DDU Diploma Chemical

Experiment-5
Aim: - Determination of free CO2 in a given water sample.

Apparatus: - Burette, pipette, conical flask, measuring flask.

Chemical: - Standard Na2CO3 Solution, phenolphthalein indicator solution.

Theory: -
The CO2 content of a water sample is important as it contributes to the corrosion. Most natural
waters contain dissolved CO2. It may enter water by adsorption from atmosphere or may be produced
by biological oxidation of organic matter with which water has been in contact, e.g.,
Aerobic
C6 H12O6 +6O2 ------------- 6CO2 + 6H2O
Bacteria
Hexose
Aerobic
C6 H12O6 -------------2C2H5OH +2CO2
Becteria
Hexose

CO2 is to be removed from municipal water supplies by aeration or by neutralization with

lime; the choice of the method depends upon the amount of free CO2 present in the sample.
Free CO2 can be determined by titrating with a standard solution of NaOH OR Na2CO3 with
which it react to given NaHCO3:
CO2 + 2OH----------CO3 + H2O

CO2 + CO3 + H2O ---------- 2HCO3

The completion of the reaction is indicated by the appearance of pink colour by using
phenolphthalein as indicator.

Procedure:-

1. Pipette out 25ml of given water sample in a 250 ml conical flask.

2. Add 2-3 drop of phenolphthalein indicator (presence of pink colour indicates the absence of
CO2) and titrate against
3. N/10 Na2 CO3 solution until the pink colour persist for at least 30second.
4. Take at least 3concordant readings and record the volume used as ml.

Precaution:-

1. The titration should be carried out rapidly and reaction mixture should be stirred only gently
during the titration.
2. The same amount of indicator solution should be added while taking different readings.

Result:-
Free CO2 determination in a given sample of water _______mg/l.
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OBSERVATION:-

Volume of water sample taken for each titration = 25ml

SR NO. INITIAL BURETTE FINAL BURETTE DIFFERENCE CONSTANT (ML)

READING(ML) READING (ML)
1
2
3
4
5

CACULATION:-

Concordant volume of N/50 Na2CO3 used= V ml

N1*V1=N2 *V2
(CO2) (Na2CO3)

N1*25=1/50*V

Therefore, normality of the sample w.r.t CO2 = V/50*25

Strength=V*22/50*25 g/l

Or Free CO2= V*22*1000/50*25 mg/l.

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DDU Diploma Chemical

Experiment: - 6

Aim: - To determine dissolved oxygen in the given water sample.

Apparatus:- Burette, pipette, conical flask, funnel.

Chemical: - 0.025N Na2S2 O3 solution, alkaline KI solution, MnSO4 solution, starch solution as
indicator.

Theory:-
Determination of dissolved oxygen (DO) is important for industrial purpose. Dissolved oxygen
is needed for living organism to maintain their biological process. DO is also important in precipitation
& dissolved of inorganic substances in water. Dissolved oxygen is an important factor in corrosion.
DO test is used to control the amount of oxygen in boiler feed water by mechanical physical &
chemical methods .This test help to assess raw quality & to keep a check on steam pollution. DO test
is the basis of B.O.D. Biological test which is an important parameter in evaluating the pollution
potential of domestic wastes.
Oxygen is poorly soluble in water. The solubility of DO decreases with increase in
concentration of the salt under a pressure of one atmosphere. The solubility of oxygen of air in
dissolved or fresh waters with low solid concentration varies from 14.5 mg/lit. at 00c to about 7.5
mg/lit at300. The solubility is less in saline waters & at electrometric methods using electrode are the
two methods used for determining DO in water.
The principal involved in the determination of DO is to bring about the oxidation of potassium
iodide to iodine. With the dissolved oxygen present in the water sample after adding MnSO 4 KOH&
KI. The basic manganese oxide formed acts as an oxygen carrier to enable the dissolved oxygen in
the molrcular form to take part in the reaction. The liberated Iodine is titrated against standard sodium
thiosulphate (HYPC) solution, using starch as indicator.

MnSO4 + 2KOH → Mn(OH)2 +K2 SO4

2Mn(OH) +O2 → 2MnO(OH)2
MnO(OH)2 + H2 SO4 → MnSO4 +2H2 O +[O]
2KI+H2 SO4 +[O] → K2 SO4 + H2 O+I2
I2 +2Na2 S2 O3 → Na 2S4 O 6+2Nal
Starch+I → Blue coloured complex
Procedure:-
1. Take 100ml of given water sample in a conical flask.
2. Add 2 ml of each alkaline KI solution &MnSO4 solution.
3. Shake the flask vigorously.
4. Brown precipitates will be produced. Now add carefully 2ml of conc H2SO4 solution & shake.
5. Brownish solution with liberated Iodine will produce starch solution which gives blue colour.
6. Titrate slowly against standard 0.025N Na2S2O3 till blue colour disappears. Repeat the titration
4-5 times.

Result: -
1) Vol. of 0.025N Na2S2O3 solution required for 100ml of given water sample =____________ ml.
2) Dissolved oxygen in the given water sample =__________mg/l(ppm).

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DDU Diploma Chemical

Observations:-
Burette:-0.025Na2 S2 O3 solution
Pipette:-100ml of water +2 ml of alkaline KI solution + 2ml of MnSO4 solution+ 2 ml of conc H2
SO4
Indicator:-2 ml of starch solution.
Color change: - Blue color to colorless

Observation table:-

Sr. NO Initial burette Final burette Difference Constant

reading (ml) reading (ml) (ml) reading (ml)
1
2
3
4
5

Reactions:-
Mn+2 +2OH+1/2 O2= Mn O2 +H2O
MnO2+2I- +4H+ =Mn+2 +I2 +2H2O
2S2 O3-2+ I2 =S4 O6-2+2I

Calculation: -
DO (mg/lit) =B.R*20=________mg/lit. (ppm)[Because BR of Na2S2O3 = I2 liberated]

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DDU Diploma Chemical

Experiment: - 7
Aim: - Determination of Total Hardness of water by EDTA Method.

Apparatus: - Conical flask, Burette, Pipette, Beaker, Measuring flask.

Chemicals: - 0.1 M EDTA Solution, Buffer PH 10(+or-) 0.1 Solution, Eriochrome black T Indicator,
Standard hard water sample.

Theory: -
The Property of water which restricts or checks the lather formation with soap is called
hardness. The soaps which are sodium salts of higher fatty acids will not be forming lather with
water till all the hardness causing cation are lost from the water in the form of calcium and
magnesium sterate, palmitate or oleates hardness of water is of two types:
(1) Temporary or carbonate hardness: It is caused by the presents of carbonates and bicarbonates of
calcium and magnesium and is removed on boiling of water and sludge formation takes place.
(2) Permanent or non-carbonate hardness: it is caused by chloride and sulphate of calcium and
magnesium and cannot be removed by boiling. For its removal water has to be treated chemically.
Besides Ca++ and Mg++, other ions which are causing hardness to the water are; Fe++, Fe+++, Mn++,
Sr++ and Al+++. But these ions are present in either very small amounts or in negligible amounts in the
water.
Hardness of water is generally expressed as calcium carbonate equivalent because it is the
most insoluble salt and it is molecular weight is 100, which makes the calculations easier.
In a hard water sample the total hardness can be determined by titrating the Ca2+ and Mg2+
present in an aliquot of the sample at pH 10 with EDTA using Eriochrome Black-T as indicator.
Permanent hardness can be determined by precipitating the temporary hardness by prolonged boiling
followed by titration with EDTA solution. The difference in the titer valves corresponds to the
temporary hardness of the water sample.

Units of Hardness:
The following units are used for expressing the results.
1. Parts per million (ppm): it is the no. of parts of calcium carbonate equivalent hardness present
in 1million part of water.
2. Milligram per liter (mg/l): it is no. of milligram of calcium carbonate equivalent hardness
present in 1liter of water.
3. Degree Clarke (.Cl): it is no. of parts of CaCO3 equivalent hardness present in 70,000 parts of
water.
4. Degree French (.Fr): it is the no, of parts of CaCO3 equivalent hardness present in 105(1 lac)
parts of water.
The above four units are correlated as given below:
1ppm = 1mg/l = 0.07.Cl = 0.1.Fr

Determination of Hardness:
The hardness of any given water sample may be determined by the following methods:
1. O.Hehner`s Method
2. soap titration method
3. EDTA method
Out of the three methods mentioned, EDTA method is accurate and versatile.
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Theory:
When Eriochrome Black-T dye is added to the hard water at pH around 10 it gives wine red
coloured unstable complex with Ca+2 and Mg+2 ions of the sample water.
Water Analysis:
Now when this wine red colored complex is titrated against EDTA solution the colour of the
complex changes from wine red to original blue colour showing the end point.
(EDTA) disodium salt of ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid.

In aqueous solution EDTA ionizes to give 2Na+ ions and a strong chelating agent.
The Indicator used is a complex organic compound (sodium-1-(1-hydroxy 2-naphthylato)-6-
nitro-2-naphthol-4-sulphonate):

Commonly known as Eriochrome Black-T. it has two ionisable phenolic hydrogen atoms and for
simplicity is represented as Na+H2In-:

Eriochrome Black-T is the metal ion indicator used in the determination of hardness by
complexometric titration with EDTA. This dye-stuff tends to polymerize in strongly acidic solutions
to a red brown product and hence the indicator is generally used in EDTA titration with solutions
having pH greater than 6.5.The interest for metal ion indicator use. The dissociation of the two
hydrogen atoms of the phenolic sulphuric acid group loses its proton much before the pH range of 7-
12,which is of groups only should therefore be considered and hence the dye stuff may be represented
by the formula H2D.this functions as acid base indicator with two colour changes as follows:
In the pH range 8-10, the blue form of the indicator HD2- gives a wine red complex with Mg2+:

Now if EDTA(H2y2-)is added to such a solution Mg2+ preferentially complexes with EDTA(since
the metal EDTA complex is more stable than the metal-indicator complex) and liberates the free
indicator HD2- at the endpoint. Thereby producing a sharp colour change from wine red to blue. These
reactions during the EDTA titrations may be summarized as follows:

The metal ion-indicators of common use in EDTA titrations include:

Eriochrome Black-T(or Solochrome Black),Murexide(ammonium salt of purpuric acid), Eriochrome
Blue-Black-B9or Solochrome Black-6B0,patton and reeders indicator, Solochrome Dark Blue or
Calcon,zincon , xylenol orange etc.
The optimum pH for the determination of hardness of water is 10.0(+or-) 0.1 and is adjusted by
NH4OH-NH4CL buffer.

Procedure: -
Estimation of hardness of water Take 50 ml of given water sample in a conical flask which is
previously rinsed with distilled water. In this sample add 0.5 T.T of buffer solution & if indicator
solution. Titrate with EDTA solution from burette end point is marked by a colour change from wine
red to pure blue. Repeat the titration with 4 other aliquots. Calculate the total hardness of the water as
ppm of CaCO3.

Precautions: -
1. The glass wares namely burette, pipette, beaker should be rinsed only with the distilled water.
2. All the solution should be freshly prepared.
3. Distilled water should be cracked with case before use.
4. The same amount of the indicator must be added each time.
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DDU Diploma Chemical

5. The reaction mixture should be freshly shaken during the titration.

6. The end point should be observed currently.
7. PH 10 should be manufacture during the titration.

Result: -

The given water sample has total hardness of __________ ppm of CaCO3.

Observation:
Burette: 0.1 M EDTA solution
Pipette: 0.5 T.T of Buffer solution
Indicator: Eriochrome Black-T
End Point: wine red to blue

Observation Table:

Sr No. Initial Burette Final Burette Difference Constant Reading

Reading Reading (ml) (ml)
(ml) (ml)

Calculations: -

1. Amount of CaCO3 present 50 ml water sample= Burette Reading* Molecularity of

EDTA*Molecular Weight of CaCO3
2. Total Hardness of given water sample as ppm of CaCO3= X | 50 mg\ml.

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DDU Diploma Chemical

Experiment: - 8

Aim: - Determination of total residual chlorine in a water sample.

Apparatus:- Burrete, pipette, measuring flask, watch class, weighing bottle, glass rod.

Chemicals:- Pottassium Iodide solution (10%) ,Conc. HCL ,Glacial Acetate acid, N/20 Hyposolution
(Na2S2O3 ),Starch solution.

Theory: -
Living organism such as algae, fungi and bacteria are more abundant in surface drainge waters,
while in deep well water, the bacteria count is often low. The growth of these organisms in water used
for industrial purpose may have serious consequences. The slime surrounding these organisms causes
them to adhere to metal surface and the film of slim thus formed serves as a base to which suspended
matter present in the water can adhere. This lea is to reduce heat transfer rates and tube blockages in
boiler. The grown of marine organisms such as mussels may lead to a serious reduction in the carrying
capacity of pipe lines and culverts. Thus, measures to prevent the development of the living organisms
are often necessary. Organic growths generally take place most readily in water at temperature in the
range 10o-35oC.

The process of destroying (killing) diseases producing bacteria, microorganism’s etc. From
water and making it fit for use is called disinfection. While doing the disinfection of water it is
necessary to add sufficient quantity of disinfection to kill the pathogens. The carious methods used
for disinfection of water are boiling, by adding bleaching powder, by using chloramines, U.V.
radiation, sterilization by Ozone, potassium permanganate, CuSO4 etc.

Chlorine is widely used for disinfection of potable and municipal to remove bacteria, fungus
and other pathogenic microorranisms, and for deodorization, since it is powerful oxidizing agent and
it cheaply available. Chlorination is done with the help of bleaching powder of chlorine gas or chlorine
dissolved in water in the form of concentrated solution or with chloramines. The sterilizing action of
chlorine is supposed to be due to reaction with water producing hypochlorous acid and nascent oxygen
both of which have powerful germicidal properties.
CaOCl2 + H2 O ------> Ca (OH) 2 + Cl2
Cl2 + H2 O ------>HOCl + HCl
HOCl------>HCl + (O)
Hypochlorous acid nascent oxygen
HOCl + Germs ------> Germs are killed

However, excess of free chlorine in drinking water is undesirable, as it is not only unpleasant
for drinking, but is also injurious for human metabolism. Hence, the amount of free chlorine of free
chlorine in municipal water is estimated prior to the domestic supply so as to make necessary
adjustment in dose rate accordingly.

The principle involved in the estimation in water is that when a measured quantity of water is
treated with excess of potassium iodide, the free chlorine present in the water oxidizes the
corresponding amount of potassium iodide to iodine. The liberated iodine is estimated by titrating
against standard hypo solution, using starch as indicator.
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DDU Diploma Chemical

Cl2 + 2KI ------> 2KCL + I2

I2 + 2Na2S2O3 ------> Na2S4O6 + 2Nal
Sodium thiosulphate Sodium tetrathionate
I2 + Starch solution ------> Blue colour

Procedure:- Transfer 100 ml of a given water sample in a conical flask and add 10 ml of KI solution
and about 3 ml of glacial acetic acid to maintain 3-4 pH. Cover the flask with stopper and mix the
solution by shaking the flask. After some time wash the sides of the flask with distilled water, titrate
it against standard Na2S2O3 solution using 1 ml starch as an indicator. At the end point the blue
coloured solution changes to colourless. Note down the concordant volume of hypo solution as V ml.

Precautions: - 1.) During weighing, the sample bottle should be kept stopper, otherwise chlorine
evolved, due to decomposition of the sample may corrode the material of the balance. 2.) The solution
being unstable should be titrating immediately after its preparation. 3.) The solution should be well
shaken each aliquot is withdrawn for titration. 4.) Chlorine vapours being harmful, the solution should
not be sucked into the pipette with the mouth.

Result:- Amount of total residual chlorine in a given sample of water =………….ppm.

Observation:-

SR.NO. INITIAL FINAL DIFFERENCE CONSTANT

BURETTE BURETTE READING
READING READING
1
2
3
4

Calculation:-

Volume of water sample taken for each titration = 100 ml.

Concordant volume of N/50 Na2S2O3 used = V ml
N1V1 = N2V2
(Sample) (Hypo)
N1 *100 = 1/20*V
Therefore, N1 (Normality of sample w.r.t total chlorine residuals)
= 1/20 * V * 1/100
Total chlorine residuals = 1/20*V*1/100*35.5g/lit
= 1/20*V*1/100*35.5*1000 mg/lit
= ½*35.5*V ppm.

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DDU Diploma Chemical

Experiment: - 9
Aim: - To determine Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) of a given water sample.

Chemicals: - Magnesium sulphate solution (22.5 g/l), Calcium Chloride solution (27.5 g/l), Ferric
Chloride solution (0.25g/l), Phosphate Buffer solution.

Apparatus:- BOD bottler, Incubator

Theory:-
BOD is a measure of the amt of O2 required oxidation of the organic matter under aerobic
condition at 20 C & fore a period of 5 days & is directly related to the extent of pollution of waste
water, sewage & industrial effluents. More the BOD of a sample more will be pollution causes by it.
Organic may be natural which come to water from natural sources, synthetic which are
the result of waste water discharged. Dissolved organic substances may be biodegradable or non-
biodegradable. Biodegradable matters are utilized by microorganisms for food. This utilization can
take place either by oxidation or reduction procedure. The oxidation process is predominated than the
reduction, when oxygen is available. The end products obtaines after the decomposition of micro
organic in aerobic Condition is acceptable components.
In the biological degradation of sewage and other waste material which is brought about by a
diverse group of living organisms or bacteria, organic matter is first converted to fatty acids which by
successive oxidation at B-carbon atom are broken down into fragement of acetic acid. When sufficient
oxygen is present, that is in aerobic systems, oxygen is the ultimate electron acceptor which is reduced
while organic matter is being oxidized to CO2 & H2O

CH3COO- + 2O2 Bacteria CO2 + HCO3- + H2O

Inorganic material like S-2 and reduced nitrogen (NH3 or NH4+) if present, are oxidized to sulphate
and nitrate:

S-2 +2O2 Bacteria SO42-

Nitrifying
NH3 + 2O2 NO3- + H + +H2O
Bacteria
When the availability of oxygen is insufficient (an aerobic-conditions) organic matter is oxidized by
using nitrate as electron acceptor.
Facultative
- - +
5CH3COO + 8NO3 + 8H 5CO2 +5HCO3- + 4N2 +9H2O
Bacteria
Nitrate may also be reduced to the amine stage

CH3COO- + NO3- Bacteria CO2 + HCO3- + NH2-

Giving odour resembling that of decaying fish.
Under an-aerobic condition, i.e.in the absence of oxygen SO42-,PO43- and CO
, can act as electron acceptor and are reduced to H2S.HS-(mercaptans rotten egg. smell), phosphine,
methane etc.

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DDU Diploma Chemical

2CH3COO- + 2SO42- +3H+ 2CO2+2HCO3-+H2S+HS-+2H2O

CH3COO- + PO43- + 3H+ CO2 + HCO3- + PH3 + H2O
CH3COO- + H2O CH4 + HCO3-

To avoid development of nuisance or septic condition, sufficient oxygen must be present as

supplied externally to maintain aerobic condition throughout.
The BOD test is based upon determination of Dissolved oxygen prior to and following a 5
days period at 20.C. a known volume of sample of sewage is diluted to with a known volume of
dilution water (water containing nutrients for a bacteria growth). The dissolved oxygen of this solution
is predetermined (D1).
Now, this solution is kept for incubation for a period of 5 days and DO of this solution is determined
(D2)

VOLUME OF SAMPLE AFTER DILUTION

BOD = D1-D2 X
VOLUME OF SAMPLE BEFORE DILUTION

HERE D1 = DO of diluted water sample after its preparation (immediatately)

D2 = DO of diluted water sample after incubation of 5 days at 20.C.

Procedure:
Dilution water is prepared in the following manner. Take 1 liter of distilled water in a suitable
bottle and add 1 ml of phosphate buffer (pH = 7.2). 1 ml of MgSO4 (22.5 g/lit), 1 ml of FeCl3 (0.25
g/lit). The dilution depends on the nature of the sample 0.1-1% for industrial wastes, 1-5% for raw
and settled sewage, 25-100% for polluted water and 5-25% for oxidized effluents, 2-5% may be
sufficient for domestic waste water.
Aerate the water sample thoroughly by bubbling air through a diffusion tube into the sample
for five minutes or until the DO is 7 ppm. Make a measured dilution with dilution water. If BOD is
greater than DO level, seed with a little diluted domestic waste water. (1.2ml/l)
Two BOD bottle or incubator bottle are filled upto the neck with diluted sample. The dissolved
oxygen in one bottle is determined immediately and in the other bottle after 5 days of incubation. The
procedure for determining DO is same as done in the earlier methods.

PRECAUTION:-
1. BOD bottle should be cleaned with a detergent and washed with water before its use.
2. The BOD of sample should be determined at the earliest as during storage between collection
and storage BOD decreases.
3. While determining DO by iodometric method and applying azide modification, the presence
of bubble inside the bottle should be checked and immediately removed.
4. BOD bottle with sample. During incubation, should not come in the contact of light otherwise
photosynthetic production of DO occurs

Results:-

B.O.D. of the given water sample = ppm.

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Observations:-

Burette:
Pipette:
Indicator:
End point:

Observations Table:-
(1) Determination of DO in BOD, bottle No.1

Sr No. Volume of Na2S2O3 Volume of Na2S2O3 Net vol.

(Consumed ml.) (Consumed ml.) consumed(ml)
Initial Final
1
2
3
4
5

(2) Determination of DO in BOD bottle No.2 (After incubation for 5 days)

Sr No. Vol. of Na2S2O3 Vol. of Na2S2O3 Net Vol. Consume

(Consumed ml.) (Consumed ml.) (ml)
Initial Final
1
2
3
4
5

Calculation:-

Volume of sample before dilution = 2 ml

Volume of sample after dilution = 300 ml

D1 – D2 x Volume of sample after dilution

BOD =
Volume of sample before dilution

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DDU Diploma Chemical

Experiment: - 10

Aim: To determine alkalinity and acidity of given water sample.

Apparatus: burette, pipette, conical flask, measuring flask, beaker.

Chemical: 0.01 N HCL, phenolphthalein indicator, methyl orange indicator, N/50 NaOH.

Theory:
Alkalinity
Determine of alkalinity due to different is based on the titration of the water sample against a
standard acid making selective use of indicator. The indicators used are phenolphthalein and methyl
orange. The reactions taking place may be represented by following equation.
The volume of the acid used up to phenolphthalein end point corresponds to the reaction (a)
and (b).i.e. complete neutralization of oh ions and neutralization of ions up to stage.
The volume of acids used up to methyl orange end point corresponds to the reaction (a), (b)
and (c). Complete neutralization of and ions. Thus from the respective volume of the acid used the
respective strength of cations ions can be determined.
The known volume of the sample is titrated against a standard acid using phenolphthalein as
indicator and alkalinity is found out in terms of equivalents by using normality equation. This
alkalinity is called phenolphthalein alkalinity(p) similarly the sample is titrated against a standard acid
using methyl orange as indicator and alkalinity is calculated in terms of equivalents. This alkalinity
is called methyl orange alkalinity of water sample.
From the measurement of phenolphthalein alkalinity and methyl orange alkalinity. It is
possible to calculate the magnitude of various from of alkalinity present in water sample
1. alkalinity due to HCO3- only
2. alkalinity due to CO2-2 only
3. alkalinity due to OH- only

Procedure:
Pipette out 100 ml of the water sample into a conical flask. Add 1-2 drops of phenolphthalein
indicator and titrate the sample against 0.01N HCL until the pink color caused by phenolphthalein
just disappears note down this reading as phenolphthalein end point (V). Now add 2 drops of methyl
orange in the same solution, it will give light yellow color.
Continue the titration against 0.01N HCL until the light yellow color changes to red. Now note down
the total volume of acid as V1. This is methyl orange end point.
The same experiment is repeated for both the sample till the concordant readings are obtained.

ACIDITY
Theory:
Acidity of water sample is determined by titrating it against a standard alkali solution using
phenolphthalein as indicator. The acidity as it measures the acidity due to mineral acids organic acids
and free. The acidity due to the presence of free minerals acids is determined by titrating the given
sample water with a standard alkali using methyl orange as indicator. The results are expressed as
equivalent of CaCO3 per million parts of water.

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DDU Diploma Chemical

Procedure:
Pipette out 100ml of water sample into a conical flask. Add 1 drop of N/10 solution to destroy
any residual chlorine. Add 2-3 drops of methyl orange indicator and titrate against N/50 solution until
the red color changes to yellow. Take at least 2 readings and record the volume of NaOH used as Y
ml. (Phenolphthalein)
Proceed as above using 2-3 drops of phenolphthalein indicator and titrate the sample against
N/50 until the solution is turned to pink color and the color persists for at least 30 seconds. Repeat
the titration to get at least 2 concordant readings. Record the volume of used as Z ml.

Result:

1. Alkalinity of phenolphthalein =………………

2. Alkalinity of methyl orange =………………
3. Acidity of phenolphthalein =………………
4. Acidity of methyl orange =………………

SET-1 (ALKALINITY)
Observation:

Burette : 0.01 N HCL

Pipette : 100 ml water
Indicator : Phenolphthalein, methyl orange.
End point : For phenolphthalein: pink -> colorless
For methyl orange: yellow-> red.

Phenolphthalein

Observation table:

Sr. No Initial burette Final burette Difference Constant reading

reading (ml) reading (ml) (ml) (ml)
1
2
3
4
5

Calculations
Phenolphthalein alkalinity in terms of
Equivalent= V1*0.02*50*1000 /100
=0.6*0.02*50*1000/100
=………6…. ppm.

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Methyl orange
Observation table:

Sr. No Initial burette Final burette Difference Constant reading

reading (ml) reading (ml) (ml) (ml)
1
2
3
4
5

Calculations
Methyl orange alkalinity in terms of
Equivalent= (V1+V2)*0.02*50*1000/100
=……………. ppm.

SET 2
Phenolphthalein
Observation:
Burette : N/50 solution
Pipette : 100 ml water
Indicator : Phenolphthalein: colorless -> pink
Methyl orange : red -> yellow.
Sr. No Initial burette Final burette Difference Constant reading
reading (ml) reading (ml) (ml) (ml)

Calculations:
Phenolphthalein acidity =Z*50*1000/50*100
=……….ppm
Methyl orange
Observation table:
Calculations:
Sr. No Initial burette Final burette Difference Constant reading
reading (ml) reading (ml) (ml) (ml)

Methyl orange acidity:

N1*V1=N2*V2
Sample N/50 …..
=………..ppm.
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