and intends to return within 12 months to live in
that place’.

Nationality

The nationality of a traveler is that of the ‘government issuing his or her passport (or other
identification document), even if he or she normally resides in another country’.Nationality is
indicated in the person’s passport (or other identification document), while country of usual
residence has to be determined by means of a question. Nevertheless, a traveler is considered
either an international or domestic visitor on the basis of his or her residence, not his or her
nationality.

Visitors According to Forms of Tourism

For the purpose of tourism statistics and in conformity with the basic forms of tourism, visitors
should be classified as:
(a) International visitors
(i) tourists (overnight visitors)
(ii) same-day visitors
(b) Domestic visitors:
(i) tourists (overnight visitors)
(ii) same-day visitors

For statistical purposes, the term ‘international visitor’ describes ‘any person who travels to a
country other than that in which he has his or her usual residence but outside his/her usual
environment for a period not exceeding 12 months and whose main purpose of visit is other than
the exercise of an activity remunerated from within the country visited’.

International visitors include:

(a) Tourists (overnight visitors): ‘visitors who stay at least one night in a collective or private
accommodation in the country visited’.
(b) Same-day visitors: ‘visitors who do not spend the night in a collective or private
accommodation in the country visited’.

The following categories of travelers should not be included in international visitor arrivals and
departures:

(a) Persons entering or leaving a country as migrants, including dependants accompanying or

joining them.
(b) Persons, known as border workers, residing near the border in onecountry and working in
another.
(c) Diplomats, consular officers and members of the armed forces whentravelling from their
country of origin to the country of their assignment or vice versa, including household servants
and dependents accompanying or joining them.
(d) Persons travelling as refugees or nomads.
(e) Persons in transit who do not formally enter the country through passport control, such as air
transit passengers who remain for a short period in a designated area of the air terminal or ship
passengers who are not permitted to disembark. This category would include passengers
transferred directly between airports or other terminals. Other passengers in transit through a
country are classified as visitors. For statistical purposes, the term ‘domestic visitor’ describes
‘any person residing in a country, who travels to a place within the country, outside his/ her usual
environment for a period not exceeding 12 months and whose main purpose of visit is other than
the exercise of an activity remunerated from within the place visited’.

Essential Requirements for Tourism

➢ Time: Time, as the hours for leisure increase so does the opportunity for travel. Changes in
work days or hours, school calendars will affect how and when people can travel. The overall
travel pattern has moved from a two week vacation to 6-8 three or four day mini-vacations
per year.
➢ Money: Money, the majority of travel requires discretionary income. Discretionary income
is money left over after all monetary obligations (food, rent and taxes) have been paid.
➢ Mobility: Mobility is the access to transportation (car, bus, plane, train or ship) and the hours
required to get to their destination.
➢ Motivation: Motivation is the reason people travel. Motivations may include seeking
novelty, education, meet new people, adventure or stress reduction.

Components of Tourism
1. Attraction:
Attraction is one of the major elements of the tourism industry. It motivates people/tourist to
travel towards it because of the existence of attraction. People are attractive and make the
decision for their travel to that particular tourism product. Travel has to be present at the product
area, the attraction of that area has to support the expectation of the tourist. It is the major
element which determines the choice and decision of traveler to travel. Attraction is considered
to be a basic motivating factor for the travelling people. It is the research that which we have to
convert into activity by publishing to potential traveller. Along with this, attraction helps to
create the desire to travel. It is also considered as the per-travel condition of the tourism industry.
In another word we can attract people for their leisure and pleasure and which is the very
sensitive important element of tourism. There are three types of attraction, which are listed
below:
• Man-Made Artificial Attraction:- These are the sites modified or developed by people
due to Human civilization such as religious sites, historical sites, Archeological sites,
monuments, cultural practices, museum, parks, sports, trade, exhibitions, iconography
etc.
• Natural Attraction:- Those are modified natural beauty or natural resources or gifted by
nature. For example Flora and Fauna, deserts, mountain, dense forest, caves, waterfall,
and spas, national parks, rivers etc.
• Supplementary attraction:- Those are created to highlight or increase the magnetic
power and attachment power of natural and man-made attraction with people. The main
motive of the attraction is to facilities the tourist travelling towards any types of above to
attract such as hospitality, spa or venue, services, rest house, parking loaded,
communication facilities etc.
2. Accessibilities/Transport:
A destination is in much respective defined by its ability t provide appropriate visitors access.
Transport is acknowledged is one of the most significant factors to have controlled the
international development of tourism. It provides the essential link between the origin of traveler
and the tourist destination or facilities. Transportation is the way or tools which are being used
by holiday makers or business travelers to get to the desired place of the tourism destination.
Transportation is also considered as a tourism product itself. Generally, means of transportation
are tourism product on their own which is consumed by the travelling people. Out of total
travelers budget, 60%-80% would come under the expenses of their means of transportation.
Transportation is the gateway of generally development of any area. It depends on geographical
structural of an area, region or country. As we know, Nepal is a mountainous country, most of
the land is covered by tough hills which have resulted difficulties in developing the means of
accessibility in and around four important destinations and it is very challenging for travelers to
use those routes. Development of accessibilities also dependents on different elements like
policies, rules and regulation, vision, economic status of a destination etc. Tourism is the result
of movement of peoples whose movement is always dependable on accessibility. So, it is
considered as backbone of total tourism industry.
Mode of transportation:
• Air transport:- It is the second fastest mode of transport. Commercial jets with the speed
of about 955 per km/hours, are a considerably higher speed. While other normal
airlines/aircraft reach up to 555 km/hours. The development in the field of air transport is
helping people to move from one to another place with safety. The issue and impacts
from frequent travel particularly by air because of the longer distance are easily covered
in certain hours which is called “Hypermobility” has been a topic of research of
government. Some of the examples of air transport are airplane, helicopter, rocket etc.
• Road transport:- An identifiable route, way or path between two or more places is
known as the road. It is typically smoothed, paved, or otherwise prepared to allow easy
travel though they need not be, and historically all of the roads were simply recognizable
routes without any formal construction or maintenance. In urban or rural areas, roads may
pass through a city or village and be named as streets, serving a dual function as urban
space easement and route. The most common road vehicle is the automobile; a wheeled
passenger vehicle that carries its own motor. Other users of roads include buses, trucks,
motorcycles, bicycles and pedestrians. As of 2002, there were 590 million automobiles
worldwide. Road transport offers a complete freedom to road users to transfer the vehicle
from one lane to the other and from one road to another according to the need and
convenience. This flexibility of changes in location, direction, speed, and timings of
travel is not available to other modes of transport. It is possible to provide door to door
service only by road transport. Automobiles offer high flexibility and with low capacity,
but are deemed with high energy use, and the main source of noise and air pollution in
cities. Buses allow for more efficient travel at the cost of reduced flexibility. Road
transport by truck is often the initial and final stage of freight transport. Some of the
examples of road transport are: bus, truck, car, motorcycle, jeep, van etc.
• Rail transport:- Rail transport is where a train runs along a set of two parallel steel rails,
known as a railway or railroad. The rails are anchored perpendicular to ties (or sleepers)
of timber, concrete or steel, to maintain a consistent distance apart, or gauge. The rails
and perpendicular beams are placed on a foundation made of concrete or compressed
 earth and gravel in a bed of ballast. Alternative methods include monorail and maglev
(magnetic levitation train, or maglev line that operates between one destination to another
with super high speed). A train consists of one or more connected vehicles that run on the
rails. Propulsion is commonly provided by a locomotive that hauls a series of unpowered
cars, which can carry passengers or freight. The locomotive can be powered by steam,
diesel or by electricity supplied by trackside systems. Alternatively, some or all the cars
can be powered, known as a multiple units. Also, a train can be powered by horses,
cables, gravity, pneumatics and gas turbines. Railed vehicles move with much less
friction than rubber tires on paved roads, making trains more energy efficient, though not
as efficient as ships. Intercity trains are long-haul services connecting cities. Modern
high-speed rail (Maglev) is capable of speeds up to 350 km/h (220 mph) or more, but this
requires the specially built track. Regional and commuter trains feed cities from suburbs
and surrounding areas, while intra-urban transport is performed by high-capacity
tramways and rapid transits, often making up the backbone of a city's public transport.
Freight trains traditionally used box cars, requiring manual loading and unloading of the
cargo.
• Water transportation:-The intentional movement of water over large distances is
known as water transportation. Water transportation is also very common along rivers
and oceans. Some of the Methods of water transportation fall into three categories which
are listed below:
1. Aqueducts, which include pipelines, big bridges, canals, and tunnel as a way of water
transport,
2. The second category of this transportation is container shipment, which includes transport
by tank truck, tank car, and tank ship, and
3. The last category of this transportation is towing, where a tugboat is used to pull an
iceberg or a large water bag along behind it etc.
3. Accommodation:
It is a major concern of every traveler whether looking for to pitch attends or luxuries sweet
room in a deluxe resort. When a tourist leaves his home for any particular destination, he would
need some kind of safe shelter to spend a night or to take in the destination, which means
without having the shelter in or on the way to the destination, any tourist would not start his
journey towards such destination. It means that once there is an availability of attraction and
access to any area, we should develop accommodation facility as well to promote that area as the
tourism destination.
Accommodation constitutes a vital role and fundamental part of tourist supply as well an
important feature of the total tourism image of the country and the destination. The
accommodation sector thus constitutes most important segments in the field of the tourism
industry. Unlike, other elements (attraction and accessibility) accommodation is another
important and unavoidable element of tourism. Tourism is to a great extent depends on the type
and quality of the accommodation.
There are two major types of accommodation facilities i.e. service accommodation and self-
service accommodation. Based on these two major types we can categorize the accommodation
facilities further as:
• Hotels
• Hostels
• Lodges
• Vacation renters
• Resorts
• Motels
• Innis
• Floatels
• Car campaigns/caravan
• Home stays
• Hospitality
• Campaigns(tents)
4. Amenities:
Amenities are the services require to meet the needs of tourist while they are away from their
home. These services generally used to give added value to the destination. They are also defined
as supplement services or activity which supports traveler to consume main tourism product.
Those amenities include restaurants and food, Bar facilities, communication facilities,
emergency services, casino, retail shops/store, hospitality services, local transportation, guide
service etc.
Because many activities are considered as the amenities being using by local people in a
destination and to be shared with the traveler, the high degree of the corporation is needed for the
management of amenities in supplying to local peoples and tourist.
Besides the four major components recently another component ”A” has been added to major
elements. These days most tourism organization considered that there is a fifth “A’ which is
Awareness.
5. Awareness:
Having the best attraction, access, accommodation, and amenities for any particular destination
are totally useless if the awareness factor is missing. People should be aware that there is the
existence of four components for any particular destination to develop a third of travelling.
Awareness in this sense has three different meaning, “Firstly the local population must have the
positive attitude towards tourism if the local communities see the tourist as a terrorist than this
will have a negative impact which information should be in access of travelers.
Secondly, these in the front line of tourist i.e. who directly interface with tourist most have the
strong positive attitude towards them. Traveler most is aware that the service provider to the
tourism is competent enough to deliver the services such as accommodation, transportation, and
others. Thirdly people should be aware of the existing tourism market. The destination or more
importantly destinations image most be strange. Positive and friendly to influence to start travel
decision process.

Geographical Components of Tourism

1) Accessibility and locations
2) Space
3) Scenery
o Landforms- Example : Mountains, cliffs, cannons etc. o
o Water –Example : Rivers, Lakes, Waterfalls, Glaciers etc.
o Vegetation –Example : Forests, Grasslands, Deserts etc.
4) Climate –Example : Sunshine, Temperature conditions etc.
5) Animal life
o Wild life – Example : Bird, Zoos, Games, Reservations
o Hunting and Fishing
6) Settlement Features
o Towns, Cities, Villages
o Historical Remains and Monuments.
6) Culture –Example : Way of life, Tradition, folklore, Arts & crafts etc.

Types of Tourism Destination

Each and every destination has its uniqueness to attract the tourists. The tourists, as per their
motivation and desire, select the destinations. In the following section, we will see what could be
the different types of destination catering the varied needs of the tourists.

Leisure Tourism:
Leisure time can be defined as “free time”, not doing any work. It is that time to do things that
you normally have no time for in your daily life. Leisure tourism includes a holiday with the
following:
• Leisure activities
• Relaxation: Sleep, relax, reading, walk on the beach, taking a scenic drive
• Sport activities: hiking, swimming, surfing, running
• Visit places of interest and local attractions
• Visiting friends and relatives
• Shopping for goods that will be used by the tourist.

Business Tourism:
Business tourism can be defined as “travel for the purpose of business”. Business Tourism can be
divided into three sections:

• Trading for goods to be resold on a wholesale basis

• Conduct business transactions e.g. visiting a client, contract negotiations
• Attending a conference, exhibition or event associated with their business.

Medical Tourism:
Medical Tourism involves people who travel to a different place to receive treatment for a
disease, health condition, or a surgical procedure, and who are seeking lower cost of healthcare
and higher quality of care. Favorite procedures in medical tourism include Cardiology,
Cardiothoracic, Cosmetic Surgery, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Weight Loss, Neuron,
Eye, Orthopedic Surgery, as well as Organ Transplants (kidney).

Medical Tourism services include medical facilitation, travel arrangements, accommodation,

transportation and tour packages.

Cultural Tourism:
Cultural tourism or sometimes referred to as heritage tourism is the division of tourism
concerned with the region’s culture, specifically the lifestyle and history of the people, their art,
architecture, religion and other elements. Cultural tourism includes cultural facilities such as
museums, theatres and festivals. This is one of the most popular types of tourism and attracts
tourists from different parts of the world.

Adventure Tourism:

Adventure tourism is an outdoor activity that generally takes place in an unusual, remote or a
wilderness area. This adventurous activity can take place in the sea, in rivers, in the air, in
mountains and is associated with low or high levels of physical activity. There are many types of
products and services that fall within the Adventure Tourism category such as: bungee jumping,
mountaineering expeditions, rafting, rock climbing, diving, wind surfing, paragliding and many
more.

Community based tourism:

A community by definition implies individuals with some kind of collective responsibility, and
the ability to make decisions by representative bodies. Community based tourism is tourism in
which local residents (often rural, poor and economically marginalized) invite tourists to visit
their communities with the provision of overnight accommodation. The residents earn income as
land managers, entrepreneurs, service and produce providers, and employees. At least part of the
tourist income is set aside for projects which provide benefits to the community as a whole.
Community based tourism enables the tourist to discover local habitats and wildlife, and
celebrates and respects traditional cultures, rituals and wisdom. The community will be aware of
the commercial and social value placed on their natural and cultural heritage through tourism,
and this will foster community based conservation of these resources.

The tourist accommodation and facilities will be of sufficient standard for Western visitors,
albeit those expecting simple rural accommodation. The community will be required to have
continuous access to a phone (which might be required for medical assistance) and daily access
to email (which will be required by operators to confirm bookings).

Wellness Tourism:

Wellness tourism is one of the fastest growing forms of international and domestic tourism. This
form of tourism involves people who travel to a different place to pursue activities that maintain
or enhance their personal health and wellness, and who are seeking unique, authentic or location-
based experiences. Wellness tourism include massages, body treatments, facial treatments,
exercise facilities & programs, weight loss programs, nutrition programs, pre- and post-operative
Spa treatments and mind/body programs.

Sports Tourism:
Sports tourism refers to international travel either for viewing or participating in a sporting event.
Examples include international sporting events such as the Olympics, world cup (soccer, rugby,
and cricket), tennis, golf and many more.

Religious Tourism:
Religious Tourism or faith tourism are people of faith who travel on their own or in groups to
holy cities or holy sites for pilgrimages, crusades, conventions, retreats, religious tourist
attractions or missionary work.

Wildlife Tourism:
Wildlife tourism is the observation of wild (non-domestic) animals in their natural environment
or in captivity. It includes activities such as photography, viewing and feeding of animals. This
form of tourism offer tourists customized tour packages and safaris and is closely associated with
eco-tourism and sustainable-tourism.
Adventure tourism:
Adventure tourism may include active holidays, such as winter sports which are commonly
associated with rural sites. Mountain resorts have often been developed to attract winter sports
Enthusiasts.
Culinary tourism:
Culinary tourism or food tourism involves the exploration of food. This aspect of a destination
may be considered as a vital component of the tourism experience. Very often, tourists will dine
in local restaurants when they are on holiday. Various types of restaurant fall into several
industry classifications based upon menu style, preparation methods and pricing. Additionally,
how the food is served to the customer helps to determine this classification
Educational tourism:
This may involve those tourists who travel to a destination for educational purposes. Very often,
many students pursue specialized courses to learn foreign language(s) in tourist destinations
Health tourism may be offered by resorts and spas. They may be based in rural, seaside or urban
areas
MICE:
Meetings, incentives, conferences and exhibitions (or meetings, incentives, conferences,and
Events) is a type of business tourism involving large groups of travelers who are brought
together for a particular purpose. Their itineraries are usually planned well in advance
Rural tourism:
It includes lakes and mountain tourism, but may also comprise countryside touring,agro-tourism
products, such as farm holidays, fruit picking, gardens, visits and stays in rural retreats, river and
canal holidays, wild life parks and national parks, etc.
Seaside tourism:
Seaside tourism includes seaside resorts, natural beaches, rental of boats and jet ski, fishing
itineraries, coastal footpaths, scuba diving etc.
Wine tourism:
Wine tourism refers to tourism that is related to wine tasting, consumption or purchase of wine.
Wine tourism can consist of visits to wineries, vineyards and restaurants that are usually known
for their unique vintages, as well as for their organized wine tours, wine festivals or other special
events America (USA) and Canada, ranging from modern deluxe hotels or resort complexes to
simple boarding houses and well-equipped camping sites.

Ecotourism:

Ecotourism, also known as ecological tourism, is responsible travel to fragile, pristine, and
usually protected areas that strives to be low impact and (often) small scale. It helps educate the
traveler; provides funds for conservation; directly benefits the economic development and
political empowerment of local communities; and fosters respect for different cultures and for
human rights.

Agri-tourism or Agro-tourism:

It is defined most broadly, involves any agriculturally based operation or activity that brings
visitors to a farm or ranch. Agri-tourism has different definitions in different parts of the world,
and sometimes refers specifically to farm stays, as in Italy. Elsewhere, agri-tourism includes a
wide variety of activities, including buying produce direct from a farm stand, navigating a corn
maze, slopping hogs, picking fruit, feeding animals, or staying at a bed and breakfast (B&B) on a
farm.

Pro-poor tourism:

Pro-poor tourism, which seeks to help the poorest people in developing countries, has been
receiving increasing attention by those involved in development; the issue has been addressed
through small-scale projects in local communities and through attempts by Ministries of Tourism
to attract large numbers of tourists.

Recession tourism

Recession tourism is a travel trend, which evolved by way of the world economic crisis.
Identified by American entrepreneur Matt Landau (2007), recession tourism is defined by low-
cost, high-value experiences taking place of once-popular generic retreats. Various recession
tourism hotspots have seen business boom during the recession thanks to comparatively low
costs of living and a slow world job market suggesting travelers are elongating trips where their
money travels further.

Dark tourism

One emerging area of special interest has been identified by Lennon and Foley (2000) as "dark"
tourism. This type of tourism involves visits to "dark" sites, such as battlegrounds, scenes of
horrific crimes or acts of genocide, for example: concentration camps. Dark tourism remains a
small niche market, driven by varied motivations, such as mourning, remembrance, education,
macabre curiosity or even entertainment. Its early origins are rooted in fairgrounds and medieval
fairs.

Doom tourism:

Also known as "Tourism of Doom," or "Last Chance Tourism". This emerging trend involves
traveling to places that are environmentally or otherwise threatened (the ice caps of Mount
Kilimanjaro, the melting glaciers of Patagonia, The coral of the Great Barrier Reef) before it is
too late. Identified by travel trade magazine Travel Age West editor-in-chief Kenneth Shapiro in
2007 and later explored in The New York Times, this type of tourism is believed to be on the
rise. Some see the trend as related to sustainable tourism or ecotourism due to the fact that a
number of these tourist.

Astro-Tourism or Space Tourism

Human beings have always looked for something new to discover. The discovery of new places,
seeing something different and going places that later can be bragged about to friends and
relatives is a big part of tourism. Adventure tourism has grown in popularity in recent years with
people who are willing to spend large amounts of money for a thrill. Now that almost every
place on planet earth has been visited, people are looking towards the space as a new tourism
destination.
Space tourism is expected to "take off" in the first quarter of the 21st century, although compared
with traditional destinations the number of tourists in orbit will remain low until technologies
such as a space elevator make space travel cheap. The world’s first paying space tourist, a 60-
year-old American millionaire Dennis Tito, left for the International Space Station (ISS) aboard
a Russian spaceship on April 28,2000. It took 2 days to get there. He paid US$20 million for the
trip. The second tourist who took off into space on April 25, 2002 was a 26-year-old South
African Mark Shuttle worth. Today space can be experienced by anyone, not only astronauts.
Two “space tour-operators” offer trips to space in a C-21, Space Adventures and Incredible
Adventures for $20 million. With enough air miles it is
even possible to go for free.

Technological improvement is likely to make possible air-ship hotels, based either on solar-
powered airplanes, or underwater hotels, such as Hydropolis, expected to open in Dubai. On the
ocean, tourists will be welcomed by ever larger cruise ships and perhaps floating cities.

Recreational Tourism:

Recreational tourism means a variety of activities which a person could choose to refresh his/her
sprit. It may include activities as diverse as a game of Golf, watching television, visiting
amusement park or traveling abroad. Mass and popular package tours seek mainly enjoy their
leisure time and taking air or sporting activities of various kinds.

Heritage Tourism:

Heritage tourism is a branch of tourism oriented towards the cultural heritage of the location
where tourism is occurring. Cultural heritage tourism is defined as “travelling to experience the
places and activities that authentically represent the stories and people of the past and present.

Environmental Tourism:

Mainly higher income group are particularly interested in visiting remote environment and want
to change their environment by taking fresh air, culture, natural scenery etc.

Ethnic Tourism:

This involves contact with unusual customs in remote areas, to go to places from where one’s
family or friends lived in the past. For example, Indians settled abroad and holding foreign
passports keep on coming to India again and again.

Sex tourism:
Sex tourism is travel to engage in sexual activity, particularly with prostitutes. The World
Tourism Organization, a specialized agency of the United Nations, defines sex tourism as "trips
organized from within the tourism sector, or from outside this sector but using its structures and
networks, with the primary purpose of effecting a commercial sexual relationship by the tourist
with residents at the destination".
Attractions for sex tourists can include lower costs for sexual services in the destination country,
more favorable local attitudes to prostitution, separation from person's normal social circle and
physical environment, legality of prostitution or indifference of law enforcement, and access to
child prostitution.
Some people regard sexual activity while traveling as a way of enhancing their travel experience.
However, social problems arise when particular countries or cities acquire a reputation as a
destination or become attractive for sex tourism.

Sustainable tourism:

Sustainable tourism is envisaged as leading to management of all resources in such a way that
economic, social and aesthetic needs can be fulfilled while maintaining cultural integrity,
essential ecological processes, biological diversity and life support systems." Sustainable
development implies "meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of
future generations to meet their own needs."

Sustainable tourism can be seen as having regard to ecological and socio-cultural carrying
capacities and includes involving the community of the destination in tourism development
planning. It also involves integrating tourism to match current economic and growth policies so
as to mitigate some of the negative economic and social impacts of 'mass tourism'. Murphy
(1985) advocates the use of an 'ecological approach', to consider both 'plants' and 'people' when
implementing the sustainable tourism development process. This is in contrast to the ' and
'economic approaches to tourism planning, neither of which consider the detrimental ecological
or sociological impacts of tourism development to a destination.

Different Types of Tourism Products

The tourism product which is a combination of tangible and intangibleproducts can be a thing, an
event, or a place which motivates the tourists towardsit. There are different ways in which the
tourist products can be classified.
Natural Tourism Products
These include natural resources such as areas, climate and its setting,landscape and natural
environment. Natural resources are frequently the keyelements in a destination’s attraction. Let
us look at some examples:
• Countryside
• Climate- temperature, rains, snowfall, days of sunshine
• Natural Beauty- landforms, hills, rocks, gorges, terrain
• Water- lakes, ponds, rivers, waterfalls, springs
• Flora and Fauna
• Wildlife
• Beaches
• Islands
• Spas
• Scenic Attractions
Man Made Tourism Products
Man- made tourism products are created by man for pleasure, leisure orbusiness. Man- made
tourism products include:
(a) Culture
• Sites and areas of archaeological interest
• Historical buildings and monuments
• Places of historical significance
• Museums and art galleries
• Political and educational institutions
• Religious institutions
(b) Traditions
• Pilgrimages
• Fairs and festivals
• Arts and handicrafts
• Dance
• Music
• Folklore
• Native life and customs
(c) Entertainment
• Amusement and recreation parks
• Sporting events
• Zoos and oceanariums
• Cinemas and theatre
• Night life
• Cuisine
(d) Business
• Conventions
• Conference

Symbiotic Tourism Products

Some tourism products do not fall into the above categories. Wildlife sanctuary, Marine parks,
Aero products and Water sports, Flower festivals are the examples of tourism products which are
a blending of nature and man. Nature has provided the resource and man has converted them into
a tourism product by managing them. National parks for example, are left in their natural state of
beauty as far as possible, but still need to be managed, through provision of access, parking
facilities, limited accommodation, litter bins etc

Yet the core attraction is still nature in this category of product. These products are symbiosis of
nature and man. In case of adventure sports tourists can be participants. The basic element of
adventure is the satisfaction of having complete command over one’s body, a sense of risk in the
process, an awareness of beauty and the exploration of the unknown. Adventure tourism can be
classified into aerial, water based and land based.
Aerial adventure sports include the following activities-
(a) Parachuting
(b) Sky Diving
(c) Hang Gliding
(d) Para Gliding
(e) Para Sailing
(f) Bungee Jumping
(g) Ballooning
Water based adventure sports include the following-
(a) White water rafting
(b) Canoeing and Kayaking
(c) Adventure sports in the waters of the sea like wind surfing, scuba diving, snorkeling,
yachting, water skiing, etc. also offer thrilling activities to the tourists.
Land based adventure tourist products include the following-
(a) Rock climbing
(b) Mountaineering
(c) Trekking
(d) Skiing
(e) Heli skiing
(f) Motor Rally
(g) Safaris
(Tourism and Travel Techniques).

Basic Approaches to Study Tourism

Tourism commonly is approached through a variety of methods. However, there is little or no
agreement on how the study of tourism should be undertaken. The following are several methods
that have been used:
Institutional Approach: - This approach to the study of tourism considers the various
intermediaries and institutions that perform tourism activities. It emphasizes institutions such as
the travel agency. This approach requires an investigation of the organization, operating
methods, problems, costs and economic place of travel agents who act on behalf of the customer
purchasing services from airlines, rental Cars Company, hotels etc. An advantage of this
approach is that the US. Census Bureau conducts a survey every five years on selected services
that include travel agents and lodging places, thus providing a database for further study.
Product Approach:-It involves the study of various tourism products and how they are
produced, marketed and consumed. For an example: one might study an airline seat- how it is
created, the people who are engaged in buying and selling it, how it is financed, how it is
advertised and so on. Repeating for rental cars, hotel rooms, meals and other tourist services give
a full picture of the field. Unfortunately, the product approach tends to be too time-consuming, it
does not allow the student to grasp the fundamentals of tourism quickly.
Historical Approach: - It is not widely used. It involves an analysis of tourism activities and
institutions from an evolutionary angle. It searches for the cause of innovation, their growth or
decline and shifts in interest. Because mass tourism is the fairly recent phenomenon, this
approach has limited usefulness.
Managerial Approach:- This approach is firm-oriented( micro-economic), focusing on the
management activities necessary to operate a tourist enterprise such as planning, research,
pricing, advertising, control, and the managerial approach is used to study tourism. Products
change, institutions change and society changes; this means that managerial objectives and
procedure must be geared to change to meet shifts in the tourism environment. The journal of
travel research and tourism management features this approach.
Economic Approach:- Because of its importance to both domestic and world economics,
tourism has been examined closely by economists, who focus on supply, demand, BOP, foreign
exchange, employment, expenditures, development and other economic factors. This approach is
useful in providing a framework for analyzing tourism and its contribution to a country’s
economy and economic development. The disadvantage of this approach is that whereas tourism
is an important economic phenomenon, it has non-economic impacts as well. Tourism economics
is a journal utilizing this approach.
Sociological Approach:- Tourism tends to be a social activity. It has attracted the attention of
sociologists who have studied the tourism behavior of individuals and the group of people and
the impacts of tourism on society. These approach economics social classes, habits, and culture
of both hosts and guests. Erik Cohen has made many contributions in these areas.
Geographical Approach:- This approach shed light on the location of tourist areas, the
movement of people created by tourism locals, the changes that tourism brings to the landscape
and economic, social and cultural problems. Because tourism touches geography at so many
points, geographers have investigated the area more thoroughly than have scholars in many other
declines and also because tourism, leisure, and recreation are so closely related. It is necessary to
search for literature under all these titles to discover the contribution of various fields.
Interdisciplinary approach:- Tourism embraces virtually all aspects of our society. We have
cultural and heritage tourism, which calls for an anthropological approach. Because people
behave different ways and travel for different reasons, it is necessary to use a psychological
approach to determine the best way to promote and market tourism product because tourists
cross borders and require passports and visa from government offices and because most
countries have a government –operated tourism development departments, we find the political
institutions are involved and are calling for a political science approach. And any industries that
create the laws, regulations and legal environment in which the tourist industry must operate it,
must have or legal approach. The fact simply is that tourism is so vast, so complex and so
multifaceted that it is necessary to have a number of approaches to study the field.
The system approach:- It helps to form a unified whole and organized to accomplish a set of
goals. It integrates the approaches into a comprehensive method dealing with both micro and
macro issues. It can examine the tourist firm’s competitive environment, its markets, its result, its
linkage with other institutions, the consumer, and the interaction of the firm with the consumer.
A system can take a macro viewpoint and examine the entire tourism system of a country, state,
or area and how it operates within and relates to another system such as legal, political, economic
and social system.

COST AND BENEFITS OF TOURISM

1. Social benefits:
• Local culture is enhanced and encouraged as it “shows off”.
• It provides cultural exchange between hosts and guests.
• We can gain knowledge and ideas.
• Tourism fosters understanding between people of the different culture.
• We feel good and proud as the country is popular for destinations.
• The tourism fund can be contributed to social development sectors like education
and health.
• It encourages the learning of new language and skill.
 • Tourism promotes preservation and restoration of cultural heritage and also,
supports for the revival of traditional arts and crafts.
• It also provides the revival of traditional arts and crafts based on the social
benefits.
2. Social costs:-
• Social cost exposure to new ideas can lead to a breakdown of traditional values;
also exposure to new goods can lead to health and social problems.
• The visitors can bring other human diseases like SARS, STD etc.
• Some locals start to express racist views to visitors which show negative effects
on local culture.
• Tourists are easy targets for terrorists and criminals.
• Due to tourism, there might be a loss of cultural character as well as the loss of
authenticity and meaning of traditional arts and crafts.
• There might be a commercialization of human relationships.
• Tourism might be the reason for the potential misunderstanding and conflicts
between residents and tourists.
3. Environmental benefits:
• Main environmental benefits are faster conservation and preservation of natural,
cultural and historical resources
• Encouraging community beautification and revitalization.
• It could be taken as a clean industry.
• The eco-tourism can be used as a tool for respecting environment and animal life
better.
4. Environmental Costs:
• It may threaten specific natural resources such as beaches, historical sites, and
Himalayas.
• It increases littering, noise, and pollution.
• An environmental cost brings increased competition for limited resources such as
water and land, resulting in land degradation, loss of wildlife habitats and
deterioration of scenery.
 • Emissions generated by forms of transport are one of the main environmental
problems. Aeroplane travel causes more pollution per passenger.
5. Economic benefits:
• Earns valuable foreign currency.
• Creates jobs and business opportunities to local peoples.
• Helps diversify and stabilize the local economy.
• Provides extra tax revenues to the government.
• Helps to make better infrastructure like road, airports etc. provided to boot
tourism.
• Foreign exchange earnings.
• Contribution to government revenues.
• Generation of employment .
• The balance of payment/trade accounts balance.
• Stimulation of infrastructure investment.
• Contribution to local economies.
6. Economic costs:
• Tourism development of infrastructure can cost the government a great deal of
money.
• It may inflate properly values, the price of goods and services.
• Tourism jobs tend to be seasonal. The employees may be laid off in the off
seasons.
• Many jobs in tourism industry especially in the least developed countries are
poorly-paid.
• Tourist numbers can be adversely affected by external factors such as terrorism
that are beyond the control of destinations.
• In many cases of mass tourism especially 80% of the holiday fees go to the
foreign tour operations and Travel Company so, less than 20% of the income goes
to the domestic tour operator or local people.
• There will be a dependency.
• Prostitution and the underground economy.
 • Opportunity cost.

The Positive Impacts of Tourism on Society :

• Promotes international understanding and peace.
• As tourism is a labour intensive industry, so it provides employment
opportunities, both skilled and unskilled.
• Generates foreign exchange.
• Increases incomes
• Creates increased gross national product.
• Develops as infrastructure that will also help stimulate local commerce and
industry.
• Helps to diversify the economy
• Spreads development
• Has a high multiplier impact
• Increases governmental revenues.
• Broadens educational and cultural horizons.
• Improves that quality of life related to a higher level of income and improved
standards of living
• Reinforces preservation of heritage and tradition.
• Justifies environmental protection and improvement.
• Breaks down language buriers, socio cultural barriers, class barriers racial
barriers, political barriers and religious barriers.
• Creates a favorable world wide image for a destination.
• promotes a global community.

Negative Impacts of Tourism on society:

• Develops excess demand for resources.
• Causes inflation
• Creates the difficulties of seasonality
• Can result in unbalanced economic development
• Creates social problems
• Degrades the natural physical environment and creates pollution
• Increases the incidence of crime, prostitution and gambling
• Increases vulnerability to economic and political changes.
• Threatens family structure.
• commercializes culture, religion and the arts.
• Creates conflicts in the host society
• Contributes to disease, economies fluctuation and transportation problems.
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