MTHR 1106

Groupe no.-12

1. Nayem Hosen
2. Abdullah Jubair
3. Labiba
4. Roohanee Haque
5. Raihan Islam
6. Nafis Iqbal
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Operating System (OS)

An operating system (OS) is system software that manages
computer hardware, software resources, and provides various
services for computer programs. It acts as an intermediary between
users and the computer hardware, enabling users to interact with
the system and run applications while abstracting the complexities
of hardware management. The OS handles tasks such as process
management, memory management, file system management,
and device management to facilitate the efficient and secure
operation of a computer or mobile device.

H kuvoty of operating system: -

The history of operating systems (OS) is a fascinating journey through

the evolution of computing. It all began in the 1950s when early
computers required users to manually input programs and data
through punched cards and switches. The first true operating system,
known as the "Monitor Program," emerged to simplify this process.

The 1960s saw the rise of batch processing systems, like IBM's OS/360,
which automated the execution of multiple jobs. In the 1970s, the
development of time-sharing systems allowed multiple users to
interact with a single computer simultaneously.

The 1980s marked a pivotal era with the advent of personal

computers, leading to operating systems like MS-DOS and Apple's
Macintosh System. Unix, developed in the 1970s, gained prominence
for its portability and multitasking capabilities.

The 1990s brought a graphical user interface revolution with Windows

and Mac OS, making computing more user-friendly. Linux, an open-
source Unix-like OS, gained popularity.
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In the 21st century, we've witnessed the emergence of mobile OS like

iOS and Android, as well as the continued growth of Linux and the
dominance of Windows.

Today, operating systems have become integral to our daily lives,

powering everything from smartphones and personal computers to
servers and embedded systems, reflecting decades of innovation and
advancement in computing technology.

This history highlights the evolution from early mainframes to

today's diverse range of operating systems, each tailored to specific
computing needs and environments. The field continues to evolve,
with ongoing developments in areas such as virtualization,
containerization, and cloud-based operating systems.

The operating system how works

An operating system is a software program that manages

computer hardware and provides services for various software
application. Here’s simplified explanation of how an operating
system works:
1. Booting: When you start your computer, the BIOS (Basic
Input/Output System) or UEFI (Unified Extensible Firmware
Interface) firmware loads and initializes hardware
components. It then loads the OS kernel into memory from
storage (usually a hard drive or SSD).
2. Kernel: The kernel is the core of the operating system. It
manages essential tasks, such as memory management,
process scheduling, device drivers, and file system operations.
It provides between the hardware and software.
3. User Interf ace: The operating system often provides a user
interface, which can be a command- line interface (CLI) or a
graphical user interface (GUI). This interface allows users to
interact with the computer and its application.
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4. Process Management: The OS manages process (individual

tasks or program) by allocating CPU time, memory, and other
resources. It ensures that multiple processes can run
simultaneously without interfering each other.
5. Memory Management: The OS allocates and tracks memory
for processes and handles memory protection to prevent one
program from interfering each other.
6. File Sy stem: It provides a file system that organizes and
manages data storage, allowing users to create, read, write,
and delete files and directories
7. Dev ice Management: The OS controls and communicates
with hardware devices like printers, disk drives, keyboards, and
more through device drivers. Its abstract hardware
complexities making it easier for applications to interact with
hardware.
8. Security : Operating systems include security features like
user accounts, permissions, and firewall settings to protect
the system and its data from unauthorized access and
malware.
9. Networking: Many operating systems include networking
support, allowing computers to connect to the internet and
local networks. They manage network protocols, such as
TCP/IP, and handle data transmission.
10. File I/ O: The OS provides services for input and output
operations, allowing applications to read from and write to
files, devices, and other resources.
11. Error Handling: Operating systems detect and handle errors,
ensuring the system remains stable and preventing crashes
from affecting the entire computer.
12. Sy stem Calls : Applications communicate with the
operating system through system calls, requesting services
like file access, process creation, and memory allocation.
13. Task Scheduling: The OS user algorithms to schedule tasks
and allocate CPU time efficiently, ensuring responsive and fair
use of resources.

In essence, the operating system acts as an intermediary

between the user and the hardware, providing a stable and
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consistent environment for software to run. Different

operating systems (e.g., Windows, macOS, Linux) may
implement these functions in unique ways, but the core
principles remain the same.

Types of Operating System

• Linux : Linux is a free and open-source operating system

that has a rich history and has become a fundamental part of
the computing landscape. Developed by Linus Torvalds in
1991, Linux was created as a Unix-like kernel for personal
computers. It quickly gained popularity due to its open-
source nature, allowing anyone to contribute to its
development.

Linux is based on the Unix design principles, emphasizing stability,

security, and scalability. It has since evolved into a versatile and
highly customizable operating system. The Linux kernel serves as
the core of many Linux distributions, or distros, such as Ubuntu,
Debian, and CentOS.

Linux has found applications in a wide range of domains, from

servers and supercomputers to embedded systems and
smartphones. It is renowned for its stability and security, making it
a popular choice for enterprise servers. Its open-source nature
promotes a thriving community of developers and users who
continually enhance and support the system.
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In summary, Linux has a rich history dating back to its inception in

1991 by Linus Torvalds. It has evolved into a powerful, versatile, and
open-source operating system with applications across various
domains, making it a critical component of the modern
computing ecosystem.

• Windows: The Windows operating system, developed by

Microsoft, has played a pivotal role in the world of personal
computing since its inception. With a history dating back to
the mid-1980s, Windows has evolved into a versatile and user-
friendly platform.

Windows introduced a graphical user interface, making it easier for

users to interact with their computers, starting with Windows 1.0 in
1985. Subsequent versions like Windows 3.1, Windows 95, and
Windows 98 improved functionality and stability. Windows XP,
released in 2001, brought a more robust and secure system, setting
a new standard for the OS.

The core of Windows operates through a kernel that manages

hardware and software interactions. It employs a multitasking
environment, allowing users to run multiple programs
simultaneously. Windows applications are typically built using
programming languages like C++ and .NET, offering a wide range
of software options.

With each new version, Windows has introduced enhanced

features and security measures, such as Windows Defender and
BitLocker. Windows 10, released in 2015, introduced Cortana, a
digital assistant, and a more streamlined user experience. Windows
11, the latest iteration at my knowledge cutoff in 2022, continued to
refine the interface and performance.

In summary, Windows has a rich history of innovation, providing a

versatile and user-friendly platform that has been integral to the
growth of personal computing.
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• Mac OS: Developed by Apple Inc., macOS stands as one

of the most influential operating systems in the world of
personal computing. With its reputation for stability, user-
friendly interface, and seamless integration with Apple’s
hardware, macOS caters to a diverse user base.
Since its initial release in 2001, macOS has continuously
evolved, bringing about improvements in performance,
security, and user experience. Its sleek design, powerful built-
in apps, and seamless ecosystem integration create a smooth
workflow across Mac, iPhone, iPad, and other Apple devices.

At its core, macOS boasts a Unix-based architecture, providing a

robust, secure, and versatile platform for both casual and
professional users. The graphical user interface, known as Aoua,
enhances user interaction, allowing for intuitive navigation and
customization.

The App Store within macOS offers a vast array of applications,

ranging from productivity tools to entertainment and creativity
software, enriching the user experience. Key functionalities such as
Siri, Spotlight, and iCloud integration further enhance convenience
and connectivity for users.

With security measures like Gatekeeper and File Vault, macOS

ensures a resilient defense against malware and data breaches,
creating a safe environment for its users.

In conclusion, macOS’s blend of aesthetics, functionality, and

security solidifies its position as a leading operating system, shaping
the digital experiences of millions of users worldwide.

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• Chrome OS: Chrome OS is a lightweight, Linux-based

operating system developed by Google, primarily designed
for web-centric computing. It was unveiled in 2009 and
targeted at users who rely on web applications and cloud
computing for their daily tasks.

Google's Chrome OS is known for its simplicity and speed, booting

up quickly and providing a seamless web browsing experience
through the Chrome web browser. It is designed for devices like
Chromebooks, which are affordable and energy-efficient laptops.

The OS's architecture promotes security and automatic updates,

reducing the risk of malware and ensuring users have access to the
latest features and security patches. Chrome OS offers a range of
built-in Google services, including Google Drive for cloud storage
and Google Docs for office productivity, making it ideal for users
with internet connectivity.

Chrome OS has evolved over the years, gaining support for Android
apps, Linux applications, and even Windows applications through
virtualization. This adaptability has expanded its usability beyond
just web browsing, making it a versatile choice for various
computing needs.

In summary, Chrome OS, invented by Google, is a user-friendly,

web-centric operating system that combines simplicity, speed, and
security, making it a popular choice for a wide range of users and
devices.

In conclusion, the operating system is the unsung hero of modern

computing, serving as the critical bridge between hardware and
software. It has evolved from rudimentary single-tasking systems to
complex, multitasking environments, accommodating a wide array
of devices and user needs. Operating systems like Windows,
macOS, and Linux have revolutionized the way we interact with
technology, offering distinct features and capabilities. Their
continual development, security enhancements, and user-friendly
interfaces have made computing more accessible and efficient. As
technology continues to advance, the role of the operating system
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remains indispensable, shaping the digital landscape and enabling

the ever-expanding possibilities of the digital age.