Alhamd Islamic University

(Islamabad Campus)

MBA-3rd
ASSIGNMENT 01

SUBJECT: WORK IN ORGANIZATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY

SUBMITTED BY: MUHAMMAD TAYYAB QAYYUM

SUBMITTED TO: Mam. Erum Naz

 CASE STUDY
1. Critical success by adopting principals of
Organization Psychology.

The concept has been implemented in recent years at companies such as

multinational and especially social media management companies. Like Coca Cola,
Apple, Microsoft and Facebook.

As in Apple they started using four-day workweeks in May 2020 as a wellbeing perk
during the pandemic. Employees work a 32-hour week for the same amount of pay,
without the expectation they have to fit 40 hours of work into this time frame. They
can use Friday as an overflow day to catch up on emails and the like if they choose.

People are allowed to choose what day they'd like to be off during the week and
customer support teams stagger their schedules to allow for better coverage. The
company has seen many upsides to switching to this model including 91% of
employee surveyed feeling happier and more productive. The amount of money
the company will save in retaining these happy employees goes without saying.

You’d think that working fewer hours would mean you’d be less productive, right?
Wrong! Apple found just the opposite. In measuring how many lines of code their
engineers produced back in November 2019 to 2020, their engineers produced more
lines of code!

The only downside with this model? Employees feel less engaged and more
disconnected from their teams and the company as a whole. Apple is already working
on a plan to remedy this downside by scheduling more in-person team-building
events in the near future.
 CONCLUSION:

This psychology research was basically conducted to give employees more time with
their families and try to find the impact on their efficiencies. They were basically
dealing with their emotional needs that if the employee is allowed to spend more
quality time with families so their efficiency increases and hence they can improve
the working capability of the company because happy and contented employee can
work for organization more devotedly. This case study can be applicable on office
working jobs where timings are 9 to 5 but not in operation where services are required
round the clock. Discount it and sell it to make room for items that customers will be
more interested in buying.

2. Mind and Body Dualism

Mind and body dualism represents the metaphysical stance that mind and body are two
distinct substances, each with a different essential nature. Originated in the ancient period,
a well-known version of dualism is credited to Rene Descartes of the 17th century. According
to him, human beings consisted of two quite unlike substances which could not exist in unity.
Mind was unexpended, an immaterial but thinking substance and body was an extended,
material but unthinking substance.

The body was subject to mechanical laws; however, the mind was not (Descartes, 1952).
Therefore, as described by Ryle (1949), “A person… lives through two collateral
histories, one comprising of what happens in and to the body, the other consisting of what
happens in and to his mind… The events in the first history are events in the physical world,
those in the second are events in the mental world”.

Descartes developed a theory of mind as an immaterial, non-extended substance that

engages in various activities or undergoes various states such as rational thought,
imagining, feeling (sensation), and willing. Matter, or extended substance, conforms to the
laws of physics in mechanistic fashion, with the important exception of the human body,
which Descartes believed is causally affected by the human mind and which causally
produces certain mental events. For example, willing the arm to be raised causes it to be
raised, whereas being hit by a hammer on the finger causes the mind to feel pain. This part
of Descartes’s dualistic theory, known as interactionism, raises one of the chief problems
faced by Descartes and his followers:

The question of how this causal interaction is possible.

The mind-body problem concerns the relationship between these two sets of properties.
The mind-body problem breaks down into a number of components.

1. The ontological question: what are mental states and what are physical states?
Is one class a subclass of the other, so that all mental states are physical, or
vice versa? Or are mental states and physical states entirely distinct?

2. The causal question: do physical states influence mental states? Do mental

states influence physical states? If so, how? Different aspects of the mind-body
problem arise for different aspects of the mental, such as consciousness,
intentionality, and the self.

3. The problem of consciousness: what is consciousness? How is it related to the

brain and the body?
4. The problem of intentionality: what is intentionality? How is it related to the brain
and the body?
5. The problem of the self: what is the self? How is it related to the brain and the
body?
6. Other aspects of the mind-body problem arise for aspects of the physical. For
example:
7. The problem of embodiment: what is it for the mind to be housed in a body? What
is it for a body to belong to a particular subject?

The seemingly intractable nature of these problems have given rise to many different
philosophical views. Idealist views say that physical states are really mental. This is because
the physical world is an empirical world and, as such, it is the inter subjective product of our
collective experience.
 Dualist views (the subject of this entry) say that the mental and the physical are both real
and neither can be assimilated to the other. For the various forms that dualism can take and
the associated problems, see below.

In sum, we can say that there is a mind-body problem because both consciousness and
thought, broadly construed, seem very different from anything physical and there is no
convincing consensus on how to build a satisfactorily unified picture of creatures possessed
of both a mind and a body.