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Annotated Bibliography

Bower, Bruce. Vikings Inhabited North America Exactly 1,000 Years Ago, Science News, 20

Nov. 2021.

The article by science journalist Bruce Bower focuses on Viking wooden artifacts found

at the archeological dig site in L’anse aux Meadows and uses scientific research and carbon

dating to discover that these wooden objects at L’anse Aux Meadows came from felled trees in

the year 1021.

Keys, David. “The Far Norse.” Canada's History, vol. 94, no. 2, 2014, pp. 20–27.

In the periodical, The Far Norse, the author David Keys who is a well-established

archeology journalist examines several pieces of archeological evidence to prove Viking

presence in northern areas of Canada and in the Arctic. Keys combines this research with a

journal from a British Artic expedition that claimed to have found two massive cairns on an

island in the Nares strait. The periodical also mentions trade with the Eskimo people and believes

that these journeys by the Vikings were carried out in search of Ivory.

Kintisch, Eli. “THE LOST NORSE.” Science, vol. 354, no. 6313, 11 Nov. 2016, pp. 696–701.

This article was written by Greenlandic journalist Eli Knitisch and focuses their research

on what exactly happened to Greenland’s Norse population and North American explorers. The

author argues that the Norse were able to adapt their living styles to survive the little ice age by

focusing on fishing and trade. Kintisch believes that Greenland’s population slowly whittled

away as more settlers moved back to Iceland and Europe to avoid the freezing cold temperatures.
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The article ends with the author expressing a great desire to see more excavations completed

before many of the frozen organic artifacts unfreeze and deteriorate.

Linden, Eugene. “Smithsonian.” Why Didn't They Stay?, vol. 35, no. 9, Dec. 2004, p. 98.

This periodical published by the Smithsonian and written by non-fiction author Eugene

Linden investigates and theorizes why the Vikings decided to abandon North America. Three

main theories are presented, either the Vikings had too few numbers to settle, were driven out by

the Native Americans, or the climate change from the medieval warm period to the little ice age

caused Vikings to stray away from North America. The author uses evidence of a massive

decline in Greenland's settlements and trade routes during the little ice age as evidence to support

his theory.

Patterson, William P, et al. Two Millennia of North Atlantic Seasonality and Implications for

Norse Colonies. PNAS, 8 Mar. 2010.

This research article uses extensive research in the form of bivalves to quantify the

significant change in temperature during the Viking Age to record notable cold and warm

periods and uses Norse literature about the Norse colonies of Greenland and Iceland. By

comparing the temperature records and historical records to demonstrate the impact that the

climatic extremes had on the colonies’ development and decline in the North Atlantic.

Pringle, Heather. VIKINGS and NATIVE AMERICANS Face-to-Face. National Geographic, Nov.

2012.

This article written by Canadian science writer Heather Pringle who specializes in

archeology, discusses the discoveries of Canadian archeologist Patrica Sutherland of Viking spun
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yarn found at a Native American dig site in Baffin Island. It is theorized that the Vikings had

good trade relations and several carvings and artifacts were found from the Dorset tribe

suggesting that Vikings were in contact with the tribe. The article attempts to theorize and prove

that a small Viking trading post existed in North America.

Wallace, Birgitta. Finding Vinland. Canada's History, 1 Feb. 2018.

In the article Finding Vinland, the author Birgitta Wallace, a Swedish-Candian

archeologist, examines historical evidence regarding the widely debated location of Vinland. The

author uses the archeological site of L’anse Aux Meadows and several Norse sagas to theorize

that the entire coastline surrounding the Gulf of St. Lawrence was actually the location of

Vinland.