11

TECHNICAL VOCATIONAL AND LIVELIHOOD

ICT - COMPUTER SYSTEMS SERVICING

QUARTER I
Week 1 Lesson 2

Capsulized Self - Learning

Empowerment
Toolkit

Schools Division Office of Zamboanga City

Region IX, Zamboanga Peninsula
Zamboanga City
 CapSLET
Capsulized Self - Learning Empowerment Toolkit
SUBJECT &
TVL-CSS Gr.11 QUARTER 1 WEEK 1b2
GRADE/LEVEL
TOPIC Assemble Computer Hardware

LEARNING 1.2 Prepare unit assembly to ensure OHS CODE

COMPETENCY policies and procedures are followed in
accordance with systems requirements TLE_IACSS9-12ICCS-Ia-e-28

a. Identify fundamentals of Operating Systems;

LEARNING
OBJECTIVES b. Determine Operating Systems for different types of computers.

IMPORTANT: Do not write anything on this material. Write your answers on the learner’s activity and
assessment sheets provided separately.

UNDERSTAND
OPERATING SYSTEM

An Operating System (OS) is software that controls a computer.

It manages hardware, runs applications, provides an interface for
users, and stores, retrieves, and manipulates files. In general, you can
think of an operating system as the middleman between applications
and hardware, between the user and hardware, and between the user
and applications

Four main functions of OS:

1. Provide a user interface
- Providing a way for the user to manage the desktop,
hardware, applications, and data
2. Manage files
- Creating, storing, retrieving, deleting, and moving files on hard drives and other storage.
3. Manage hardware
- Manages the BIOS and RAM, diagnose problem with software and hardware interface
4. Manage applications
- Runs applications and manage the interface to the hardware on behalf of an application

The main components of an OS:

 SHELL - The shell provides a way for the user to interact with the applications to perform task like
installing applications, printing and others using various Graphical User Interface (GUI) or Character
User Interface (CUI) command.
The shell is made up of several subsystems that all operate in user mode, which means these
subsystems have only limited access to system information and can access hardware only through
other OS services. One of these subsystems, the Win32 security subsystem, provides logon to the
system and other security functions, including privileges for file access. All applications relate to
Windows by way of the Win32 subsystem.

 KERNEL - The kernel, or core, of the OS is responsible for interacting with hardware. It has more
power to communicate with hardware devices than the shell has, and operates in kernel mode.
Therefore, applications operating under the OS cannot get to hardware devices without the shell
passing those requests to the kernel.
The kernel has two main components. The HAL (hardware abstraction layer) is the layer
closest to the hardware and the executive services interface between the subsystems in user
mode and the HAL.

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 The kernel uses device drivers to communicate with a hardware device. Device drivers are
small programs stored on the hard drive that tell the computer how to communicate with a specific
hardware device such as a printer, network card, or modem.

 CONFIGURATION DATA - An operating system needs a place to keep hardware and software
configuration information, user preferences, and application settings. This information is used when
the OS is first loaded and when needed by hardware, applications, and users. Windows uses a
database called the Registry for most of this information. In addition, Windows keeps some data
in text files called initialization files, which often have an .ini or .inf file extension. For example, an
application might store in a text file or in the Registry the settings preferred by the last user, such
as background color, font, and text size. When the application is launched, the first thing it does is
read the Registry or text file and then loads the user’s preferred settings.

Features of Operating System:

Multi-user – Two or more users can work with programs and share peripheral devices, such as
printers, at the same time.
Multi-tasking – The computer is capable of operating multiple applications at the same time.
Multi-processing – The computer can have two or more central processing units (CPUs) that
programs share.
Multi-threading – A program can be broken into smaller parts that can be loaded as needed by the
operating system. Multi-threading allows individual programs to be multitasked.

Desktop OS vs Network OS
A desktop operating system, sometimes called a stand-alone operating system, is a complete
operating system that works on desktops, laptops, and some tablets. Desktop operating systems
sometimes are called client operating systems because they also work in conjunction with a server
operating system. Client operating systems can operate with or without a network.
Examples of the more widely used desktop operating systems are; Windows, Mac OS, UNIX,
Linux, and Chrome OS.
A desktop OS has the following characteristics; supports a single user, runs single-user applications,
shares files and folders on a small network with limited security.

A server operating system or network OS is a multiuser operating system that organizes and
coordinates how multiple users access and share resources on a network. Client computers on a
network rely on server(s) for access to resources.
Server operating systems are designed specifically to support all sizes of networks, including
medium- to large-sized businesses and web servers. Server operating systems can handle high
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numbers of transactions, support large-scale messaging and communications, and have enhanced
security and backup capabilities.
Many also support virtualization. Virtualization is the practice of sharing or pooling computing
resources, such as servers or storage devices. Through virtualization, for example, server operating
systems can separate a physical server into several virtual servers. Each virtual server then can
perform independent, separate functions.
Examples of server operating systems include the following: Windows Server, OS X Server, Unix
and Linux.
NOS has the following characteristics; supports multiple users, runs multi-user applications, is
robust and redundant, provides increased security compared to desktop operating systems.

Popular OS for different types of computers:

Windows is the most popular operating system for desktop and laptop computers.
Windows 10 is a series of operating systems produced by the American multinational
technology company Microsoft and released as part of its Windows NT family of
operating systems. It is the successor to Windows 8.1.

macOS is another popular operating system for desktop and laptop computers. macOS
is a series of proprietary graphical operating systems developed and marketed by Apple
Inc. since 2001. It is the primary operating system for Apple's Mac computers. Within the
market of desktop, laptop and home computers, and by web usage, it is the second most
widely used desktop OS, after Microsoft Windows.

Android is the most popular smartphone operating system. Android is a mobile

operating system based on a modified version of the Linux kernel and other open source
software, designed primarily for touchscreen mobile devices such as smartphones and
tablets

iOS is the most popular tablet operating system. iOS is a mobile operating system
created and developed by Apple Inc. exclusively for its hardware. It is the operating
system that powers many of the company's mobile devices, including the iPhone and
iPod Touch; it also powered the iPad until the introduction of iPadOS in 2019.

Variants of Linux are most widely used in the Internet of things and smart devices also
in web servers and supercomputers. Linux is a family of open source Unix-like operating
systems based on the Linux kernel, an operating system kernel first released on
September 17, 1991, by Linus Torvalds. Linux is typically packaged in a Linux distribution.

UNIX is a popular multi-user, multitasking operating system (OS) developed at Bell

Labs in the early 1970s. UNIX was designed to be a small, flexible system used
exclusively by programmers.
Due to its portability, flexibility, and power, UNIX has become a leading operating
system for workstations. Historically, it has been less popular in the personal
computer market.

SAQ-1: What is an operating system?

SAQ-2: What are the four main functions of OS?

Let’s Practice!

(Answer on the Answer Sheet provided for Activity and Assessment.)

Determine the capabilities of different types of Operating System by putting a check mark () if it
supports the capability and (x) if it doesn’t support.
OS Multi- user Multi -tasking Multi-processing
Windows 10
Android
iOS

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 REMEMBER
Key Points

 Operating System (OS) is software that controls a computer.

 The main functions of OS are; provide user interface, manage files (creating, storing, retrieving,
deleting, and moving files), hardware and applications.
 OS has three main internal components; the shell, the kernel and the configuration data.
 Capabilities of OS includes; multi-user, multi-tasking, multi-processing and multi-threading.
 Device drivers are small programs stored on the hard drive that tell the computer how to
communicate with a specific hardware device such as a printer, network card, or modem.
 Different OS are installed for different computers.
 Windows, Linux, Unix and Mac have built-in network functions which supports networking.

TRY
Let’s see how much have you learned today!
(Answer on the Learner’s Activity and Assessment sheets.)
IDENTFICATION
Identify the different fundamental concepts of OS. Write your answer in the space provided on the
Learner’s Activity and Assessment sheet.
_____1. These subsystems have only limited _____6. Software that controls a computer.
access to system information.
_____7. OS component that is responsible for
_____2. The computer is capable of operating interacting with hardware.
multiple applications at the same time.
_____8. The database in Windows that keeps
_____3. The most popular smart phone hardware and software configuration information.
operating system.
_____9. Are small programs stored on the hard
_____4. OS component that provides a way for drive that tell the computer how to communicate
the user to interact with the applications. with a specific hardware.

_____5. An OS that runs single-user _____10. Is the most popular operating system
applications. for desktop and laptop computers.

Vermaat, Misty, and Susan L. Sebok. Discovering Computers 2016: Tools, Apps,
Devices, and the Impact of Technology. Boston, MA: Cengage Learning, 2016.
Andrews, Jean. A Guide to IT Technical Support (hardware and Software). Australia:
Course Technology, 2016.
REFERENCE/S
Conry, Ben. IT Essentials: PC Hardware and Software Companion Guide.
Indianapolis, IN: Cisco Press, 2011.
"What Is the Most Popular Operating System?" Computer Hope. October 07, 2019.
Accessed July 10, 2020. https://www.computerhope.com/issues/ch001777.htm.
This learning resource contains copyrighted materials. The use of which has not
been specifically authorized by the copyright owner. We are making this learning
resource in our efforts to provide printed and e-copy learning resources available for
the learners in reference to the learning continuity plan of this division in this time of
DISCLAIMER pandemic.
This LR is produced and distributed locally without profit and will be used for
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Credits and respect to the original creator / owner of the materials found in this
learning resource.

Written by:
ARTHUR G. MANALO
SHST – II
Maria Clara L. Lobregat National High School
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