alpa

重音在后
浊辅音

t+送气重读

pi
小舌音

p+送气重读
k+送气重读
 Introduction xx vii

The symbol " will occasionally be used over a Greek vowel to indicate a vowel of short
quantity. The symbol - indicates a vowel of long quantity (see ii, t, and D in the right-hand
column in the list on p. xxvi). Normally short vowels have neither mark above them (see
a, t, and u in the right-hand column on p. xxvi). When these three vowels are long, they
will usually be printed in .1\.thenaze with long marks over them (ii, I, and D). The long
mark is referred to as a macron (Greek [,t 吓 p6v, long; plural macra). A long vowel is held
approximately twice as long as a short vowel. The vowels ri and w are always long and are
therefore not marked with macrons. The combinations El and ou represent two addition­
al long vowels in Greek (see Other Vowel Combinations below). The vowels E and o are
always short.
All vowels marked with a circumflex accent C) or with an iota subscript (see below)
are always long and will usually not be marked with macrons.
In the Greek names for the letters of the alphabet given on the previous page, identify
all long and all short vowels. Practice pronouncing the names of the letters, paying special
attention to proper pronunciation of the long and short vowels. Hold the long vowels for
twice the length of time as the short vowels.

Breathings 送气音
There is no letter h in the Attic alphabet, but this sound occurs at the beginning of many
Greek words. It is indicated by a mark called a rough breathing or aspiration, written over
the first vowel of a word (over the second vowel of a diphthong), e.g.:

舒(pronounced hen) ov (pronounced hou)

When an h sound is not to be pronounced at the beginning of a word beginning with a

vowel or diphthong, a smooth breathing mark is used, e.g.:

仓V (pronounced en) ov (pronounced ou)

Thus, every word beginning with a vowel or a diphthong will have a rough or smooth
breathing. Initial p always has a rough breathing, e.g., pa�So�, wand. 带h-小舌音
不带h-大舌音
Diphthongs 双元音
Diphthongs are glides from one vowel sound to another within the same syllable. Attic
Greek has the following diphthongs:

Diphthongs Words Pronunciation

at aiy[� as the sound in high
av 心WKp缸尔 as the sound in how
£1) 的rev尔 £+ 1J pronounced as one syllable
甲） 叩pf]Ka Yj + 1J pronounced as one syllable
二合元音=一个元音
 = ;或:

=？

逗号、句号与
英语相同
专有名词首字母大写
ΑΤΗΕ Α Ε
 δικαιο: 正义的, just;
πόλις: 城邦,国家,
city

定冠词the
(阳性)
 2 ATHENAZE Book I

Vocabulary (continued)

o叙a connecting adverb, second PARTICLE

word,*** so (i.e., because of this)i *
St, second word, * * and, but
then (i.e., after this)

PROPER. NAMES AND ADJECTIVES

CONJUNCTIONS
yos
A.01111afo�, Athenian
a,
从入 but
0 &tKat缸o入t�, Dicaeopolis
付，p, second word,***for
皿i, and

语法学来源 音节：辅音(元音=
于古希腊 音核)
* 6 is the definite article, the; when the noun is used as an object, the article becomes T扭
Sometimes the article need not be translated in English; sometimes it can best be translated
as a possessive adjective, e.g., his. There is no ind的nite article (a, an) in Greek.
＊＊的before consonants, O妞before vowels or diphthongs, and OVX before aspirated vowels or
aspirated diphthongs (e.g., OVX alp轧he/she does not take).
*** These words can be referred to as "postpositives," i.e., "placed after" since they never occur
first in their clause.

εστιν位于句尾/句 ζ发z音也行，
一般词序：主语第一,
中但后接元音＋ν 但sd更好
动词最后
s
() b.LKaLO冗O泣A0 riva的 的'TLV ·OL平8亡0 b.tKa血o沁� 0妳舒T吹A.0印皿
玑缸V'TOL�aypot�·a妇oupy沁社p如Lv.yewpyd o沁论V K祠pov Ka丘OVEL
舒wt�aypo记xa设动 �s 廷O''TLV O �[o�·O y抑K祠po�的'Tlµi:Kp的µ吓p沁沁
后面解 归vo�.aeloiv冗OVEL Ob.LK邸坛o沁�Kat冗O入入ctKL�cr--revaset Kal入t yet·"必Zei3 1
释前面
5 xa 入C冗6�的'TLV O�[o�·ct咚pavw�ya卢O''TLV0动V0�1 µi:K沁 �s跺K祠po�Kalou
冗O入UV忒'TOV冗aptxet."从入ala炒po�的'TLV O av的W冗0�Kat aOKVO�·冗O入入ctKL�
oivxa[pet·亡入的0epo�yap的TL Kala妇oup沁·沪 £ls 釭沁o[KOV.K卢西
仓O''TLV OK入介po�KalO'l'TOV冗aptxe l OU冗O入uv a入入ct LKaVO V. 词干-基本义；
词尾-语用义
[tv -mii; aypoii;, in the country (lit., in the fields) y ewpyd, he farms, cultivates -rov
k入介pov, the(= his) farmxa入C冗oi;, hard o�ioi;, the(= his) life ad, always冗O入入aKti;,
often (J"C'£Vatel, groans Gi Zei3, 0 Zeusa冗tpav-roi;, endless 亢aptxea,provideslcrxupoi;,
strong aOKVOi;, energetic仓入eiJ0epoi;,Jree iKavov, enough]
元音识别-音节切分-音调扬抑
A.升调/尖音/锐音
B.升降调/环音(只能落在双摩拉
元音上)
C.降调/钝音(只能落在单摩拉元
音上)
 10 ΑΤΗΕΝΑΖΕ Boolc Ι

找句子成分顺序ό Δικαιόπολις έν τQ άyp Q πονεΊ· τον γαρ άγρον σκάπτει. μακρός έστιν ό
正格(主格) πόνος και χαλεπός- τους γαρ λίθους έκ του άγρου φέρει. μέγαν-λίθον α'ίρει
主动词(陈述、
虚拟、希求、
και φέρει προς το ερμα. ίσχϋρός έστιν ό ανθρωπος άλλα πολυν χρόνον πονεΊ
命令) και μάλα κάμνει. φλέγει γαρ ό ηλιος και κατατρfβει αύτόν. καθίζει ο�ν ύπο
从动词(不定式
5 τQ δένδρ(ι) και ήσυχάζει ού πολυν χρόνον. δι' όλίγου γαρ έπαίρει έαυτον και
分词动形词) yo
斜格
πονεΊ. τέλος δε καταδΔνει ό ηλιος. ούκέτι ο�ν πονεΊ ό Δικαιόπολις άλλα προς
τον οiκον βαδίζει.

正格 [έν τ� άγρ�, in the field σκάπτει, he is diggingτoi,ς ...λίθους, the stones έκτου
主格nom. άγρ ου, out of the field μέ γαν, bigτο ε ρμ α , the stone heap πολυν χ ρ όνον, for α long
斜格 timeμ άλα κάμνει, he is very tired φλέ γει, is blazingκατατρ iβει,wears out ύπο τ�
属格 gon. δένδρ �,under the tree ήσυχάζει,rests δι' όλίγου ,soon έπα ί ρει έαυτον, he lifts him­
与格dat.
宾格acc. selj, gets upτέλος,adv.,finallyκατα δ-όνει,sets ούκέη,no longer]
呼格voc.
WORD BUILDING

What is the relationship between the words in the following sets? You have not yet met two
of these words (φίλος and γεωργός ). Try to deduce their meanings (they both refer to
people) from studying the relationship between the words in each set:

1. οίκεΊ ό οίκος
2. πονεΊ όπόνος 初期人养语言，
3. γεωργεΊ όγεωργός 后期语言养人，
4. φιλεΊ ό φίλος 如种树

[GRAMMAR

4. Accents
Attic Greek has three kinds of accent marks: acute Ί grave Ί and circumflex �. The
acute accent will be found only οη one of the last thiee syllables of a woid, e.g.:
ανθρωπος, λέγει, μακρός. Αη acute accent οη the final syllable of a woid will
be changed to a giave accent if it is followed immediately by anotheI woid with
ηο punctuation (comma, semicolon, ΟΙ peiiod) in between, thus άλλά+καλός>
άλλα καλός.
Αη impoitant exception to tl1is rule occuι-s wl1en enclitics,woi-ds such as έστί(ν),
which usually lose theiI accent and instead 'Ίean upon." (κλfνω) the previous woid fοι·
theil' accent, follow woι·ds witl1 an acute accent οη theii- final syllable, e.g.:
χαλεπός+έστί(ν) becomes χαλεπός έστι (ν).
 but

冒号说明前后句子更紧密
偷懒
万物皆变，无物留存
两个γ前一个读ng
ind陈述
imp命令
 构干音ο
构干音ε
构干音ε
合音动词

出现环音说
明是εω动词

重读词后词，音调给前一个词

古希腊文用词尾体现人称，
无需出现人称代词，若明确
写出了人称代词则表强调

I call the slave.

The slave works/is working in the house.
Why don't you hurry up?
I am not lazy.
 You are strong.
He carries the plow.
I hurry up to the field.
Why do you call the slave.
The slave is not lazy.
The slave comes out
from the house.

重读词后词送音规则： 常见重读词后词
1.如果重读词后词前面的词在U音节上 A.连词τε(也、和)
有锐音， 则重读词后词不发生送调= B.强调性语助词
2.如果重读词后词前面的词在U音节上 γε(at any rate/不管怎样、无论
有环音，或P音节上有锐音，则重读词 如何、至少)
后词不发生送调， 其前面的词保持初 ἐγώ+γε= ἔγωγε(I at any rate);
始音调 ἐμοί+γε= ἔμοιγε(for me at any
3.如果重读词后词前面的词并非在U音 rate)
节上有锐音或环音，也并非在P音节上 περ(very much, however much)
有锐音，则会发生重读词后词送调 τοι(in fact)
4.重读词后词保持自身音调的情况： κε/κεν(it may be)
1) 两个或两个以上重读词并排形成 νυ/νυν(now)
重读词后词序列时，只有最后一 θην(in truth)
个重读词后词发生送调，其他的 C.不定副词
重读词后词保持自身音调 ποτε(曾经)
2) 重读词后词位于主句句首或从句 πως(somehow)
句首时，保持自身音调 που(I suppose, somewhere)
命令语气
3) 重读词后词被用来强调时，保持 ποθι(写法που的荷马史诗)
自身音调 ποθεν(来自某地)
4) 如果双音节重读词后词前面为省
第二人称单数 音词时，保持自身音调
(2s) 5) 如果双音节重读词后词前面的词
为P音节重读词时，
 动词的外部区分
词干+词尾> μι动词
词干+o/s(构干音)+词尾> ω动词
动词的内部区分

语态：主动态、
被动态、中动态
A-P-U
U音节上锐音变调三法则
一、如果一个词的初始音调为锐音，且落在U音节上，只要该词后面 重读词后词(送调词)
有标点符号(即逗号、句号、问号、分号)，则保持U音节上锐音。 一般情况下，它们自身
二、如果一个词的初始音调为锐音，且落在U音节上，但是，该词后 会失去音调，并将音调
面紧接了另一个词，而且所接的词并非重读词后词，则它的U音节上 送给前面的词
锐音需要变为钝音。
如果一个词的初始音调为锐音，且落在U音节上，但是，该词后面紧
接了一个重读词后词，则它要保持U音节上的锐音。

重读词后词送音规则：

1.如果重读词后词前面的词在U音节上
有锐音， 则重读词后词不发生送调=
2.如果重读词后词前面的词在U音节上
有环音，或P音节上有锐音，则重读词
后词不发生送调， 其前面的词保持初
始音调
3.如果重读词后词前面的词并非在U音
节上有锐音或环音，也并非在P音节上
有锐音，则会发生重读词后词送调
4.重读词后词保持自身音调的情况：
1) 两个或两个以上重读词并排形成
重读词后词序列时，只有最后一
个重读词后词发生送调，其他的
重读词后词保持自身音调
2) 重读词后词位于主句句首或从句
句首时，保持自身音调
3) 重读词后词被用来强调时，保持
自身音调
4) 如果双音节重读词后词前面为省
音词时，保持自身音调
5) 如果双音节重读词后词前面的词
为P音节重读词时， 要保持音调
5. ἐστί处于句子前部并紧随ο ὐκ，μ ή，ε ἰ，ὡς，ἀ λλ᾽，τ οῦτ᾽，
或处于ἔ στιν ὅτε("有时" )结构当中，它就以强调形式ἔ στι呈现
6. ποτέ与τ ινές与μ έν...δέ搭配时，要保持自身音调
7.
20 ΑΤΗΕΝΑΖΕ Book Ι

Slavery ( continued)

Now as to slaves and metics, ίη Athens, they live a most undisciplined life. One
is not permitted to strike them, and a slave will not stand out of the way for you.
Let me explain why. If the law peι-mitted a free man to strike a slave or metic or a
freedman, he would often find that he l1ad mistaken an Athenian for a slave and
struck him, for, as far as clothing and general appearance go, the common people
look just the same as slaves and ιnetics. (Pseudo-Xenophon, The Constitution of the
Athenians 1.10)

Slaves and citizens often worked side by side and received the same wage, as we
learn from inscriptions giving the accounts of public building worlcs. Slaves niight
save enough money to buy their freedom from their masters, though this was not as
common in Athens as in Ronιe.
In the country, the slaves of farmers usually lived and ate with their masters.
Aristophanes' comedies depict them as lively and cheeky characters, by ηο means
downtrodden. We have given Dicaeopolis one slave1 named Xanthias1 a typical
slave name meaning "fair-haired."

Greek Wisdom
· SEEP. 83

μέτρον άριστον. Κλεόβουλος (ofLindos)

Afaπner- on his way to mar-ket; he is followed by α slave caπying two

baslcets of pr-oduce and accompanied by α pig and α piglet.
 5. 0 i\YKOZ: (p) 75

pronoun in gen., dat., and ace. £nav9a 81), at that very moment, then
cases, him, hetj vuv, now
it, them (see Grammar 6 and
Grammar9) CONJUNCTIONS

Kai • • • Kat, both ... and

PREPOSITIONS
o·n, that
en[+ dat., upon, Onj +ace., atj against
uno + dat., underj + ace., under

ADVERBS

£v-rav9a, thenj herej hitherj therej

thither

tnel 8£ Tcfl auA(� npocrxwpoucnv 0 't'£ <DtAL1t1tO� Kal 6 minno�, noA.uv to<pov
CtKOUOUO"tV· UAaKTel yap ayp[w� 6 'A.pyo� j Ta 8£. npo�aTa noA.uv 8opu�ov
notd. crm:u8oucrtv o�v· �OUAOVTat yap ytyvwcrK£LV Tl nacrxet Ta npo�aTa.
npwTo� o�v napecrTtv 6 na1�1 Kal i8ou1 6 l!EV 'A.pyo� l-1-Evet npo� TU 68Q Kal
ayp[w� UAaKTelJ KaTa�a[vet 8£. EK TOU opou� npo� TO aUAlOV AUKO� l-1-tya�. 5
6 l!£v o�v <DtAtnno� l-1-tya �oq Kal A.l8ou� A.al-1-�avet Kal �aAA£t Tov AUKov· 6 8£.
'1\.pyo� 6pl!q tn' auTOV Kal oihw� ayp[w� El!7tl7tT£l WO"T£ avacrTpe<pet 6 AUKO�
Kal ano<pevyet. 8tWK£l l!EV o�v 6 KUWVJ 6 8£. <DtAmno� crneu8et l!£T' auTOV.

['i'6<pov, noise 06pu�ov, uproar �OVAOV't'«L, they want �clAAt:t, pelts 6p!4�1 rushes
t!'ninna (tv- + nfnna),jalls upon, attarks avau't'pt<pt:t, turns back !4£'t'(a) av't'6v,
after him]
I

6 8£. nanno� �8f] d� axpov TO opo� �K£L Kal TOV AUKOV 6pq Kal �oq, "£A8£
8eupo, <DLAtn'Jt£• l-1-� 8[wK£ aXA: tmiveA.8e." vuv 8£. 0 '1\.pyo� TOV AUKOV 68a� 10
Aal!�llV£l Kal KaTtxet, 0 8£ <DtAtn1tO� aUTO� �8f] mipW't'l Kal 't'�V l-1-axatpav
Aal-1-�avet Kal TU7t't'£l TOV AUKOV. 6 8£. acrna[pet Kal KaTaninTet npo� T�V y�v.

[6Sa;, with his teeth K.a't'ti(&:t, holds (it) fast 't'fJV !icli(«tpav, his knife aunaipt:t,
struggles]
104 ATHENAZE Book I

EXERCISE 6K
Locate at least twenty words or phrases in the dative case in reading passages a and � and
identify each use of the dative case.

EXERCISE 6A
Read aloud, translate, and identify each use of the dative case:

6 av�p D�LV ou neWe-rat.

1.

2. n£L8e<J8£ �oL, &naiSe�.

3. napexe �OL -ro apo-rpov.

4. -rov �i38ov -rQnat8l'Atyw.

s. e<J-rt -rQau-roupyQ apo-rpov.

6. 6 au-roupy6�, �LKat6noAL� 6v6�a-!t, 'tOL� �OU<YLV d� 'tOV aypov �yehat.
7. 6 nai� 'tOV AUKOV 'AWoL� �aAA£L (pelts).
8. � yuv� -rQ av8plno'Auv <Yhov naptxn.

9. 6 8e<Yn6-rl1� -roil� 8ouA.ou� -ro<Yau-ru �ofj KaAd w<Y-re <po�oi3v-raL.

10. e<Jn 'tcfl nat8lKaAo� KVWV.

7. Prepositions

Although, as seen above, prepositions that take the dative case usually refer to the
place where someone or something is or where some action takes place, prepositions
that take the genitive often express ideas of place from which, and prepositions that
take the accusative often express ideas of place to which. Observe the following
examples that have been given in the vocabulary lists so far:

With genitive: Ct'J'CO, fromj h:/e;, out ofi �eTa, with (with this last example
there is no sense of motion from a place)
With dative: e v, inj Onj f'Jtl, upon, Onj 'JtflO'j, at, nealj byj V'J'CO, under
With accusative: ava, upj d'j, intoj tOj atj f'Jtl, atj againStj KCL'&'a, downj �£'&'a,
afterj 1tp6'j, to, towardi V'J'CO, under

EXERCISE 6�
Write out the following sentences, putting the nouns in the correct case, and then translate the
sentences:

1. npo� (6 ayp6�) tpx6�eea.

2. npo� (� 686�) Ka8(l;ou<YLv.

3. tK (� otK[a) <Ynev8n.
4. ano (� V�<Jo�) nAEOU<YLV.

s. Ka-ra (� 686�) nopeuov-rat

106 ATHENAZE Book I

Theseus deserts Ariadne. Photograph © 2015 Museum ofFine Arts, Boston.

0 0Hl:EYl: THN APIA�NHN KATAAEillEI

Read the following passages and answer the comprehension questions:

oi.\-rw� O�V 6 8f]O'£U� TOU� £-raipou� cr<iJ�t:L Kal ano '!�� Kp�Tf]� ano<pn)yt:L.
npw-rov �tv o�v npo� v�crov nva, Na�ov 6vo�a-rt, n'A£oucrtv. £nd 8'
a<pLKVOVVTaL, EK�aiVOUO'LV EK '!* V£W� Kal avanavov-raL . £nd 8£ vu� yiyvnm,
oi t-tEV aAAOL Ka9t:u8oucrtv· mho� 8£ 6 8110'£U� ou Ka9t:u8t:L aAAa �cruxo� �£vn·
5 ou yap <pLAci T�V .Apta8v11v ou8£ �OUA£TaL <pept:LV au-r�v npo� -ra� .A9�va�.
8t' 6\iyou o�v, £nt:l Ka9t:u8n � .Apta8v111 6 811crt:u� £ydpt:L -rou� haipou� Kai,
"cri:ya-rt:, dJ <pi\ot/' <p11criv· "Kmpo� tcr-rtv anon'At:'lv. crnt:u8nt: o�v npo� -r�v
vavv." tnd o�v d� T�V vavv a<pLKVOVVTaL, -raxtw� ADOUO'L -ra ndcrt-ta-ra Kal
anon'A£oucrtv· -r�v 8' .Apta8v11v 'Adnoucrtv tv -rfj v�crcp.

["nva, a certain Na;ov, Naxos (an island in the middle of the Aegean Sea, north of Crete)
avanaVOV't'ctL, they rest�crvxo�, quiet(ly) eydpt:t1 wakes up 't'Ct 1telO'f:l!.l't'!.l1 the cables]

1. Where do Theseus and his comrades sail first?

2. What do they dofirst when they arrive there?
3. Why does Theseus not sleep?
4. What does Theseus say to his men when he awakens them?
 6. 0 lv!YElOL: (p) 107

tnel 8£ �tttpa y(yvnat, CfV£ydpnat � ApuxOVYj Kal opq, O'rt OD'T£ 6 8YjCJ£D� 10
OD'T£ oi f'Tatpot rcap£tCJlV. TPEX£L o�v rcpo� 'TOV aiytaA.ov Kal �AE1C£L rcpo� 'T�V
8aA.anav· 'T�V 8£ vauv oux opq. tJ.CtAa o�v <pO�£hat Kal �oq· "d) 8YjCJ£D, nov d;
&pa tJ.E KaTaA£(rcn�; tnav£11.8£ Kal crQt;t tJ.E."

[aveydpt:•nu, wakes up 't'OV aiyaa'Aov, the shore 't�

' V 6aAa't''t'aV, the sea bravt:A6t:,
come back!]

S. What does Ariadne see when she wakes up?

6. What does she shout?

EXERCISE 6o
Translate into Greek:

1. While (tv i;)) Ariadne is calling, the god (o 6t:o�) Dionysus (o �aovvcro�) looks
from heaven (use o oilpavo�) toward earth; then he sees Ariadne and loves her.
2. So he flies (ne't't:'t'at) from heaven to earth. And when he arrives at the island, he
approaches her and says, "Ariadne, don't be afraid. For I, Dionysus, am here. I love
you and want to save you. Come with me to heaven."
3. So Ariadne rejoices and goes to him.
4. Then Dionysus carries her up (ava<pept:l) to heaven; and Ariadne becomes a
goddess (Bt:ii) and stays forever (dcrad) in heaven.

Dionysus rescues Ariadne. Photograph © 2015 Museum ofFine Arts, Boston.

150 ATHENAZE Book I

Cardinal adjectives are also used in phrases expressing time within which with the
genitive case) e.g.:

Time within which: n£-vn �lJEpwv = within five days.

Compare the genitives �t-ttpa�) by day) and VDK'!O�J at/by night.

EXERCISE 8�
Read aloud and translate:

1. mhoupyQnv( den '!p£t� natS£�) Suo lJEV uld� (sons)) lJLa 8£ evycnrw
2. oi lJEV nat8£� nacrav '!�V �t-t£pav ev '!Q aypQ novo ucnvJ � 8£ 81,lyan1p

OLKOL lJEV£l Kal '!fj lJfl'!pl cruAAat-t�av£L. VUK'!O� 8£ navn� ev '!fj OLKL£t.
Ka8t:u8oucnv.
3. '!fj 8' VO"'!£pa[q � lJ�'!flP '!fj evya'!p[) "ov noAu i\Swp EO"'!LV ev '!fj OLKLq"
Suo tv �t-t£PWV ov8£vi\Swp E�OlJEV (we will have). '(8L o�v Kal <p£pt: lJOL i\Swp."
4. et<pLKOlJEVfl (having arrived) 8' d� '!�V Kp�VflVJ � nat� '!Enapa� yvva1Ka�

6pq '!ft� uSpta� nAflpoucra� (filling).

s. � npW'! fl yvv�) " xatpt:) w <pLAfl/' <pflO"LV' "£A.8£ 8d3po Kal '!�V u8p(av

nA�pou (fill!)."
6. � 8£ Sw'!tpa, " '!( cru �Kn� d� '!�v Kp�VflVi '!L noL£l � cr� lJ�'!flp(

7. � 8£ nat� anoKpiValJEVfl' "� lJ�'!flp/' <pflO"LVJ "nt:ptt:pyo� (busy) ecrnv·

n£v'!t: yap ntnAov� u<pa[vn (is weaving)."
8. � 8£ '!phfl yuvf1, "crnt:u8t:, w apy£ nat/' <pflO"LV' "� yap lJ�'!flP 0"£ lJEV£l."
9. � 8£ '!nap'!fl yvv�) "t-t� OU'!W xaA.t:n� i'cr9t/' <pflO" LV' "� yap nat� �81'1
crnt:u8t:t."
10. � o�v nat� '!�V nacrav u8p(av '!axtw� nAflpOt (fills) Kal o'LKab£ crnt:u8n.

EXERCISE 8f1
Read aloud and translate:

1. at 9uya'!Ep£� '!fj lJfl'!pt n£L90lJEVat '!OV na'!£pa £y£lpOUO'L Kat nd90UO"LV

av'!OV A9�va�£ nopt:uw9at.
2. 6 na'!�P '!OU� lJEV natSa� o'LKOL Adnt: L J '!at� 8£ euya'!paO"LV Ae�va�£

�yt:t '!at.
3. t-taKpft � 680� Kal xaA.t:n�· '!fj 8£ Sw'!tpq �t-ttpq EK£t0"£ a<pLKVOUV'!at.
4. noAAou� av9pwnou� 6pwcrtv Sta (through) '!wv 68wv nav'!axocrt:

crnt:uSov'!a� (hurrying).
s. end Se £l� '!�V ayopb et<plKVOUV'!aLJ noAuv xpovov lJEVOUO"l nav'!a

8t:WlJEVOL.
6. Suo lJEV �lJEpii� '!a (the things) tv '!fj ayopq 8t:WV'!al, '!fj 8£ '!pl'!fj tnl '!�V

AKp6noAtv ava�aLVOUO"lV.
 1 1. 0 IATPOL: (�) 221

8. Augment

To indicate past time in the aorist indicative, as we saw in Grammar 1 above, Gre ek
puts an t before the stem of verbs beginning with consonants. If the stem begins
with a short vowel or diphthong, the initial vowel is lengthened in spelling and/or
sound. T he following list compares present and aorist indicatives and shows how
the stems of verbs beginning with vowels and diphthongs are augmented. Anum­
ber of these verbs are sigmatic or asigmatic 1st aorists (to be introduced in the next
chapter) and are cited merely as examples of temporal augment.

Present Aorist

Single vowels:

aKOVW �KOUO'a (a lengthens to fl)

tydpw �ynpa (e also lengthens to fl)
�ytottaL �Yfi <Yattf]V (no change)
iKv£ottaL LKOttJ
f V (1 lengthens to L)
opttaw pt
w tfJ<Ya (o lengthens to w)
u�p[�w u�pL<Ya (v lengthens to u)
wq>eA.tw wq>Dtl'JO'a (no change)

Diphthongs:

aiTtw �'Tl'JO'a (a lengthens to 1']1 and L goes subscript)

av�avw fiU�f]<Ya (au lengthens to f]U)
£ UXOttaL f]V�attl']V ( £lJ lengthens to flU)
Ol'KfW 4}Kf1<Ya (o lengthens tow, and L goes subscript)

Remember that the thematic 2nd aorist stems of aJpew, A_..tyw, and opaw, namely,
fA.-, tn-, and iS- augmentirregularly to £L, giving dA.ov, dnov,and d oov and that
efnov retains its augment in its imperative, dnt/dnt:'t"£1 infinitive, dnt:iv,
and participle, dnwv (see Grammar 6, pp. 219-220). Some other verbs may also
augment£ to £L, e.g., tpya�ottaL, I work, aorist, �pyaaattl'JV or dpyaaattfJV.
\

EXERCISE 1 1 1<
Augment thefollowing stems where possible:

1. K£A£lJ- 6. A.a�- 11. £11.8-

2. teeA.- 7.�ye­ 12. tta8-
3. oTpuv- s. etttUV-

4. Icnpw­ 9. e v -
x
s. a px- 10. ovotta�-
.
 12. TIPOL: TON TIE!PAIA (p) 239

GRAMMAR

3. Verb Forms: The Asigmatic 1st Aorist ofVerbs with Liquid and Nasal Stems

You will recall that verbs with stems ending in A or p (liquids or) or� or v (nasals)
have asigmatic contract futures with stems often different from the stem seen in
the present tense (see Chapter 10, GrammarS, pp. 195-196). In the aorist of these
verbs e is not added to the stem as it is in the future, and the 0' of the -O'a aorist suffix
is lost; this causes the stem vowel (seen in the future) to lengthen (if it is not long
already). Because of the loss of the 0', we call these asigmatic first aorists.
atpw, I lift, [ftpe-] ftpw, [�p-] �p-a (a of the stem does not change)
Ct'JtOKpivo�at,I answer, [Kp'lve-J Ct'JtOKptVOU�at, [Kpiv-] ant:Kpiv-cqtf)V
('llengthens to I)
arroKrelvw,I kill, [K"t'eve-] Ct'JtOK"t'evw, [Kntv-] aneK"t't:lV-a (e lengthens
to et)
tyelpw, I wake (someone) upi middle, I wake up, [tyepe-] tyepw, [tyt:tp-]
�Yt:lpa (e lengthens to et)
�evw, I stay; I wait, [�eve-] �evw, [�t:lv-] £�t:tv-a (e lengthens to et)
As an example, we give the verb atpw, I lift, which in the middle voice may mean
I carry off for myself; I win (e.g., a prize).

Asigmatic 1st Aorist Active

Present: atpw, I lift; Aorist Stem: ap­
Indicative Imperative Infinit:ive Participle

�p-a, I lifted &p-at, to lift &p-a�,

�p-a-� &p-ov, lift!
"

ap-aaa,
�p-e(v) &p-av,
�p-a-�ev
"

gen., ap-av"t'-0�, etc.,

�p-a-"t'e &p-a-"t'e, lift! having lifted,

I�

�p-a-v after lifting,

sometimes, lifting

Asigmatic 1st Aorist Middle

�p-Ci-�f]V, I carried off &p-a-aen,
to carry off
�p-a-ao > �pw &p-at, carry off! ftp-a-�eV-f],
�p-a-"t'o &p-a-�ev-ov,
�p-a-·�eea having carried offi
240 ATHENAZE Book I

�p-a-<r8e &p-a-<r8e carry off! after carrying oft

�p-a-v--ro sometimes, carrying off

EXERCISE 128
Fill in the aorist forms of the verbs cmOK'TeL'VW and Ct'JWKpfvop.at that you have learned to
date on the Verb Charts on which you entered forms for Exercise 10�.

EXERCISE 12t
Change the following present forms into corresponding forms of the aorist:

1. a'(pnv p.tvetv
9.
2. £ydpet 10. a'lpop.ev
3. p.tvou<ra 11. £ydpwv
4. Ct'Jt'OKpivHat 12. a'JroKpivou
5. Ct'Jt'OKpivop.evo� 13. Ct'JtOKpfvHat
6. p.tve 14. Ct'Jt0Kpfvw8at
7. Ct'Jt'OK'T£LV£t'V 15. anoKrdvou<rt(v) (two ways)
8. a'lpwv

4. Irregular Sigmatic 1st Aorists

Learn the future and aorist of the following verbs, which are irregular:

8oK£L, impersonal, it seems (good), [SoK-] so;£t, eso;t: (v), So�av

£8tA.w, I am willingj I wish, [tOt:A.t:-], £0t:A.iJ<rw, t]Ot'AfJ<T«, £8eA.�<ra�
£A.auvw, I drive, [t'A a-] t'Aw, £Aq�, tA.q, etc., �A.aua, tA.a<ra�
Ka(w or Kiiw, I kindle, burnj middle, intransitive, I burn, am on fire, [Kau-]
KaV<TW, eKavcra, Kau<ra�
KaAtw, I call, KaAW, £KaA£cra, KaAt<ra�
p.axop.at, I fight, [�ax£-] �axo v �a a, t�axt:cra�fJV, p.axe<rap.evo�
nA.tw, I sail, [1tA£u-] ?tAt:ucro�m or [?tAt:Ucrt:-] ?tAt:ucrou �at , [?t7u:u-]
e?t'At:ucra, nA.eu<ra�

EXERCISE 12K
Read aloud and translate. Identify liquid, nasal, and irregular aorists:

1. 0 nannos tnl --rfj rfj Kdp.evos (lying) �8£AY]<Y£ Ka8eu8etv.

2. aXA: o <DiA.mnos npo<r8pap.wv �yetpev mhov.
3. o St, "'!( p.e �yetpa�, £&na'i;" o 8£ <DiA.mnos i:q:>YJ· "A.vKo� --rts tnl --ra npo�a--ra
opp.ihat."
 12. l!POL: TON HEIPAIA (p) 241

4. 6 8£ ·mi:n:no�, "KaAWOV TOV 'A.pyov/' E<pll, "Kal a�vvov TOV AUKOV TOl�
npo�aTOL�." a��VW, [a�uve-],a�vvw, ��vva, I ward offX (ace.) from Y (dat.)
s. 6 o�v <DiA.mno� TOV 'Apyov KaA.taa� ava TO opo� E0'1t£UO'£V.

6. 6 �£v o�v 'A.pyo� aypiw� vAaKTWV (barking) TOV AUKOV £8iw�£V,6 8£

<DiA.mno� A.teou� &pa� aUTOV £�aA.ev.
7. St' 6A.iyou 8£6 'Apyo� TOV AUKOV oSa� (with his teeth) £axev,6 Sf. <DiA.mno�
Tfj �axa(pq alJTOV Ct1tfKT£LV£V.
8. 6 8£ nanno� d� aKpov TO opo� et<plK0�£1'0�,"e� ye," E<pll/' T01� npo�aTOL�
TOV AUKOV av8p£iw� ���vaT£.
9. "VUV 8£ CYU �£1' £v8etO£ �£lVOV1 £yw 8£ o'(Kab£ f1tCtV£l�L· �OUAO�at yap
Tfj �llTPL ayyeLA.at Tl £y£v£TO." ayyiXAw, [ayyeA.e-] ayyt:AW, [ayynA.-]
�yyt:aAa, I announcej I tell
10. T� o�v <!>tAL1t1t4J £So�£ TCL npo�aTa d� TO auA.tov (sheepfold) daeA.acraL.

S. Verb Forms: Augment of Compound Verbs

Verbs with prepositional prefixes attach the syllabic augment to the stem of the sim­
ple verb. Observe �aA.A.w (aorist £�aA.ov) with the following prefixes, and note the
changes in the spelling of some of the prefixes in the combined forms:

dcr- into dcr�aAA.w, dcrt�aA.ov

fK- out £K�aAA.w, £�£�aA.ov
npoa- to1toward npocr�aXAw,npocr£�aA.ov
ano- away ano�aX\w,ant�aA.ov
KaTa- down KaTa�aXAw,KaTt�aA.ov
cruv- together av��aXAw,crvvt�aA.ov

EXERCISE 12A I

Give the aorist indicative1first person singular, of the following verbs:

1. npocrxwpew 6.anoKT£ivw
I '

2. fK1tf�1tW 7. dcrKo�[�w
3. ano<pevyw 8. cruvtpxo�at*
4. Ct1tOKpivo�at 9. crvA.A.a��avw (cruv-)
s. dcrnt�nw

[* N.B. The accent of compound verbs never recedes beyond the augment.]

EXERCISE 12 �
Read aloud and translate:

1. o[ SoilAOl TOU� A.i8ou� &pavT£� t�t�aA.ov fK TOil aypoil.

2. 6 0£CY1t0Tl1� TOU� �oil� d� TOV aypov dcreA.acra� TOU� SouA.ou� eKaAW£V.
 13. TIPOJ2 THN 2:AAAMINA (a) 247

GRAMMAR

1. Verb Forms: The Imperfect or Past Progressive Tense

a. Regular and Contract Verbs

For regular and contract verbs, the imperfect or past progressive tense is formed by
augmenting the verb stem as found in the present tense and adding the thematic
vowels and the secondary personal endings. Compare the formation and endings
of the thematic 2nd aorist, which is similar except that it is based on a different
stem. The imperfect tense has forms only in the indicative; there are no imperfect
imperatives, infinitives, or participles.

REGULAR VERBS

Imperfect Active

£-"A:u-o-v I was loosening, I used to loosen

£-"Aii-t:-� you were loosening, you used to loosen

£-"Aii-e(v) he/she was loosening, he/she used to loosen
£-"A�-o-�ev we were loosening, we used to loosen
t-"A�-e--re you were loosening, you used to loosen
£-Aii-o-v they were loosening, they used to loosen

Imperfect Middle

E-Aii-6-�f]V I was ransoming, I used to ransom

£-"A�-e-cro > tA�ou you were ransoming, you used to ransom

t-"A�-e--ro he/she was ransoming, he/she used to ransom
£-"Au-6-�eea we were ransoming, we used to ransom
£-"A�-e-cr8e you were ransoming, you used to ransom
£-A�-o-v-ro they were ransoming, they used to ransom
I

CoNTRACT VERBS

Contract verbs follow the rules given above for the formation of the imperfect tense
and the rules for contraction given on pages 49 and 68:

Active
' ,, '
£-<pl/\£-0-V > £<p[AOUV £--ri �a-o-v > t-rf�wv
' ,,
£-<pl/\£-£-� > t<pi"Aet� £--rf �a-e-� > t-rf�a�
' ,,
£-<pt/\£-£ > t<pl"Aet £--rf�a-e > t-rt�a
' "\ '
£-<pt/\£:-0-�EV > t<pt"Aou �ev £--ri�a-o-�ev > hi:�w�ev
' "\ '
£-<pt/\£-£-'t£ > t<pt"Aehe t--ri�a-e-n > £-ri�ihe
' ,,
£-<pt/\£-0-V > £<p[Aouv £--rf �a-o-v > t-rf�wv
248 ATHENAZE Book I

Middle

£-qnA£-0-[111" > t<pLAOV [111" £-'!t[.ta-6-[111" > hi:[1Wf1 11"

,
e-<pL/\.£-£-cro
\'
> t<pLAOU £-'!t[!et-e-cro > t"t'I[!W
,
£-<pL/\.£-f-'!0
\'
> t<ptAeho f-'!l[!Ct-£-'!0 > t"t'I[!a'!o
£-<pLA£-0-[1£8a > £<pLAOD[!£8a £-'!t[1a-6-[!£8a > t"t'I[!W[.t£8a
£-<pLA£-e-cr8e > £<pLA£1cr8e £-'!t[!Ct-e-cr8e > r'!T[.tacree
,
£-<pl/\.£-0-'V'!O E<pLAOU'V'!O f-'!l[!Ct-0-'V'!O hl[-LWV '!O
\'
> >

Here is the imperfect active of JtAEW (for the present, see Chapter 6, Grammar 1,
p. 88): enAeov, enAn�, enAet, tnA£o[1£V, tnAehe, enAeov. Only the forms of
this verb with £ + £ are contracted in Attic Greek.
1

b. Irregular Verbs
Imperfect of eL[!L, I am:

� or �V I was

�erea you were

�'V he/she/it was
�[1£'\1 we were
�'!£ you were
�crav they were

Note the two first person singular forms.

Imperfect of ef[!L [ei-/L-], which serves as the future o££pxof1aL in Attic Greek
(see Chapter 10, Grammar 6, pp. 196-197) and means I will go:
�a t]£l'V
"

or I was going

�etcr8a
"

or t]El� you were going

�fl'V
"

or t]£l he/she/it was going

�[1£'\1 we were going
Q'!£ you were going
�crav or they were going

Note that in the imperfect the£ of the long vowel stem (d-) is augmented to 11 and
that the L becomes subscript. Note that the iota subscript occurs in all the forms of
the imperfect of el[!L but in none of the forms of the imperfect of d[!L
Note:

Present, EPXO[!at, I come; I go

Imperfect, Qa or �£LV, I was coming; I was going
Future: ef[!L, I will come; I will go
Aorist: �A8ov, I came; I went

For the compounds of epxo[.tat, see Chapter 10, Grammar 6, p. 197.

 13. TIPOL: THN L:AAAMINA (a) 249

c. Irregular Augment

eA.KW, I drag, becomes dA.Kov in the imperfect.

itnottaL, I follow, becomes dn6ttYJV in the imperfect.
epya�ottaL, I work; I accomplish, becomes� pya�6ttYJV or dpya�6ttYJV in the
imperfect.
exw, I have; I hold, becomes eixov in the imperfect.
opaw, I see, becomes £wpwv in the imperfect, with double augment.

EXERCISE 13a
In the first two paragraphs of the reading passage at the beginning of this chapter locate:

1. Seven imperfects of regular verbs

2. Three imperfects of contract verbs
3. Four imperfects of eltti (including compound verbs)
4. One imperfect of elttL (compound)

EXERCISE 13�
Fill in the imperfect forms on all of the Verb Charts on which you have entered forms to date.
Keep these charts for reference.

2. Aspect

The imperfect or past progressive indicative usually looks on the action of the verb
as an ongoing process in past time, just as the present tense looks on the action as an
ongoing process in present time; note that these two tenses use the same stem. The
aorist indicative, on the other hand, usually looks on the action as a simple action
or event in past time. Note the following uses of the imperfect or past progressive :

a. The imperfect tense usually indicates continuous or incomplete action in past time.
When so used it can be translated 'by the English imperfect, e.g.:

I £n£lnpoo-exwpo13�ev, ol <puAaK£� -ra� nvA.a� £Kleaov.

When we were approaching, the guards were shutting the gates.

Compare the aorist:

£m:l do-�l6o�ev, ol <puAaKe� -rft� nvA.a� £Kleto-av.

When we went in, the guards shut the gates.

The imperfect can also be translated with phrases such as used to ... , was/were
accustomed to .. . of repeated or habitual action, e.g.:

ol � 0 £� £�evov tv 1:'4) arpQ.

The oxen used to stay/were accustomed to staying in the field.
250 ATHENAZE Book I

b. The imperfect may also be used to indicate the beginning of an action in past
time, e.g.:
d" -rov aypov daeA.8cwn:" tnovovv.
Entering the field1 they began to work.
This is called the inchoative or inceptive imperfect, from the Latin verbs incoho
and incipio, "I begin".
The aorist may also be used with certain verbs to indicate the entrance into
a state or the beginning of an action, e.g., � Mupplvll tSaKpv<Ye, Myrrhine
burst into tears. This is called the ingressive aorist1 from the Latin verb ingredior1
"I begin."
c. The imperfect may also be used to indicate an attempt to do something in past
time1 e.g.:
-rov na-rtpa tndBo�ev ol'Ka8e Hrave'A8£Lv. o 8£ ouK �8£A.11aev.
We tried to persuade father to return home1 but he did not want to.

This use is called the conative imperfect from the Latin verb ciinor, "I try, attempt."
Contrast the aorist:

-rov na-rtpa tnd<Ya�ev.

We persuaded father.

EXERCISE 13y
Identify the tense and form (indicative1 participle1 infinitive1 imperative) of the underlined
verbs1 translate the verb1 and explain why each tense is used (use the information given in the
discussions of aspect in Chapter 111 Grammar 31 pp. 208-209}} and in Grammar 2 above.
Then translate the sentences.

1. na'l" 'TOV" �oil" ol'Ka8e nrev, Ka-raneawv 8£ '!0\1 n68a E�Aa\j' rev ( from
0
�A.cm-rw, I harm1 hurt).
2. no'Auv f!EV xpovov tv -rQ aa-ret f[!EVOtt£V, -r£Ao" 8£ o'LKa8e wpttJ1<Yettt£8a.

3. ai nap8£vot npo" -rfj Kp�vtl itttevov 8ta'Aer6ttevat, -rou" 8£ nal8a" '

i8oiiaat npoaxwpoilv-ra£ anft'A8ov.
4. 0 av�p 'JtOAUV xpovov '!�V yuvatKa npo" -rfj o8Q Ett£V£V, 't'EAO" 8£ d8ev
av-r�v npoaxwpoilaav.
5. ai yuvatK£" ai tv -rfj oiK[q f!D8ou" EA.eyov, -rou" 8£ av8pa" i8oiiaat
tnavaav-ro A.tyovaat Kal fKCLAeaav au-rou".
6. 0 <!>[Amno" 't'OV dva Ka8' � f!tpav (every day) npo" '!0 auAtOV (the sheep­
fold) nrev.
7. � nap8£vo" '!0\1 na-rtpa £nn8ev tau'!�V npo" 'TO aan ayaydv, 0 8£ OUK
ij8eA.ev. � 8£ fl�'t'l'lP pq8[w" itnetaev au-r6v.
8. aiyfJaa-re, dJnat8£", Kal etKOUHE f!OU.

9. � nap8£vo" 'T�V u8p[av Ka-ra�aA.oilaa 8w(p-6aaaa 'T�V fll1 1'Epa fKCtAW£V.

10. � fl�TllP '!�V nap8£vov fKEA£U<Y£V liAAllV u8p[av ano TOV o'LKOU KOttt<Yal"
� 8£ 8aKpDouaa o'(Ka8e £anwSev.
258 ATI-!ENAZE Book I

&:v�p 8£ n�, 0� tyyv� 'rOD �lKcttorc6A.t8o� £Ka8[�no, crvta-rYJ Kal �o�mx�,

"6pyi�nat �l-1-LV/' E<pYJ, "6 I1om::t8wv, w� 8oK£L. KctKOV yap av8pwJCOV tv -rfj VYJT
10 <ptpol-1-ev, ov 8e'L pfrcntv et� -r�v 8aA.a-r-rav." Kal-rou� rcap6v-ra� £m<p86vw�
taKonet. 6 8£ ytpwv rcpo<Jel8wv, "<Jiyr]<Jov, ii.J av8pwne/' i:<pYJ· "ou8£v yap ,
ltyn�. �8YJ yap nfn-rn 6avel-1-o� KalouK£n -roaou-ro Kul-1-a[vet � 8aA.ana. Ka8t�e
O�V Kat �avxo� exe." -rpnjral-1-EVO� 8£ rcpo� "rOV <l)[\trcrcov, "l-l-YJ8£v <po�OD1 ii.J rca'L/'
e<pYJ· "St' 6A.lyou yap et� -r�v l:a'A.al-1-'Lva a<pt�6l-l-e8a. �SYJ yap n'A.tol-1-ev 8ta -rwv
15 a-revwv rcpo� -rov Atl-1-eva. i8ou, c1 �tKat6rcolt, -ra a-reva, tv oT� -ro-rwv �ap�apwv
vau-rtKOV El-l-EVOl-l-£V 01:'£ -rfj 'EA.la8t au-rou� �l-l-DVOl-l-£V vnep -r�� £A.w8ep[a�
l-l-ctXOl-l-£VOt."

[ave<T-tfJ, stood up pin-tetv, to throw tnup66vw�, maliciously, malignantly -to<Tov-to,

so �<TVXO� exe, keep quiet!]

6 8£ �LKctt6noAL�, "-r[ ltyet�, & ytpov;" E<pYJ. "&pa av fKeiVt] -rfj l-1-CtXtJ nap� a8a;"
6 8£ ytpwv, "l-1-aA.ta-ra ye/' e<pYJ, "tyw nap�v, veav[a� wv Kal tp£-rYJ� tv -rpt�pn
20 A8YJvaiq.." 6 8£ <DiA.tnno�, "&pa -ra CiA.YJ8� l£yet�; l-1-aA.a o�v yepato� eC £i -r4J
OV"rl £KdVt] -rfj l-1-CtXtJ nap�aea. aX'f.: £in£ �l-1-LV -r[ tytvno." 6 8£, "l-l-aKp6� fO'"rLV 6
l6yo�/' E<pYJ, "aA.k d �ovA.ea8na Y£V0l-l-£Va l-l-a8dv, nav-ra t� apx�� E�YJY�O'Ol-1-ctl.
tyw 8£, o� nap�v, -r£pnol-l-at t�Y]yovl-1-evo�. aKovne o�v."

WORD BUILDING

Give the meanings of the words in the following sets:

1. � vav� 6VctU"rYJ� Vct1J1:'LKO�, -� , -OV 1:'0 VctUTLKOV

2. vavl-1-axtw � vavl-1-axia 6VctUKAY]pO� 6vavapxo�

GRAMMAR

3. Relative Clauses

You have now seen a number of relative clauses in the reading passages, e.g.:

a. 8£Ka v�£� l-1-aKpalt<pa[vov-ro, a'i npo�-tov lleapatii tnopei:Jov-to.

Ten warships were visible, which were going to the Piraeus.
b. KctKOV av8pwnov tv-rfj VY]l <ptpol-1-t:V, 011 Sei' pinnav d� 't�V 60.:\a-t-tav.
We are carrying an evil man in the ship, whom it is necessary to throw into the sea.
 13. TIPOL: THN L:AAAMINA (�) 259
-----------

Relative clauses are adjectival or descriptive clauses that are introduced by relative
pronouns, of which English has the forms who, whose, whom, which, and that. In
Greek the relative pronoun may appear in any of the following forms:

Singular Plural

M. F. N. M. F. N.

0� 0 Ol at
,, <I

Nom.
� a who, which, that
OD �� OD c1v wv wv
" "
Gen. whose, of whom, of which
oi� ai� oi�
" "
Dat. CV u CV to I for whom I which
"

ov �V ou� a�
<I

Ace. 0 a whom, which, that

Be careful not to confuse relative pronouns with definite articles. You may wish to
compare the forms and accents of relative pronouns with those of the definite arti­
cle (Chapter 4, Grammar 9, p. 61). Note that the relative pronoun never begins with
the letter T and that the masculine and feminine nominative singular and plural
definite articles do not have accents.
Note this rule: the relative pronoun, which introduces the relative clause,
agrees with the noun, noun phrase, or pronoun to which it refers in the main clause
(i.e., its antecedent) in gender and number, but its case is determined by its function
in the relative clause.
Thus, in sentence a above, the noun phrase S£Ka V�£� �.taKpa[ (feminine
plural) is the antecedent of the relative pronoun, which must accordingly be fem­
inine and plural. The relative pronoun is the subject of the verb in its own clause
(enopdJOVTO) and must accordingly be in the nominative case; the correct form
is therefore ar (feminine, plural, nominative).
In sentence b above, the noun phrase KaKOV avElpwnov is the antecedent of
the relative pronoun, which must accordingly be masculine and singular. The rel­
ative pronoun is the object of pfnT£LV in its own clause and must accordingly be
accusative; the correct form is theretore ov (masculine, singular, accusative).
The suffix -nt:p may be added to the forms of the relative pronoun given above
for emphasis, e.g., OO'nt:p the very one who.
=

EXERCISE 13�
In the first two paragraphs of reading passage ��locate five relative clauses. Identify the anteced­
ent of each relative pronoun, and explain why the relative pronoun is in its genderj numberj and
case. Two of the five examples have already been analyzed above.
260 ATHENAZE Book I

EXERCISE 131']
Read aloud and translate into English. Explain the gendeiJ numbeiJ and case of each relative
pronoun:

1. oi i:ttnopoL, Ot tv EKdVt] ·n;j Vf]T enA.eov, '!Ct KDttcna OVK tcpo�OUV'!O.

2. 0 vat hf] �, 4)-ro apyuptov nap£0'X£�, �ttLV �Y�O'a-ro et� '!�V vauv.

3. oi av8pwnot, ov� tv -rQ opn e'(Se-re, m-rov A8�va�e ecpepov.

4. EKeLVOL oi OOUAOL m iv-ra tno[ovv anep EK EA£V O'£V 0 0£0'7C0'!1']�·

s. ai yvva'LK£�, aT� OL£A£YOtt£8a, OVK eA.eyov '!Ct CtAf] 8 � .

6. nav-ra� E-rfttwv otnep un£p '!* £A.eu8ep[a� £ttaxov-ro.
7. EKeLVf] � vai3�, �V £8 e w anonA.tovO'av, O'hov ecpepev ano '!OU TI6v-rou (the
)
Black Sea .
8. 6ayyeA.o�, 0� tv -rfj ayopq �KOV£'!£, OVK eA.eye '!Ct \jrevS�.
9. &p' OVK £cpo�£l0'8£ '!OU� �ap� apov � ou� 6 3 tp;1'] � tnl '!�V 'EA.A.aSa �yev;
10. &p' doe� EKeLVf]V '!�V nap8£vov, u oihw� wpyt�£'!0 6 ytpwv;

EXERCISE 13 8
Translate into Greek:

1. Those young men were journeying to certain friends who live in the city.
2. The young men, whom you saw on the mountains, were looking for their sheep
all day.
3. The captain received the money that I handed over to him.
4. He was sailing through the straits, in which the Greeks defeated the barbarians.
S. That priest, with whom we were conversing (use OLa'A£yottaL + dat.), was telling
lies.
6. The ship, in which he was sailing, arrived at the harbor within four days.
7. I was listening to the women, who were working in the house at night.
8. On the next day the sailors did all that the captain ordered.
9. Weren't you afraid of that old man, who was shouting so loudly?
10. The foreigners, although hurrying, helped the old man, who was looking for the
oxen.

4. 3rd Declension Nouns and Adjectives with Stems in -£0'-

Some 3rd declension nouns and adjectives have stems ending in -£0'-1 from which
the 0' is lost before the endings, allowing the £ of the stem to contract with the vow­
els of the endings, e.g., '!0 '!£LXO� (stem '!£LX£0'-). The usual contractions occur, as
follows:

£+£>£L e+a>f]
£+ 0 > ov £+W>W
 13. IIPOL: THN L:AAAMINA (�) 26 1

Stem: 't ELX£0'-J wall

Singular Plural

Nom. -eo -c£Lxo� -ea -cdxecr-a > -cdxYJ

Gen. -coil n[xecr-o� > -cdxov� 'tWV -cnxtcr-wv > -cnxwv
Dat. -cQ n[xecr-t > -cdxet 'tOt� -cdxecr-crt(v) > -cdxecrt(v)
Ace. -eo -cdxo� -ea n[xecr-a > -cdxYJ
w -c£Lxo� n[xecr-a > -cdxYJ
9
Voc. a,

Neuters with stems in -£0'- have -o� in the nominative) accusative) and vocative
singular.
So also -eo opo�J -coil opov�) mountainj hill

Stem: -cptfjpt:cr-J trireme

Nom. � -cpt�pf]� ai -cpt�p£0'-£� > -cpt�pt:t�

Gen. '!�� -cpt�pt:cr-o� > -cpt�pov� -cwv -cptf]ptcr-wv > -cpt�pwv
Dat. 'tfj -cpt�pecr-t > -cpt�pt:l 't�l� -cpt�pecr-crt(v) > -cpt�pt:crt(v)
Ace. 't'�V -rpt�pm-a > -rpt�pf] .-a� 'tpt�pEL�
w -rpt�p£� w -rpt�pecr-e� > -rpt�pt:l�
9 9
Voc.

The accusative plural borrows its form from the nominative plural. [The genitive
plural borrows its accent from the other forms].
The adjective CtAf]8�� (stem CtAfj8t:cr-) has only two sets of forms) the first to
go with masculine or feminine nouns and the second to go with neuter nouns. It
also loses the er of the stem before the endings and shows the same contractions as
the noun above:

Stem: CtAfj8t:cr-J true

M.&F. N.

Nom. aAYJ8�� aAYJ8t�

G�n. aAY]8£cr-o� > aAYJ8ou� CtAYJ8£cr-o� aAYJ8oil�
Dat. aAfj8tcr-t > aAYJ8d CtAY]8£cr-t > aAYJ8t:1
Ace. CtAYJ8£cr-a > aAYJ8� aAYJ8£�
Voc. aAYJ8t� aAYJ8t�

Nom. aAfj8£cr-£� > etAYJ8d� CtAY]8tcr-a > aAYJ8�

Gen. aAYJ8tcr-wv > aAYJ8wv aAYJ8£cr-wv > aAYJ8wv
Dat. aAfj8£cr-crt(v) CtAYJ8£crt(v) CtAYJ8£cr-crt(v) > aAYJ8£crt(v)
Ace. aAYJ8d� aAYJ8tcr-a > aAYJ8�
Voc. . aAfj8£cr-e� > aAYJ8t:t� CtAYJ8tcr-a > aAYJ8�

So also \jrw S ��) \jrw8t�Jalse.