ichthyology

systematics, classification
and anatomy
(cont...)

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 Speciation
• How do populations become distinct
species? - the process whereby gene flow is
reduced sufficiently between sister
populations to allow each to become
different evolutionary lineages
– Allopatric (with geographic isolation)
– Non-allopatric (without geographic isolation)
 Speciation
• Allopatric (with geographic isolation)
speciation:
– Vicariant - large populations geographically
isolated (little inbreeding) (United States)
– Founder - small population becomes
geographically isolated and then reproductively
isolated via inbreeding, selection, drift
(Gilligan’s Island)
– Reinforcement - early isolation followed by
sympatry, but selection against hybrids
 Speciation
• Non-allopatric (without geographic
isolation)
– Sympatric - sister species evolve within the
dispersal range of each other, but adapt to
different habitats - habitat-dependent assortive
mating (tribes)
– Parapatric - sister species evolve in segregated
habitats across a narrow contact zone - little
mixing in spite of proximity
 Final synthesis on “species”
• Groupings that are different from each
other:
– morphology, behavior, physiology, ecology
• Reproduction is isolated in practice
• Mating systems and mate-recognition
systems are important enforcers of isolation
 contoh
Sistimatika, Klasifikasi
dan Taksonomi

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 “jawed fishes”
• Class Chondrichthyes- cartilagenous
• Subclass Elasmobranchii- sharks, rays, and
skates
• Subclass Holocephali- chimeras & ratfishes

• Class Osteichthyes- bony fishes

• Subclass Dipnoi- lung fishes
• Subclass Crossopterygii- coelocanth
• Subclass Actinopterygii- modern bony fishes

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 Class Chondrichthyes:
(Cartilaginous Fishes)
• general diagnostic characters:
• reduced dermal armor
• cartilaginous endoskeleton & girdles
• tricuspid teeth
• gill slits
• fins: two dorsal, no anal, stiff
pectorals, flexible pelvic
• heterocercal tail
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 Cartilaginous Skeleton

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 Manta Ray (Manta birostris)

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 Sharks

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 Sting Ray (Dasyatis sp.)

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 Class Osteichthyes: “bony fishes”

• most abundant and diverse vertebrates

more than 21 000 species
• bony scales (enlarged in the head region)
• operculum covering the gills
• stream-lined; laterally compressed
• ossified endoskeleton; secondarily lost in
some species

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 “bony fish”

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 Fish Diversity

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 Smallmouth Bass
(Micropterus dolomieu)

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 Green Sunfish
(Lepomis cyanellus)

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Channel Catfish
(Ictalurus sp.)

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 Oklahoma Non-game Fish

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