Assertion and Reason - Class 12

ASSERTION AND REASON| CLASS 12
a. Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is

the correct explanation of Assertion
b. Both Assertion and Reason are true, but Reason is
not the correct explanation of Assertion
c. Assertion is true, but Reason is false
d. Assertion is false, but Reason is true
Que. 1 Assertion (A) Endosperm is formed by the fusion of one

male gamete and two polar nuclei.
Reason (R) In pea, the endosperm remains the part of seed as

it is not completely consumed up during embryo formation.
Ans. (c) Assertion is true, but Reason is false.

Endosperm develops from fusion of one male gamete and two polar
nuclei. It is a nutritive tissue present in the seeds. It provides
nutrition to the developing embryo.
In pea (dicot) seed, there is no residual endosperm as it is

completely consumed during embryo formation. Hence, is
considered as non-endospermic seed.
Que. 2 Assertion (A) In humans, the gamete contributed by the male

determines whether the child produced will be male or female.
Reason (R) Sex in humans is a polygenic trait depending upon a

cumulative effect of some genes on X-chromosome and some on Y-
chromosome.
Ans. (c) Assertion is true, but Reason is false. In humans, sex is

determined by sex chromosomes.
Sex chromosomes in. human female are XX and in human male are XY
which means that human male produces X and Y chromosomes
containing gametes, while, human females produces only X-containing
gametes. Therefore, males determine the sex of offspring. Sex in humans
is a monogenic trait as there is lack of interaction between genes on X and
Y-chromosomes which required for a trait to be polygenic.
Que. 3 Assertion (A) In plants, apomixis is a form of

asexual reproduction that mimics sexual
reproduction.
(R) Apomixis involves the production of seeds without
the fusion of gametes.
Ans. (a) Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is the
correct explanation of Assertion.
Apomixis is a special mode of asexual reproduction that
mimics sexual reproduction that occurs in some plants which
results in the formation of seeds without gametic fusion (or
fertilisation), e.g. in some species of Asteraceae.
Que. 4 Assertion (A) (A) Prolonged intraspecific

competition causes an increase in the size of the niche
of a population.
Reason (R) In such a population, use of a new type of
resource will increase through the generations.
Ans. (a) Both Assertion and Reason are true and

Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.
Que. 5 Assertion (A) E. coli having pBR322 with DNA insert at BamHI
site cannot grow in medium containing tetracycline.
Reason (R) Recognition site for BamHI is R present in tetR region of

pBR322.
Ans. (a) Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is the correct
explanation of Assertion.
pBR322 has recognition sites for several commonly used restriction
enzymes. The recognition site for BamHI is present in tet region, (i.e.
responsible for tetracycline resistance). When an insert is added at the
BamHI recognition site, the gene for tetracycline resistance becomes
non-functional and the recombinant bacteria with plasmid pBR322 that
has DNA insert at BamHI loses tetracycline resistance.
Que. 6 Assertion (A) In females, parturition is the act of giving

birth to a baby.
Reason (R) Signals for parturition originates from a fully

developed foetus.
Ans. (b) Both Assertion and Reason are true, but Reason is not the
The act of giving birth to a baby is called parturition. It is induced by a

complex neuro-endocrine mechanism. The signals for childbirth
originates from a fully developed foetus and the placenta. This
stimulates the release of oxytocin which leads to vigorous uterine
contractions also called foetal- ejection reflex.
Que. 7 Assertion (A) In pigeons, females are heterogametic

and males are homogametic.
Reason (R) In pigeons, females have ZW sex chromosomes

and males have ZZ sex chromosomes.
In pigeons, ZW-ZZ type of sex-determination mechanism is
found. In this type, the male has two homomorphic sex
chromosomes (i.e. ZZ) and is homogametic in nature while,
the female has two heteromorphic sex chromosomes (ZW)
and is heterogametic.
Que. 8 Assertion (A) A bacterial cell with no restriction enzymes could easily
get infected and lysed by bacteriophages.
Reason (R) Restriction enzymes catalyses the synthesis of protection coat

around bacterial cells that prevent bacteriophage attack.
Restriction enzymes were named due to the phenomenon of host restriction of

bacterial phages. These enzymes produced in a bacterial cell, bears the ability
to recognise and cleave the foreign DNA introduced (such as from
bacteriophage) into the host cell. Thus, bacterial cell cannot be infected and
lysed by the bacteriophage. Hence, a bacterial cell lacking the restriction
enzymes is easily susceptible to infection of phages when compared to the
one with the restriction enzymes.
Que. 9 Assertion (A) Diaphragms, cervical caps and vaults are the
barriers made up of rubber.
Reason (R) Diaphragms, cervical caps and vaults are used to cover the
male copulatory organ during coitus.
Diaphragms, cervical caps and vaults and vaults are the contraceptive
barriers which are made up of rubber. They are inserted into the female
reproductive tract to cover the cervix during coitus. These barriers
helps to prevent conception by blocking the entry of sperms through
the cervix.
Que. 10 Assertion (A) Turner's syndrome is caused due to the

absence of the X-chromosome.
Reason (R) Such individuals have rudimentary ovaries and lack

secondary sexual characteristics.
Turner's syndrome is caused due to the absence of X-chromosome.

Individuals having single X-chromosome, [i.e. 2A + XO (45)] have
female sexual differentiation, but ovaries are rudimentary. Other
associated phenotypes of this condition are short stature, webbed
neck, broad chest, lack of secondary sexual characteristics and
sterility.
Que. 11 Assertion (A) tRNA recognises its

corresponding codon in mRNA. Reason (R) For each
codon, there is an individual RNA.
tRNA has an anticodon loop which has 7 bases, out of which

three bases form anticodon for recognising and attaching the
codon of mRNA. Since, there are 61 codons specifying amino
acids, the cell should contain 61 different tRNA molecules, each
with a different anticodon. The number of tRNA molecule types
discovered is much less than 61. This implies that the
anticodons of some tRNAS read more than one codon on mRNA.
Que. 12 Assertion (A) Sterilisation is a terminal method

used for both males and females.
Reason (R) It is highly effective and its reversibility is

very poor.
Ans. (a) Both Assertion and Reason are true and
Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.
Sterilisation is generally advised for both male and

female partners as a terminal method to prevent any
more pregnancies.
These techniques are highly effective, but their

reversibility is very poor.
Que. 13 Assertion (A) At F_{2} stage in monohybrid

cross, both parental traits are expressed in the
proportion of 3:1.
Reason (R) The contrasting parental traits show
blending at F2 stage.
In F2 generation, both the parental traits of a character
are expressed in the ratio of three dominant to one
recessive. The contrasting traits do not blend at F2
stage. Such
blending occurs in case of incomplete dominance.
Que. 14 Assertion (A) Repetitive sequences make up

very large portion of human genome.
Reason (R) They do not have direct coding function in

the genome.
Ans. (b) Both Assertion and Reason are true, but Reason is not
the correct explanation of Assertion.
Repetitive sequences make up a large portion of human

genome. These sequences are nucleotide sequences that are
repeated many times, sometimes hundred to thousand times.
They have no direct coding function, but provide informations

about chromosome structure, dynamics and evolution.
Que. 15 Assertion (A) Our immune system always

recognise the 'self cells' and destroys the foreign
proteins.
Reason (R) When it fails to recognise the 'self' from
'non-self', it starts destroying the body's own proteins.
This is known as autoimmunity.
Que. 16 Assertion (A) The distance between two

polynucleotide chains in DNA remains almost
constant.
Reason (R) A purine is paired with pyrimidine with
hydrogen bonds.
Que. 17 Assertion (A) Constant gene frequencies over

several generations an indicate absence of
evolutionary progress.
Reason (R) Evolution occurs when genetic equilibrium
is absent.
Que. 18 Given below is a plant. It produces two types of

flowers.
Study this figure and comment upon the

appropriateness of the Assertion (A) and Reason (R).
Assertion (A) Both flowers are invariably

autogamous.
Reason (R) In closed flowers, the anthers and stigma

lie close to each other. On dehiscence, pollen grains
come in contact with stigma to effect pollination
Que. 19 Assertion (A) The (A) The female external

genitalia includes mons pubis, labia majora and labia
minora.
Reason (R) The glandular tissue of each breast
contains single mammary lobe.
Que. 20 Assertion (A) The predominant site for control

of gene expression in prokaryotes is transcription
initiation.
Reason (R)
(R) The activity of RNA polymerase is regulated by

accessory proteins, which affect recognition of start
sites.
Que. 21 Assertion (A) USA patent of brazzein is an

example of biopiracy.
Reason (R) Brazzein, a protein obtained from West

African plant, Pentadiplandra brazzeana and the gene
encoding it has been patented by USA.
Que. 22 Assertion (A) Mango is a false fruit.

Reason (R) Thalamus participates in false fruits
formation.
Que. 23 Assertion (A) Polycistronic mRNA is

capable of forming a number of different polypeptide
chains.
Reason (R) Polycistronic mRNA has terminator
codons.
Que. 24 Assertion (A) GM plants have undergone a

genome modification for developing various
resistances.
Reason (R) The plasmid vectors used for plant cell
transformations are based on Ti-plasmids.
Que. 25 Study the graph given below which

describes the population growth in an area 'P'
and comment on the appropriateness of the
Assertion (A) and Reason (R).
Assertion (A) Growth of population P can dN

be expressed as
Reason (R) The population is existing in a

habitat with unlimited resources.
Que. 26 Assertion (A) Although geitonogamy is

functionally cross-pollination involving a pollinating
agent, genetically it is similar to autogamy.
Reason (R) In geitonogamy, pollen grains from the
anthers of one flower are transferred to the stigma of
another flower borne on the same plant.
Que. 27 Assertion (A) If the sequence of bases of one

DNA strand is known then the sequence of other
strand can be predicted.
Reason (R) Both the strands of DNA are
complementary to each other.
Que. 28 Assertion (A) The first clinical gene for ADA

therapy was given to cure SCID.
Reason (R) The normal gene was delivered into the

patient's cells using retroviral vector.
Que. 29 Assertion (A) Amniocentesis technique is

frequently used in foetal disease treatment in India.
Reason (R) This technique can be used for sex-

determination of child.
Que. 30 Assertion (A) Synthesis of daughter or new

strand occurs continuously along the parent strand 3’
→ 5’.
Reason (R) DNA polymerase cån polymerise
nucleotides in 3’ → 5’ direction on 3’ → 5’ strand.
Que. 31 Assertion (A) Biotechnology produces

transgenic microorganisms that function as
microfactories for proteins.
Reason (R) Transgenic microorganisms can be
developed to produce proteins of human use like
insulin.
Que. 32 Given below is the age-sex structure of

a population where a pyramid has been
plotted for the percentage of population of
each sex in each age class. Study the given
pyramid and comment upon the
appropriateness of the Assertion (A) and the
Reason (R).
Assertion (A) The population of India is still

growing.
Reason (R) A rising birth rate and falling death
rate in both sexes is the reason behind this.
Que. 33 Assertion (A) An infected mother can pass

syphilis to her developing foetus.
Reason (R) Some pathogens can cross the placental

barrier.
Que. 34 Assertion (A) Mutation, genetic

recombination, natural selection and isolation form
the most essential process for evolution.
Reason (R) All new traits arise from these processes.
Que. 35 Assertion (A) In a monohybrid cross, F2-

genotypic ratio is 1:2:1.
Reason (R) It gives phenotypic ratio 3: 1.

Que. 36 Given below is the stage of

malarial parasite Plasmodium. Study the
phase carefully and comment on the
appropriateness of Assertion (A) and
Reason (R).
Assertion (A) The mature infective stage

(sporozoites) appears when the parasite
is multiplying in the body of the
mosquito.
Reason (R) In humans, sporozoite infects
the liver cells.
Que. 37 Assertion (A) The embryo with 8 to 6

blastomeres is called a morula.
Reason (R) The morula continues to divide and

transforms into trophoblast.
Que. 38 Assertion (A) Streptococcus thermophilus

increase nutritional value of milk.
Reason (R) Curd and yoghurt have higher vitamin

content than milk.
Que. 39 Assertion (A) Tropical rainforests are

disappearing fastly from developing countries such
as India.
Reason (R) No value is attached to these forests
because these are poor in biodiversity.
Que. 40 Given below is below is the sequence of

nucleotides in the given segment of mRNA and the
respective amino acid sequence in the polypeptide
chain. Study the sequence and comment upon 09 the
appropriateness of the Assertion (A) and the Reason
(R).
Assertion (A) AUG acts as a start codon for the

nucleotide sequence.
Reason (B) AUG codes for methionine and starts the
process.
Que. 41 Assertion (A) In a wildlife sanctuary, collection

of timber, harvesting of minor forest products and
private ownership rights are allowed.
Reason (R) A sanctuary is a protected area meant for
the conservation of both flora and fauna where
cultivation of land is permitted,
Que. 42 Assertion (A) Each antibody is represented by

H2L2.
Reason (R) Each antibody molecule has four

nucleotide chains, two small called light chains and
two longer called heavy chains.
Que. 43 Assertion (A) The middle piece is called as

powerhouse of the sperm.w
Reason (R) The numerous mitochondria coiling

around axial filament produce energy for the
movement of the tail.
Que. 44 Given below is a nucleotide sequence of a

particular DNA fragment. Study the sequence and
information given below and comment upon the
appropriateness of the Assertion (A) and the Reason
(R).
Assertion (A) Hind II is a restriction enzyme.

Reason (R) It is responsible for the cleavage of the
sequence.
Que. 1
Que. 1
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Que. 1

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ASSERTION AND REASON| CLASS 12

a. Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is

Que. 1 Assertion (A) Endosperm is formed by the fusion of one

Reason (R) In pea, the endosperm remains the part of seed as

Ans. (c) Assertion is true, but Reason is false.

In pea (dicot) seed, there is no residual endosperm as it is

Que. 2 Assertion (A) In humans, the gamete contributed by the male

Reason (R) Sex in humans is a polygenic trait depending upon a

Ans. (c) Assertion is true, but Reason is false. In humans, sex is

Que. 3 Assertion (A) In plants, apomixis is a form of

Que. 4 Assertion (A) (A) Prolonged intraspecific

Ans. (a) Both Assertion and Reason are true and

Reason (R) Recognition site for BamHI is R present in tetR region of

Que. 6 Assertion (A) In females, parturition is the act of giving

Reason (R) Signals for parturition originates from a fully

The act of giving birth to a baby is called parturition. It is induced by a

Que. 7 Assertion (A) In pigeons, females are heterogametic

Reason (R) In pigeons, females have ZW sex chromosomes

Reason (R) Restriction enzymes catalyses the synthesis of protection coat

Restriction enzymes were named due to the phenomenon of host restriction of

Que. 10 Assertion (A) Turner's syndrome is caused due to the

Reason (R) Such individuals have rudimentary ovaries and lack

Turner's syndrome is caused due to the absence of X-chromosome.

Que. 11 Assertion (A) tRNA recognises its

tRNA has an anticodon loop which has 7 bases, out of which

Que. 12 Assertion (A) Sterilisation is a terminal method

Reason (R) It is highly effective and its reversibility is

Sterilisation is generally advised for both male and

These techniques are highly effective, but their

Que. 13 Assertion (A) At F_{2} stage in monohybrid

Que. 14 Assertion (A) Repetitive sequences make up

Reason (R) They do not have direct coding function in

Repetitive sequences make up a large portion of human

They have no direct coding function, but provide informations

Que. 15 Assertion (A) Our immune system always

Que. 16 Assertion (A) The distance between two

Que. 17 Assertion (A) Constant gene frequencies over

Que. 18 Given below is a plant. It produces two types of

Study this figure and comment upon the

Assertion (A) Both flowers are invariably

Reason (R) In closed flowers, the anthers and stigma

Que. 19 Assertion (A) The (A) The female external

Que. 20 Assertion (A) The predominant site for control

(R) The activity of RNA polymerase is regulated by

Que. 21 Assertion (A) USA patent of brazzein is an

Reason (R) Brazzein, a protein obtained from West

Que. 22 Assertion (A) Mango is a false fruit.

Que. 23 Assertion (A) Polycistronic mRNA is

Que. 24 Assertion (A) GM plants have undergone a

Que. 25 Study the graph given below which

Assertion (A) Growth of population P can dN

Reason (R) The population is existing in a

Que. 26 Assertion (A) Although geitonogamy is

Que. 27 Assertion (A) If the sequence of bases of one

Que. 28 Assertion (A) The first clinical gene for ADA

Reason (R) The normal gene was delivered into the

Que. 29 Assertion (A) Amniocentesis technique is

Reason (R) This technique can be used for sex-

Que. 30 Assertion (A) Synthesis of daughter or new

Que. 31 Assertion (A) Biotechnology produces

Que. 32 Given below is the age-sex structure of

Assertion (A) The population of India is still