Professional Documents
Culture Documents
K Ohashi
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Disclaimer: Despite its course title, European languages will
be more often cited than Asian languages throughout the
quarter.
Part I: Historical linguistics
(A History of English)
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1. OE chapter 1.1 General features of OE
1.2 Inflection
1.3 Tenses
2. ME chapter 2.1 French genitive
2.2 French comparison
2.3 From synthetic to analytic
3. EModE chapter 3.1 Use of expletive do
3.2 Loss of thouing
4. ModE Prescriptive grammar
Part 1: A History of English
0. Introductory
An Overview of the History of English
An overview of the history of English
Present-day English 現代英語 : 1900-2018
-nouns -articles
-verbs -pronouns
-adjectives -auxiliaries
-(most) adverbs -prepositions
-conjunctions
Ex. Ex.
exist ‘be’: copula (=connector) ‘be’:
‘I think. Therefore, I am.’ She is a vegetarian.
2) One consequence of Vikings’ Raid (AD 787-1016):
“From about the year 1000, Englaland (land of the
Angles) begins to be adopted as a national name.”
-A. C. Baugh and Th. Cable, A History of the English Language, 2002, p. 47
唯一 ゆいいつ ゆいつ
Engla + land > Englaland England
( Q1 ) + land > Q2 Q3
February [fɛbrəwɛri] [fɛbri]
temporary [tɛmpərəri] [tɛmpri]
library [lʌɪbrəri] [lʌɪbri]
probably [prɑbəbli] [prɑbli]
haplology: a process of contraction whereby a single
letter or syllable (e.g. い ) is produced, esp. in speech, instead
of two identical or similar-sounding ones (e.g. いい )
唯一 ゆいいつ ゆいつ
Engla + land > Englaland England
Pole + land > Poleland Poland
February [fɛbrəwɛri] [fɛbri]
temporary [tɛmpərəri] [tɛmpri]
library [lʌɪbrəri] [lʌɪbri]
probably [prɑbəbli] [prɑbli]
☞ ’Preventive’ (since 1626) does not illustrative haplology.
Cf. ’preventative’ (since 1655)
Part 1: A History of English
Topics:
ride-rode-ridden
staying
(a) book - books
曲用
Declension
simple-simpler-simplest
(study) hard-harder-hardest
No longer can our English (ModE) be called
an inflectional language par excellence
Names of letters
Quiz. Tell the letter names.
LETTER NAME
1. ə ( ) yogh [jóuk]
2. æ ( ) eng [έŋ]
3. ŋ ( ) thorn
4. þ ( ) theta [Ɵí:tə]
5. Ɵ ( ) schwa
6. ð ( ) ash
7. ʒ ( ) eth, edh [έð]
[Ɵ, ð ]: represented by þ = ð = th
(since 11th c.)
Names of letters
#2. OE Noun inflections:
4 (out of the total 6) classes are tabled
1.1 ‘HUND’ 1.2 ‘DEOR’ 3 ‘OXA’ 4 ‘FOOT’
(hound) (deer) (ox) (foot)
Singular
Nom. hund deor oxa foot
Acc. hund deor oxan foot
Gen. hundes1) deores1) oxan footes
Dat. hunde deore oxan feet
Plural
Nom./Acc. hundas2) deor3) oxan4) feet5)
Gen. hunda deora oxena foota
Dat. hundum deorum oxum footum
1) Class 1 (=1.1 + 1.2) accounted for
more than half of the OE nouns
OE ME ModE
-es > -es > -’s
Ex.
hundes dogges Gulliver’s Travels
The Poets’ Corner
2) The s-plural
Subclass 1.1 (‘HUND’) was so predominant that …
OE Survivals in ModE
(a, two) deor neuter (a, two) deer
(a, two) sceap n. (a, two) sheep
(a, two) swin n. (a, two) swine
(a, two) niht feminine fortnight
sennight
Q1. What does fortnight (chiefly Brit.)
mean?
OE ME
mann > mann-i > menn-i > menn > men
sg. 1st pl. 2nd pl. 3rd pl. 4th pl.
(mutation)
The mutation plural:
Jacob Grimm called ‘mutation’ Umlaut
mutation (or Umlaut): Singular Mutation plural s-plural
vowel change (OE) (OE) (in and after
e.g. ME)
a mouse two ( )
Both mice and mouses are usable
[-siz] [-ziz]
“In the computing sense, the ordinary mice is more common than
mouses.” (NOAD)
“Pl. mice. In sense 4 (i.e. computing), also mouses.” (Shorter OED)
A1
Q. ModE retains one irregular (=neither weak nor strong) verb that
still conjugates in a quadripartite way. What is this verb?
A. BE. (be–was-were –been).
Question
c1700
① ② ③ ④
learn + DID > learnDID > learnED learned
/ɪd/ /d/
(Pre-English: Angles, Saxons and Jutes live on the Continent )
❶I learn did ❷I learndid ❸I learned
/dɪd/ /-dɪd/ /-ɪd/
(c1700)
Jonathan Swift (1712) wrote:
“By leaving out a Vowel to save a Syllable, we form
so jarring a Sound, and so difficult to utter, that
I have often wondered how it could ever obtain.”
母音一つを省いて音節を一つ節約することによりわれわれは非常に耳ざわりで、発し
づらい音を作っているのであり、どうしてそのような発音が行われるのか理解に苦し
む。
EModE (c1700) ModE
lovèd lov’d
[lʌvɪd] [lʌvd]
pa pple pa pple
learn – learned – learned *wick – *wicked – *wicked
[ɪd] [ɪd]
The asterisks (*) indicate
Adjectivalization of the above non-existent forms
pa pple :
a learned society
a learned man
[ɪd]
wicked (OE, wicca ‘sorcerer’ + -ed):
created in the 13th century (ME)
English
OE ME EModE ModE [ PDE (Present-day English)]
[OE] [PDE]
loss
Strong verbs 66-68 strong verbs
(25% of OE verbs) shift
Shift of strong verbs to weak verbs
強変化動詞弱変化動詞
Q.
How do PDE speakers conjugate dive?
A: In PDE,
dive-dived-dived > dive-dove-dived
(weak conj.) (strong conj.)
“The form snuck is also used in American English for the past tense
and past participle.” -COBUILD
e.g.
I googled for a cheap hotel.
I just Facebooked the link to this video.
One of them was cc’d to his boss.
They speedily faxed me the new page layout.
These systems have come to be known as formatted file systems.
input-input-input (OK) /input-inputted-inputted (OK)
1.3 Tenses 時制
1. OE as a two-tense language
1.1 Non-technical approach to OE tense system 非専門的
1.2 Technical approach to OE tense system 専門的
2. Adverbial tense
3. Preterite-presents 過去現在詞
1. OE as a two-tense language
1.1 Non-technical approach to OE tense system
More examples
deer (Eng) [means ‘animal’ in OE] Tier3) (Ger) [means ‘animal’]
Q1 (Eng) Wagen3) (Ger)
Q2 (Eng) Laut3) (Ger) [in Umlaut, Ablaut]
knife (Eng) canif (Fr)
hot (Eng) caldo (It) [means ‘hot’! ]
同族語
2) can, cunning, and uncouth: cognates (i.e. etymological brothers)
know knowing unknown 語源的
More examples
deer (Eng) [means ‘beast’ in OE] Tier3) (Ger) [means ‘animal’]
wag(g)on (Eng) Wagen3) (Ger)
loud (Eng) Laut3) (Ger) [in Umlaut, Ablaut]
knife (Eng) canif (Fr)
hot (Eng) caldo (It) [means ‘hot’! ]
Cognate objects
同族目的語
He thought great ( Q ).
Cognate objects
同族目的語
Verbal tense
動詞による時制
Historically 2nd: ??
(Ex. come, eat, sing, know, belong, resemble)
actional verbs stative verbs
A. Verb (< Latin, ‘verbum’) has two senses
ご
Latin
German verbal-tense
Dutch languages
English
ME, EModE and ModE are
verbal-tense languages
In OE In and after ME
The verbal-tense system was I will teach you English.
underdeveloped. (Future)
The adverbial tense made up I read the newspaper.
for the underdevelopment of (Present/Non-past)
the verbal tense. She went home alone.
(Past)
I have walked a long distance.
(Perfect)
He repeated what he said before. = He repeated what he had said.
(Pluperfect)
3. Preterite-presents 過去現在詞
(Sounds like a contradiction in terms 言辞矛盾 ?)
Formerly: Currently:
Markers of tense- Markers of differing
distinction degrees of politeness. (Both
are present-tense forms.)