Swedish Elections

INDEX
1. Preface
2. Introduction
a. Institutional framework
b. Current debates
3. Government creation process
a. Reasons for forming a new government
b. Forming a government
c. Proposal of new candidate
d. Prime minister appoints government ministers
e. Prime minister delivers a statement of government policy
f. Change at council of state
g. A government may be reshuffled without Riksdag involvement
h. Procedure of new government: 2017 and 2018
4. Political parties
a. Parties’ campaigns
5. Analysis of polls
6. Comparison of elections and Swedish political crisis
a. Political background conclusion and new government formation
7. Geographical analysis of the results
a. Broad geographical observation
b. Urban geographic observation
c. Identification of variables and their presence
8. Conclusion
9. Bibliography - references
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1. PREFACE
It is the aim of this compilation and bibliographic work to establish a genuine

understanding of the current Swedish political landscape, which revolves around the
upcoming parliamentary elections on 11 September 2022. And which has the
constitutional duty to elect the prime minister who, in turn, will appoint the rest of the
members of the cabinet. Given the centrality of this event in democratic-representative
societies, special mention will be made of everything relevant to the general election
that serves to understand their development: from the context in which they are held
—whether historical, institutional, socio-economic, or political— to the definition of the
actors involved —mainly the political parties— and the analysis of the results —both
in comparison with previous results and polls and geographically—. As well as
describing the intricate negotiations that will lead to the proclamation of the new
government. That September 11, legislative elections to the Parliament (Riksdagsval),
the regional councils (Regionval) and the municipal councils (Kommunval) were held.
This work, however, focuses on everything circumscribed solely to the elections to the
national parliament.
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2. INTRODUCTION
a. Institutional framework
Sweden is constituted as a parliamentary monarchy according to the Basic

Lows of Sweden (Sveriges Grundlagar), which establish the governing institutions and
the relationship between them in the Kingdom of Sweden. They are the Instrument of
Government (Regeringsformen), the Freedom of the Press Act
(Tryckfrihetsförordningen), the Fundamental Law on Freedom of Expression
(Yttrandefrihetsgrundlagen) and the Act of Succession (Successionsordningen).
According to the latest reform of the Instrument of Government in 1974, the

legislative institution of the Kingdom of Sweden consists of a single assembly called
the Riksdag. It is the country's parliament and is represented by 349 deputies. Of the
349 seats in the unicameral Riksdag, 310 are fixed constituency seats allocated to 29
multi-member constituencies in relation to the number of persons eligible to vote in
each constituency. The remaining 39 adjustment seats are used to correct deviations
from the proportional national distribution that may arise when allocating fixed
constituency seats. There is a restriction in the system: only a party that has received
at least four per-cent of the votes nationwide participates in the distribution of seats.
However, a party that has received at least twelve per-cent of the votes in a
constituency participates in the distribution of the fixed seats in that constituency.
The Act of Succession regulates the head of state. Enacted in 1810, it

establishes the relationship between the courts and the hereditary succession to the
throne of the House of Bernadotte. According to the reform of 1980, the principle of
agnatic primogeniture is substituted by absolute primogeniture.
The Freedom of the Press Act of 1766 abolished censorship and restricted
limitations to retroactive legal measures for criticism of the Lutheran state church and
the royal house exclusively. It was reformed several times.
The Fundamental Law on Freedom of Expression of 1991 is a lengthier

document defining freedom of expression in all media except for written books and
magazines (such as radio, television, the Internet, etc.)
4
To shed light on the different forms of government that Sweden has gone
through, the following chronological outline is given. Wherever it says constitutional
reform, it is a reform of the Instrument of Government.
Form of
Year Event Brief deepening
government
Diet made up of the 4
First Riksdag of the
Estates represented:
1435 Estates Feudal
Nobility, Clergy,
(Ståndsriksdagen) in constitutional
Burghs, and
the Arborga Meeting. monarchy
Peasantry
Reforms about many
Riksdag of the
issues: elective
Estates
monarchy became
(multicameral)
Several meetings hereditary (not
1435-1680
took place. elective) (1544).
Estates struggle for
privileges and
obligations.
Absolute
1680-1719 Riksdag is abolished.
monarchy
Feudal
constitutional
monarchy
1719-1772 New constitution. Riksdag restored.

Riksdag of the
Estates
(multicameral)
5
Absolute
New constitution. Maintenance of the Riksdag
1772-1809 monarchy (de
of the Estates. Absolut Monarchy de facto.
facto)
Constitutional
monarchy
New constitution. Implements de facto the

1809 Riksdag of the
constitutional monarchy
Estates
(multicameral)
Riksdag of Estates
The lower camera is
dissolved. Creation
1866 called Andra
of New bicameral
kammaren) Parliamentary
Riksdag
monarchy (from
Creation of the ‘Prime Minister’ institution
1876 less to more
representative)
First general election with masculine universal
1911
suffrage
Riksdag
First general election
The parliamentary (bicameral)
with universal
1921 system begins de
suffrage for men and
facto
women.
Constitutional Reform. Abolition of the upper
1970
camera. 350 seats on the lower one.
Parliamentary
Both coalitions
monarchy (fully
obtained 175 voices.
representative)
Last election with 349 The previous Palme’s
1973 seats. ‘Lottery government remained
Riksdag
Riksdag’ as rulers. Some
(unicameral)
decisions were made
by lottery.
6
Reform of the The Speaker
constitution. designates a
Parliamentary
1974 Implementation of candidate to form a
monarchy
the Speaker of the government. The King
(crowned
Riksdag. no longer shall do it.
republic, fully
1976 First election with 349 seats
representative)
Extension from 3 years to 4 years of the
1993
electoral period
Riksdag
16th elections to the Ulf Kristersson
(unicameral)
2022 Riksdag (as a became the 35th Prime
unicameral system) Minister of Sweden
b. Current debates
Sweden has been a model country for many decades. But these last years this
had changed. There have been setbacks in the health care system, murders by
firearms, crime, the economy is getting weaker between others. Furthermore,
nowadays Sweden has one of the higher rates of armed violence of Europe. Crime in
Sweden has increased.
So far this year, 48 people have been killed by firearms in Sweden, three more
than in all of 2021. Police are alarmed as they say they are seeing guns, explosives
and grenades that were not present 10 years ago. Authorities blame the rise in gangs
on the immigrant population living in segregated neighbourhoods where there are high
crime rates. We can relate this phenomenon of the boom of The Swedish Democrats,
that have adopted a populist discourse where has taken a very hard line on
immigration and crime. This explains the rise of the party from 2010, when they appear
in the Parliament for the first time until the last elections celebrated las 11 of
September.
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Here we have a graphic that shows the gun violence in Europe and Sweden over the
years.
We can see that in the early 2000s, it was of the safest countries in Europe.
Nowadays Sweden went from 18th place to second, only behind Croatia.
On the other hand, in Sweden we find the activist, Greta Thunberg, who is the
leader of the student movement to combat climate change. At the beginning not a lot
of people join this movement. But after a short time, it has a lot of resonance and many
students all over the world join this movement. It was a polemical topic also. Sweden
is the country in the European Union that has received the most refugees per capita
during the migration wave. With a population of less than 10 million inhabitants, it has
welcomed around 400,000 refugees since 2012. The far right relate this fact with the
increase of crimes. But we are going to explain this topic deeply later.
3. GOVERNMENT CREATION PROCESS
First, a new government needs to be formed when a previous government has

resigned. After recent parliamentary elections, the Prime minister chose to resign.
The 17th of October of 2022, the government of Sweden chose Ulf Kristersson as
prime minister (Moderate Party). Even though at least 175 members voted against the
proposal, finally it was approved.
8
When a new government is to be formed, it must follow some steps and rules. To
begin with, Speaker must present a proposal for prime minister and that is voted on
by Riksdag
Riksgdag: is the legislature and the supreme decision-making body of Sweden. Since
1971, the Riksdag has been a unicameral legislature with 349 members
(riksdagsledamöter), elected proportionally and serving, since 1994, fixed four-year
terms.
Afterwards, legislations which are chosen in Riksgad are implemented in Sweden's

government and propose new laws and amendments for existing ones. The
government must have the support of Riskag, if it loses it may be forced to resign.
Even then, the prime minister can do changes, decrease the number of ministers and
replace members without asking Riksdag.
a. Reason for forming a new government
A government remains when it has the support of Riksgad but there are many reasons
for forming a new government and resigning the before one.
- Composition of government changes after elections
The coalition of several parties lost their majority after general elections. After this
situation, the Prime minister can resign voluntarily or be forced to resign after the
election of Riksdag. And it is the most common election.
If a prime minister resigns after election, Speaker must present a new proposal for
new prime minister.
On the other hand, if the prime minister remains, there would be a voting period within
two weeks. If more than a half vote against the prime minister, he or she must resign,
but remain in the office. Since 2014, is compulsory to hold a vote on the prime minister
after parliamentary elections
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- Declaration of no confidence
At least 35 members of the Riksdag can request a declaration of no confidence. If all

members agree with the declaration, governments may resign.
It follows this procedure: For a vote on a declaration of no confidence to be held, at

least 35 members of the Riksdag must collectively support a proposal for such a vote.
At least 175 members must then vote in favor of the proposal if the Riksdag is to
declare that the Government or a particular minister no longer has its confidence. This
represents a majority of the Riksdag's 349 members. If the Riksdag decides that it
does not have confidence in the Prime Minister, the entire Government must resign or
call an extraordinary election. If the Riksdag decides that it does not have confidence
in a minister, the minister must resign
- Vote of confidence
The government gives Riksdag an ultimatum saying that it will resign if voted down on
a specific matter. This needs a vote of confidence.
- Internal tensions
Internal tension in the government can lead to the prime minister and government too
to resign. Especially, tensions in the coalition
- Prime minister resign for personal problems
He or she may resign for personal problems out of his roll, not related to Riksdag.
b. Forming a government
As I mentioned before, the procedure starts when the Speaker gives the consent of
the prime minister resignation. Then there must be a proposal to elect a new prime
minister.
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The new prime minister must have the support of the parties in Riksdag. According to
the rules, a caretaker government manages routine, but not take any new political
initiatives
- Speaker assigns task of forming a government
When Speaker talks with all parties, she or he looks for possibilities for a new
government. The time and how it is organized are decided by the Speaker. For
example, Parties investigating which Riksdag parties support him or her with the new
project.
- The resigning
The speaker is elected after the parliamentary election, around two weeks after the
elections. Riksdag must vote for a new Speaker who makes a proposal to elect a new
prime minister. So as not to waste time, the resigning speaker already must make a
change of government by talking with the party representative. And this is shifted to
new Speaker.
----The Speaker is the Riksdag's principal representative and leads and plans the work
of the Riksdag. The Speaker presides over the meetings of the Chamber and plays a
central role when a new government is formed. It is when the members of the Riksdag
meet for the first time after a parliamentary election that they select from among
themselves the member who will become Speaker------
c. Proposal of new candidates
First Speaker makes a proposal for new prime minister and then it is valued by
Riksdag, no laten within four days. They must vote in Chamber. If more than a half
vote against, it is rejected. Otherwise, it is approved.
- Four proposals
If the proposal does not have enough support, the Speaker must present another one.
And he or she can repeat almost four times. If the next new proposal has support,
they're going to be a parliamentary election in three months. The speaker must choose
the date.
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d. Prime minister appoints government ministers
The Prime Minister decides the government's ministers. After his or her election, the
Prime minister must inform the names of the government.
e. Prime minister delivers a statement of government policy
In this statement, the Prime minister informs an outline of the government's intended
policies.
f. Change at council of state
The government change takes place at Council State at Royal Palace. This is a
meeting rules by the head, king, or queen. Speaker must inform about new proposals
and Riksdag’s decisions. Then, the head announces a new government change.
g. A government may be reshuffled without Riksdag involvement
Prime minister can replace some ministers without the idea of new government. He or
she can increase or decrease the number of ministers without Riksdag's involvement.
If the Prime minister resigns, all government will follow it.
h. Procedure of a new goverment: 2017 and 2018

- 2017
Prime minister Stefan Löfven resigned, and the speaker Andres Norlen commenced
the task of making a new proposal, that must be approved by Riksdag. A few days
after, the proposal was accepted, in this case was Magdalena Andersson (SDP), and
one day after she took officially as Prime Minister. The whole process took 20 days.
- 2018
After the 2018 elections, Stefan Löfven remains in office but almost more than a half
of Riksdag votes against him. So, he was forced to resign. After 134 days, Löfven was
chosen as Prime minister again, because of several failed attempts.
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4. POLITICAL PARTIES
The Riksdag has a capacity of 349 members; there’s a general rule that a particular
party must receive at least 4% of the votes in order to enter in it.
In the 2022 elections, 85 parties presented its candidatures. However, only 8 parties
entered in the parliament:
Riksdag’s seats Ideology Political Position

Swedish Social 107/349 Social Centre-left
Democratic 55/107 (women) democracy,
Party democratic
socialism
Sweden 73/349 Nationalism, Right wing, far-right

Democrats 18/73 (women) conservatism,
populism
Moderate Party 68/349 Liberal Centre-right

34/68 (women) conservatism
Left Party 24/349 Socialism, eco- Left-wing

17/24 (women) socialism
Centre Party 24/349 Liberalism Centre, centre-

13/24 (women) right
Christian 19/349 Christian Centre-right, right-

Democratic 5/19 (women) democracy, wing
Party conservatism
Green Party 18/349 Green politics, Centre-left

12/18 (women) ecofeminism
13
Liberal Party 16/349 Conservative and Centre-right
9/16 (women) classical
liberalism
a. Parties’ campaigns
CRIME AND SECURITY
- Sweden democrats
More police employees with better conditions

Discounts in penalties removed
Give more reparation to the victim
Punishment commensurate the crime
- Social democratic party
Expand the police force

Toughen penalties
Program against shootings
Security cameras throughout Sweden
- Left party
Against increasing the penalties

Strong welfare is the key to solve crime
Stop drugs and weapons at the country’s borders
More activities to introduce convicted to the society
- Moderate party
More money and tools for the police

Harsher punishments
Measures to deal with youth crime
More preventive measures
14
- Christian Democratic
More police
Harsher punishments
Ban of association with organized crime
More support to those who want to leave criminal gangs
- Centre Party
Invest in security guards

Prohibition of convicted staying in X areas
Increase the number of police
More protection of the victim and witness
- Liberal party
Higher penalties
More tools to fight against crime
Investment in preventive work
Juvenil delinquency mandatory in sociology
- Green party
More and better paid police

Invest in preventive work
Stop financiering gangs for collaborating with investigations
IMMIGRATION
- Sweden democrats
Immigrants must adapt to Sweden

Asylum seekers not allowed to live where they want
Anti-immigration
15
Regulated immigration
Right of asylum
Integration of immigrants
Compulsory education for new arrivals
- Left party
Welcoming and legal refugee policy

Right of asylum
Fight against racist forces
- Moderate party
Reduce the immigration – it creates crime

Introduce a volume target for immigration
Deport those who commit crimes
- Christian Democratic party
Limit the immigration at Nordic levels

Counter irregular migration
Families should be able to reunite
Quota refugee system
- Centre Party
Regulated immigration
Right of asylum
Everyone has the right to be reunited with its family
Invest in integration measures
16
- Liberal party
Not everyone can receive asylum, it depends on the reasons of protection

Shorter processing times for asylum
More legal routes
- Green party
Right to asylum
Quota refugee System
Permanent residence for children
Better conditions of establishment
ENERGY
- Sweden Democrats
Expansion of nuclear power

Against weather power
Focus on hydropower
Less dependent on fossil fuels

Speed up the electrification of Sweden
More renewable energy
Expansion of wind power
- Left party
Decouple the domestic electricity market from the European one

100% renewable supply by 2040
Invest in wind, solar and bio power
Focus on wind power
17
- Moderate party
More nuclear power

Focus on wind and hydropower
Fossil-free electricity system by 2040
Abolish the prohibition about only 10 nuclear reactors
Focus on nuclear power: more reactors

100% renewable energy by 2040
Fossil-free electricity production
Protect small-scale hydropower
- Centre Party
Stop the fossil import from Russia

100% renewable energy
Accelerate the expansion of wind power
Nuclear power has difficulties on meeting investment costs
- Liberal party
Fossil-free energy
Expand nuclear power
Remove restrictions against nuclear power
- Green party
Expand offshore wind power

Invest in solar cells and heating
Not in favour of nuclear power
Cheap electricity in near term
18
CLIMATE CHANGE
- Sweden democrats
Regulate the use of chemicals

Cost-effective measures – don’t harm business and countryside
Preserve and develop agriculture
More climate investments

Free public transport for students
Reduce the use of chemicals
Make electric car use easier
- Left party
Subsidy of 50% in public transport

Stop fossil fuels after 2035
Invest an extra 5 billion to protect biodiversity
- Moderate party
Zero emissions by 2045

Transport run on clean electricity and sustainable biofuels
Countries should put a price on emissions
Set up recycle parks

Protect biodiversity
Capture and storage carbon dioxide
Net emissions by 2045
19
- Centre Party
Reach climate neutrality by 2040

Phase out fossil fuel subsidies
Investments in green technologies
Accelerate zero-emission technologies
- Liberal party
Stop using fossil fuel

Capture and storage carbon dioxide
Capture 10 million tons of CO2 by 2030
- Green party
Phase out fossil fuel subsidies

Invest 100 billion to become a fossil-free welfare state
Protect biodiversity
Increase the price of emission rights in the EU
FEMINISM AND LGBTQ+ RIGHTS
- Sweden democrats
Women and men equal rights

Abolish gender quotes
Strengthened protection against harassment
Strengthened security of LGBT people
Against LGBT discrimination
20
Continued gender equality work in schools

Increase the contributions to women's shelters.
Long-term and permanent support for women
Facilitate a legal change of gender
Support to young LGBTQ+ students in schools
- Left party
Free right to abortion

Schools offer courses in feminist self-defense
Abolish the limit of age in gender change
Improve the procedure of gender change
- Moderate party
Toughen penalties sexual assaults

Police specialized in sexual assaults
Increase knowledge of LGBTQ
Ban conversion therapy
Provide support to reduce the number of abortions

Against left-wing feminism
Against LGBT+ discrimination
Against gender quotas
21
- Centre Party
Free and safe abortion

Increase the penalties for sexual crimes
Increase knowledge in care of LGBTQI people
Stop digital brothels
- Liberal party
More preventive work to avoid sexual violence

Improve women’s financial conditions
Inclusive sexual education
Modernise gender identity laws
- Green party
Stronger protection to abused women

Raise women’s wage at men’s level
Strengthen the work against honour-related violence
Open up subsidized abortion for foreign women in Sweden
ECONOMY
- Sweden democrats
Reduce the tax burden

Reduce the waste of public funds
Retain the Swedish krona as currency
Abolish the flight tax
22
Investments in public infrastructures

Protect the fiscal policy framework
Invest in the jobs of the future
Not reintroducing the property tax
- Left party
Remove tax subsidies to profitable companies

Banks that help clients to evade tax should lose their licenses
Introduce a relocation tax
Totally against of text evasion
- Moderate party
Lower the tax on work

Reduce tax on pensions
Ensure that companies can use the rules for employee options
Implement a benefit reform
Social market economics

Against financial transaction tax
Hire purchase in housing
- Centre Party
Make it easier and cheaper to hire

Lower taxes on labour
Reduce tax burden
Protect the fiscal framework
23
- Liberal party
Circular economy
Lower taxes in general
Simplified the tax system
Euros as Sweden’s currency
- Green party
Economy that takes long-term consideration of environment

Sustainable economy
Promote innovation
Improve employees’ conditions
NATO
Sweden as a member of NATO

European security order – end nuclear armaments
- Sweden democrats

Re-establish a strong total defense
- Left party
Against Swedish NATO membership

Independent foreign policy for Peace and disarmament
24
- Moderate party

Stronger military force

More security against attacks
- Centre Party

Defend itself in the best way
- Liberal party

Security guarantees
- Green party

Don’t want military alliances
5. ANLYSIS OF POLLS
In this year's election, as usual, different polls were published estimating the results of
the elections as the date of the elections approached.
The purpose of this section is, then, to check how reliable the published polls were as
the election day approached, taking into account the results, as well as to analyze the
differences between the first and the last polls.
25
Graphical representation of polls in Sweden elections from 1972 to 2022 by
https://www.politico.eu/europe-poll-of-polls/sweden/
To make a graphical representation of the different means in the percentage of votes

in each 3 years before the elections + the last 3 months, we first compute each mean
in order to create the graphic with those values.
Therefore, we take each value of different years of POLITICO Poll of Polls for Sweden
and divide it by the total number of values that year, resulting:
Mean Swedish Social Democratic Party (Socialdemokraterna)
• 2020: 27,13%
• 2021: 26,73%
• 2022: 30,67%
• last 3 months (since June 11th): 30,2%
→ final result: 32,7%
Mean Sweden Democrats (Sverigedemokraterna)
• 2020: 20,21%
• 2021: 19,45%
• 2022: 18,86%
26
Mean Moderate Party (Moderata samlingspartiet)
• 2020: 19,84%
• 2021: 22%
• 2022: 20%
• last 3 months (since June 11th) : 19,4%
Mean Left Party (Vänsterpartiet)
• 2020: 9,38%
• 2021: 10,79%
• 2022: 8,5%
Mean Centre Party (Centerpartiet)
• 2020: 8%
• 2021: 8,5%
• 2022: 6,78%
Mean Christian Democrats (Kristdemokraterna)
• 2020: 6,07%
• 2021: 5%
• 2022: 5,67%
• last 3 months (since June 11th): 6%
27
Mean Green Party (Miljöpartiet)
• 2020: 4%
• 2021: 3,87%
• 2022: 3,75%
Mean Liberals (Liberalerna)
• 2020: 3,36%
• 2021: 2,78%
• 2022: 3,67%
• last 3 months (since June 11th): 5%
With this, we can now generate a multi bar chart in order to visually interpret the
information:
Chart made through www.meta-chart.com
28
The x-axis represents each of the eight parties that are reflected in the surveys,
following the same order that has been followed throughout the work, this being that
of the results of the last elections held to the Parliament, the year 2022. The y-axis is,
instead, the percentage of votes attributed to each party in each of the cases shown
in the legend. It must be considered that the sum of all the percentages does not
achieve 100% because there’s a percentage of votes to parties that didn’t gain
representation in the parliament and others registered as nulls.
Through the analysis of the average data by periods from more to less distant
to the day of the elections we can observe how, in some cases, as the key day
approaches, the polls are closer to the real result. This may be due to the fact that
people's political inclinations are subject to the news, to the fact that there are fewer
and fewer voters who are 100% loyal to a party, to each party actions/statements, as
well as to other external elements that may have an impact on public opinion.
A thing that draws attention is the decrease of the Moderate Party, with less
and less representation each year, as well as the good results of the Social Democrats,
with better results than those predicted.
Something to highlight is also the good results for the far-right party comparing
them to the latest polls and, on the other hand, the bad numbers for the Left Party,
which predicted better results.
The Center, Christian, Green and Liberal Parties all have stable forecasts that
remain almost the same with the passing of time and, therefore, their results are not
surprising
According to statistics, election participation in different groups in society,

broken down by county, sex, age, income, and civil status. Results supplement the
vote count, which shows election participation overall and in different regions.
As Swedish elections got closer the polls got closer to what was finally the
result. The polling stations opened in Sweden this Sunday in the most uncertain
election in recent decades, with the rise of the far right in the spotlight before it is
expected to achieve a big representation. This would cause neither of the two major
blocs dominant until now - left and right - to have a majority in Parliament.
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The winners in this election are expected to be The Swedish Social Democratic
Party (with 30,67% of the votes). The SSD was born in 1917. This party dominate the
country from 1932 until 2006 (big part of the 20th Century. Only interrupted during a
term of 9 years, where the right governed.) The Swedish Social Democratic
Party arrived to have more than the 50 % of the votes in several elections. Finally, this
support has been reduced since the beginning of the 90s, coinciding with a deep
economic crisis and with the first cuts that affected the social sphere (education,
health…). But this phenomenon it is not exclusive of Sweden. The number of votes
that the left-wing parties used to have been decreasing all over Europe.
However, it is expected to be a big increase of the far-right led by the

charismatic Jimmie Åkesson, (with 18.83% of votes). A populist, anti-immigration Party
that has experienced exponential growth since the first time that appeared in
Parliament in 2010. All polls now place it as the party with the most progress, although
there is disagreement over whether it will manage to climb into second place and
overtake the Conservatives.
This is due to how the SD has focused their speech on the pre-election term.
Security has played an important role. From 2021 firearms crimes are growing in
Sweden at a faster rate than in any other European country. This year there have been
47 deaths because of this type of crime. So, Sweden is one of the European countries
that receives more immigrants and refugees. However, the fact that much of the
violence occurs in areas with a high concentration of migrants has fueled the debate
on the country's integration policies. The SD declared that the rise of crimes is due to
the rise of immigration. For that reason, they think it is necessary to limit it. The SD
have neo-Nazi roots. They would like to regulate immigration. In addition, they don’t
want the presence of Islam people in Europe (They have said it in their official discuss).
They want to close borders and go out of the European Union.
Among the Alliance parties, polls predict that the Moderate Party will obtain
19,4% of the votes. It is expected to be the second force more voted. However, the
fourth Party more voted will be the Left Party with 8.17% of votes. Then the Centre
Party will obtain 6,83% of the votes. The 6th force more voted will be Christians
Democrats with 6% of the votes. Behind us we will have the Liberal Party with 5% of
the votes. In the last place we will find the ecologists with 4,67% of the votes.
30
The most popular in politics in Sweden is minority governments, usually of the
Social Democrats alone. Although this legislature they have had to govern in a minority
and in coalition with the environmentalists. The few occasions when the social
democrats have been part of the opposition have been when Centre-right parties have
governed in coalition.
At the beginning the polls showed that there would be a coalition from the
center- left with Magdalena Andersson, the leader of the Swedish Social Democratic
Party, as a Prime Minister. The "sanitary cordon" that the rest of the parties have made
to the far-right SD since its arrival in Parliament in 2010. Now we are going to analyze
the results with the polls, and we will see if they have approached the result.
In the first place, The Social Democratic Party of Sweden (S) has been the most
voted force with 32,7% of the vote (a 2,5% more than what was expected) Behind
would be the far-right Swedish Democrats (SD) with 20.2% of the votes, with Jimmie
Åkesson as a leader (that shows a rise of 1,37% more than what was expected
compared with the polls). The Moderate Party would stay with 17,9 % of the votes
(1,5% less than what was expected. In the fourth position will find the Center Party
with 6,5% (0,33% less than what was expected) of the votes followed by the Left Party
with 6.9% of the votes (1,8 less compared with the surveys), the Christian Democratic
Party of Sweden (KD) with 5.2% of the votes (0,8 less than what was expected), the
Green Party with 4,9% of votes 0.33% more) and finally the Liberal Party of Sweden
with 4,2% (0,88 % less).
In the elections celebrated on the last 11 of September something happened

that never happened before. The "sanitary cordon" to isolate the extreme right has
been blown up after the xenophobic and ultra-nationalist Swedish Democrats (SD)
party became the second party in the country.
Conservatives, Christian Democrats and Liberals have negotiated a coalition

pact with SD to govern Sweden for the first time. The common agenda of the four
parties promises to restrict immigration, crack down on crime, lower taxes and boost
nuclear power. However, the far-right party populist, will not be part of the Executive
despite being the second parliamentary force (73 seats out of 349), but will support it
and has participated in the pact.
31
As a conclusion, we can say that Conservatives, Christian Democrats and
Liberals are going to govern the following years with the help of the far-right. The Prime
Minister is going to be Ulf Kristersson, from the Moderate Party. The right-wing bloc
obtained 176 seats on September 11, compared to 173 for the left-wing parties (social
democrats, ex-communists, environmentalists, and centrists). This fact caused the
resignation of the leader of the Social Democratic Party, Magdalena Andersson.
Sweden that there has been a country where left policies had played an important role,
in these last elections the right has won. And with the triumph of this, we are facing a
paradigm shift. Which will affect immigrants very strongly and in general all the social
spheres.
6. COMPARISON OF ELECTIONS AND SWEDISH POLITICAL CRISIS
The last general Swedish elections were held in Sweden on 9 September 2018
to elect the members of the Riksdag, the 349. The result was this: The most voted
party was the one of the social democrats (Arbetarepartiet-Socialdemokraterna) with
28.26% of the votes. Then, in the second palace came the moderates (Moderaterna)
with 19.84%. The third main power was held by the far-right party, Sweden Democrats
(Sverigedemokraterna) with a 17.53%. The result left two main parliamentary blocs
tied but well short of majority.
What is important to highlight in view of these results is the rise of Jimmie

Åkesson's far-right Sweden Democrats in the previous elections. They formed the
basis and source of confidence for understanding how the party has come to be an
enormous influence on the government in the last elections. Since those 2018
elections, the Sweden Democrats party has had direct and potential influence. In fact,
the populist and anti-immigrant party had already received 17.6% more votes than in
the 2014 elections, that is, we are facing a steady rise.
It is interesting to see how Åkesson's own populist discourse upon knowing the
2018 results clearly defines the development of the Swedish political landscape
around his party in recent years, he said: “We’re strengthening our pivotal position, we
increased our seats in the Swedish Parliament, we see that we are going to get
32
incredible influence in what will happen in Sweden in the coming weeks, the coming
months, the coming years, and that, no one can take away from us. “
In contrast, we can detect how the ruling Social Democrats saw their vote fall
to 28.26%, the lowest in the century. In response to this, the social democrat Stefan
Löfven said: “Of course I’m disappointed by the fact that a party, rooted in Nazism,
could gain so much ground. We are going to gather all the good forces and resist and
show that another society is possible. We won’t mourn, we will organize.” Another
populist speech, where, in the form of an attack, Löfven judges Åkesson's rise and
expresses disappointment but strength in the face of the nation's uncertain future.
Finally, the position of the moderates, the main opposition, was also not
positive, which slipped to 19.8%. Unlike Sweden Democrats, moderates are in steady
decline. So, the resulting post-election government after four months of political
paralysis was a minority coalition made by The Social Democratic Party and the Green
Party formed a minority government (With only 116 members at the parliament). You
will wonder how a party with such a small minority, only 116 seats out of 349, could
manage to govern, so this was feasible because the Liberals, the central party and the
left party abstained. Considering the Swedish constitution, the government just needs
more than half of the parliament not to vote against it. So even though only 116 MPs
voted for this new government and 153 voted against it, this was enough to establish
the new government. This was called the January Agreement, which established an
unstable scenario. Thus, the last Swedish government was a left-wing minority, in
contrast to the right-wing minority government formed by the Moderate Party, the
Christian Democrats and the Liberal Party in the wake of the last elections this year
with only 103 MPs (the lowest coalition of the Swedish parliamentary history).
It is important to note that the Swedish parliamentary landscape is not surprising

to find a right-wing government this year, as generally over the past decades, left-wing
coalitions and right-wing coalitions have come to govern in almost equal measure.
This is considering recent decades, as in previous decades there was a widespread
presence of the Social Democrats party. In fact, during the period from 1931 to 1976
the Socialists ruled without interruption, except for 109 days in 1936 when Sweden
has an interim government.
33
What is relevant in the current political context is the steady loss of voter
confidence in the right moderate party and the growing power of the ultra-right Sweden
Democrats. This event has occurred in the country since 2010, the year in which the
Sweden Democrats won 5.7% of the vote, thus allowing themselves 20 seats in
parliament and destabilizing the main political parties and their supporters. We must
bear in mind that neither the socialist parties nor the right-wing alliance agrees with
the Sweden Democrats, since they promulgate radical policies and speeches, some
of which may be considered hateful. Since then, the extreme right has not stopped
getting votes and the governments have been in the minority, thus finding ourselves
facing a political crisis in Sweden.
The actual general elections in Sweden were held on 11 September. The result
was: The party with the highest percentage of votes was the Social Democrats with
30.22%. This was followed by the Sweden Democrats, the far right with 20.54% and
finally the moderates with 19.10%. We can clearly see that the social democratic
support has increased to some extent, it has gained about 130000 votes more than
the last election. On the other hand, the main opposition party, the Moderates, has
received about 50,000 fewer votes. The resulting second-largest political force, the
Sweden Democrats, has gained some 200000 new voters, a very remarkable number,
showing Åkesson's clear rise since the 2018 elections. Despite the resulting moderate
right-wing government, the Sweden Democrats gain 11 new members of parliament,
which, together with the 62 MPs obtained in 2018, makes a total of 73 members in the
Riksdag. Achieving its greatest influence in parliament since the party's creation in
1988. Consequently, the Swedish political landscape will be largely influenced by right-
wing decisions, which may be carried forward by the government and supported by
Åkesson's party.
Before the consolidation of the new government, a supporter of the Sweden

Democrats, on hearing that it had won more than 20 per cent of the vote, said: “The
major issues in this election are crime and immigration, issues that we’ve been talking
about for a long time, for 10 years”.
A voter blinded by a discourse that pretends to convince the masses, with radical
anti-immigration policies, that it seeks to be the solution to one of the main national
problems. In this way, we can understand the growing support for the extreme right,
34
as it enacts radical policies to problems that for years have affected the country and
previous governments have been managing in systematic ways. As less severe
measures have been implemented, with the intention of alleviating these problems
considering the European migration crisis, the population has been strongly influenced
by this movement of neo-Nazi origins. But the most important point to understand this
rise is the existing political crisis. Since the Sweden Democrats gained members to
parliament, the governments of the right and left have not achieved majorities, thus
resulting in little effectiveness, carrying out few policies and reforms. So, people
progressively vote for that party, which continues to weaken the main political forces.
a. Political background conclusion and new government formation

➢ Sweden is a parliamentary consensus democracy.
➢ The party fragmentation is high.
➢ There are currently 8 parliamentary parties, divided into two blocks; right and
left.
o The Social Democrats (S) has been the largest party for a long time, with
The Moderate Party (M) being the largest opposition party. S has been
the ‘leader’ of the left block always, and M of the right block.
o The other parties usually belong to a ‘fixed’ block, but changes do occur
after elections. The blocks are important for mostly government
coalitions and voting coalitions in the parliament.
➢ In 2010 the SD enters the parliament. The SD is a very controversial party and
was especially seen as so when it first entered the parliament.
o Most parties did not want to associate themselves with SD. This led to
them not being “allowed” to join a block, and they got the role as a third
block.
o Meaning they had the “decisive vote” in parliament.
35
➢ During the period 2006 – 2014, Alliance for Sweden held the executive power.
Alliance for Sweden = pre-election coalition between The Moderate Party, The
Centre Party (C), The Liberals (L), and The Christian Democrats (KD).
➢ However, in 2014 the S and The Environmental Party (MP) formed a minority
coalition government, and Alliance for Sweden dissolved the 2022 election.
➢ Up until the 2022 election, S has led the government with MP.
➢ As mentioned, most parties were strongly against collaborating with SD in the

beginning. But over the years SD gained a lot of popularity among the voters,
and all Right parties, except The Centre Party (C), opened to work with SD.
➢ The blocks were remodelled a bit before the 2022 election.
➢ SD was invited to join the Right block, which led to C switching to the Left block.
➢ So, the 2022 blocks were: Left: S, MP, The Left Party (V), C § Right: M, SD,
KD.
➢ 2022 election: S got the most parliamentary seats as a party, but the Right block
got more seats.
➢ This led to “Talmannen” (non-partisan leader of the parliament) choosing Ulf

Kristersson (M) as prime minister. Ulf then had to choose his ministers and get
them approved by the parliament.
36
➢ As stated, in Sweden we have negative parliamentarism, meaning that the
government is approved if there is not a majority voting no
➢ This cannot be proved, but it is VERY likely that if Jimmie Åkesson (SD) was
chosen as prime minister his government would not be approved:
o Because the Left block strongly dislikes him and his party and votes no
o The other members of the Right block wouldn’t be able to coordinate
their votes because of “jealousy” and varying opinions.
➢ So, Ulf Kristersson and M were chosen to lead the government because
traditionally they have been the largest Right party.
➢ SD does not have any ministerial posts because they did not set that as a
demand when joining the Right block
o Their main demand was that their policies would be implemented.
o They might not have gotten parliamentary approval (this is my own
thought, but it is likely).
o However, SD has a large influence on the government.
o They participated in the forming of the budget.
o They signed ‘Tidöavtalet’ together with the governing parties (a
document that regulates the government work).
7. GEOGRAPHICAL ANALYSIS OF THE RESULTS
a. Broad geographical observation
Through the maps presented (explained at the end) it is possible to distinguish

different areas of predominant voting.
Firstly, there is a discernible north-south geographical distinction between the

party with the most votes and also in the coalition that each party leads. In the vast
and sparsely populated north (Norrland), there is a clear majority of the left bloc. In the
constituencies of this region, the left bloc (S+V+MP+C) accounts for 57.3% of the
votes in Norbotten, 62.4% in Västerbotten, 55.4% in Jämtland, 56.1% in
37
Västerrnorland, and 50.4% in Gävlebor. These regions have a combined population
of approximately 1,185,000 people or 11% of the population. The surface area,
however, is 59% of that of the country.
On the other hand, south of the Dal River, the right-wing does better in the
historical regions of Svealand and Götaland. It wins in all constituencies except
Värmland, Örebro and Uppsala. It is worth noting the considerable strength of the far
right (SD) in the southern county of Skåne, especially in the constituencies of Skåne
NE and W. Both constituencies are the only ones in the whole country where the SD
is the winning party. Elsewhere, the Social Democratic Party (S) is the winning party.
38
39
s SD M V
C KD MP L
40
b. Urban geographic observation
To understand voting behaviour in the most important conurbations, the

electoral maps of Stockholm, Malmö, and Göteborg are shown in that order.
41
In Stockholm, one can distinguish large areas where social democracy (S)
wins, others where the moderate party (M) wins and some census tracts where the
left (V) and the centre (C) win.
In Malmö, there are large areas where social democracy (S) and the moderate
party (M) win, and some neighbourhoods where the left (V) and the extreme right (SD)
win.
In Göteborg there are large areas where social democracy (S), the moderate
party (M) and some neighbourhoods where the left (V) and the extreme right (SD) are
winning.
c. Identification of variables and their presence
Electoral interpretation by region is very important to understand how different

economic, social, and cultural variables affect the vote. Although not always, such
variables often have significantly homogeneous quantities within a given geographical
area and show a probability of voting, if not determinism, as a function of the outcomes
of these variables. Some of these variables have been shown to strongly influence
voting. Examples are the following: voters' resources —age, education, and income
42
—, social integration —civil status, associationism, habitat, religion, contact and
networks, political involvement —Ideology, party identification, political interest, and
political knowledge—and satisfaction with institutions.
43
8. CONCLUSION
This paper has exposed the Swedish political situation and the intricate
paradigm it represents. By explaining the institutional set-up, the functioning of its
legislative body —the Riksdag — and the detailed definition of what the eight political
parties represented by the will of their own citizens advocate and repudiate, this
paradigm has been developed through the 2022 election event, and the conclusions
drawn are as follows.
The Kingdom of Sweden, a consolidated parliamentary monarchy, has a long

tradition of liberal democracy. Since the dawn of the Western liberal revolutions, its
society has been able to transform the monarchical-constitutional and, at times,
absolutist institutional framework into a genuinely democratic one —mainly in view of
the bourgeois tradition— but also with important worker-socialist exceptions in terms
of the struggles for unionisation and the expansion of the welfare state after the
Second World War. This transformation has developed gradually and in the absence
of bloody revolutions. In fact, the country has not been involved in any war since 208
years ago, when the Swedish-Norwegian war unified the two countries, which a
century later would separate again almost peacefully, and with which it has maintained
a more than amicable relationship ever since, a situation that has made —together
with the Russian conquest in 1809 of the territories of Österland, now Finland— the
Swedish state eminently monolithic ethnically, linguistically, culturally and religiously
— at least as far as the original vernacular population is concerned. This fact explains
the absence of territorial disputes or secessionist movements in the territory as a
whole —with the anecdotal but distinguishable exception of the Sami because of
Nordic colonialism in the Norrland territories in imperial times—. Now, however, the
Sami have their own parliament, albeit categorised as a government agency, with no
decision-making power on important issues; it has no relevance to national politics.
Sweden's parliamentary tradition brings us back to this year's elections, which

reflect the disparity of views with which Swedes advocate fighting the problems facing
their society. Since the hangover from the refugee crisis of 2015, which led the country
—a full member of the EU since 1995 and not without controversy— to take in,
relatively speaking, the largest number of asylum seekers. This event aggravated and
continued, through the way it was managed, an unprecedented exclusion and
44
ghettoisation of the foreign community, a fact that has sharpened the political debate.
The famous gang crisis was also born out of these events. Today's political debate is
also marked by the perceived search for a renewed security framework in view of the
ongoing Russian-Ukrainian war. Sweden has applied for NATO membership. The
environmental dispute, which initiated the 'skölestrejk for klimatet' movement, and
which is also a nuclear power in relative terms, does not escape the political rostrum
either. The dismantling of the welfare state and the increase in inequality is very
important to understand the issue. A model country in terms of these milestones or
concessions —depending on the perspective— in the second half of the 20th century.
But it has not escaped the deterioration and the prevailing neoclassical economic
doctrine. An example of this is the proven ineffectiveness of the fight against covid-19
(with very high deaths in relative terms) or the increasingly widespread model of
friskolor (charter schools).
The debate is pressing and harsh, but one thing has remained immovable in
these new elections of 2022. The social democratic party has once again triumphed
as it has done since the establishment of universal suffrage —that is, forever—. A
victory that in this election has proved insufficient to form a centre-left government.
Despite the fact that this bloc has held the reins of government for the majority of its
time, there have been legislatures in which the centre-right has prevailed. This is the
case of the period 2006-2014, the last period in which they governed before the current
elections, led by the Moderate Party (M) and supported by the Centre Party (C), which
is currently identified with the opposing coalition. The emergence in 2010 of the far-
right Sweden Democrats (SD) has altered the blocs. The SD, which has become a
'third bloc' due to the refusal of the others to collaborate with them —due to their
eminently fascist roots— has continued to proclaim and push the political debate
centred on the migration issue. Has the cordon sanitaire worked for a decade? As
already explained, in this exercise they have been the victors among the right-wing
bloc. The question is tendentious, but it serves to invoke a debate in the reader, which
is served. It is clear that the emergence of the SD has shifted the political debate
towards conservatism. This is also true of the social democratic bench, which a few
months ago adopted measures on immigration that would have been highly
controversial a few years ago. Since 2014, with the creation of the social democratic
minority government in mid-term thanks to the help of the Environmental Party (MP),
45
the shocks of parliamentary life have covered pages and pages of the Swedish press.
The latest and most memorable was the fall of Stefan Löfven's government due to
insufficient housing policy in the wake of the inflationary housing crisis, from the
perspective of the left-wing (V) and (SD) parties.
However, the investiture of the new prime minister, Ulf Kristersson of the
Moderate Party (M), on 16 October 2022, marked the return of the right-wing
executive, this time, essentially, given the legislative agreements known as
'Tidövavlvet', which implement the measures, well influenced by the SD, of the new
chancellery conditional on the new chancellor's office. Despite this, it is not part of the
government and lacks ministerial representation even though it is the dominant party
in the bloc. From the parliamentary tradition in which this group is immersed, this fact
comes as a surprise. But we associate it with the negative parliamentarianism we have
already discussed and with the anti-fascist tradition of the classical right, consisting of
the Christian Democrats (KD) and the Liberals (L). Even so, we do not believe that the
SD itself is uncomfortable in this position, as it is not involved in government decisions,
which will continue to be the fuel for criticism and to garner sympathy throughout the
Scandinavian country.
Will this executive be able to stop the far-right party in its tracks? Will the new
policies have a negative impact? What should the role of the opposition be? As has
already been exposed, the measures of the parties involved in the formation of the
government have been reflected in this agreement to a greater or lesser extent. Its
success will be determined by time, but what is clear is that the politicised vision is
decisive; that is, success is not measurable only in data and statistics but at its
ontological root. Sweden faces global problems, like all countries, but its idiosyncratic
political particularity makes it a different way of dealing with them. For certain things
and certain audiences, they will remain exemplary; for others, they will not. But it is
necessary to understand their political landscape to draw good conclusions. We hope
that this paper has served that purpose.
46
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50

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INDEX

It is the aim of this compilation and bibliographic work to establish a genuine

Sweden is constituted as a parliamentary monarchy according to the Basic

According to the latest reform of the Instrument of Government in 1974, the

The Act of Succession regulates the head of state. Enacted in 1810, it

The Fundamental Law on Freedom of Expression of 1991 is a lengthier

1719-1772 New constitution. Riksdag restored.

New constitution. Implements de facto the

3. GOVERNMENT CREATION PROCESS

First, a new government needs to be formed when a previous government has

Afterwards, legislations which are chosen in Riksgad are implemented in Sweden's

a. Reason for forming a new government

- Composition of government changes after elections

At least 35 members of the Riksdag can request a declaration of no confidence. If all

It follows this procedure: For a vote on a declaration of no confidence to be held, at

- Prime minister resign for personal problems

- Speaker assigns task of forming a government

c. Proposal of new candidates

e. Prime minister delivers a statement of government policy

f. Change at council of state

g. A government may be reshuffled without Riksdag involvement

h. Procedure of a new goverment: 2017 and 2018

Riksdag’s seats Ideology Political Position

Sweden 73/349 Nationalism, Right wing, far-right

Moderate Party 68/349 Liberal Centre-right

Left Party 24/349 Socialism, eco- Left-wing

Centre Party 24/349 Liberalism Centre, centre-

Christian 19/349 Christian Centre-right, right-

Green Party 18/349 Green politics, Centre-left

CRIME AND SECURITY

More police employees with better conditions

- Social democratic party

Expand the police force

Against increasing the penalties

More money and tools for the police

Invest in security guards

More and better paid police

Immigrants must adapt to Sweden

Welcoming and legal refugee policy

Reduce the immigration – it creates crime

- Christian Democratic party

Limit the immigration at Nordic levels

Not everyone can receive asylum, it depends on the reasons of protection

Expansion of nuclear power

- Social democratic party

Less dependent on fossil fuels

Decouple the domestic electricity market from the European one

More nuclear power

- Christian Democratic party

Focus on nuclear power: more reactors

Stop the fossil import from Russia

Expand offshore wind power

Regulate the use of chemicals

- Social democratic party

More climate investments

Subsidy of 50% in public transport

Zero emissions by 2045

- Christian Democratic party

Set up recycle parks

Reach climate neutrality by 2040

Stop using fossil fuel

Phase out fossil fuel subsidies