Chapter 05 Gender - Version1

Student name:__________
MULTIPLE CHOICE - Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or
answers the question.
1) Gender development is influenced by
1) ______
A) biological factors.
B) social factors.
C) cognitive factors.
D) All of these choices are correct.
Question Details
Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation
null : Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
Difficulty : Basic
Learning Goal : Describe the biological, social, and cognitive influences on gender.
null : APA: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains
2) Which of the following is good advice for helping to improve the gendered lives of both
boys and girls in adolescence?
2) ______
A) Help adolescents to reduce gender stereotyping and discrimination.

B) Don't engage in gender stereotyping and discrimination yourself.
C) Never model discrimination for adolescents.
D) All of these are good advice.
Question Details
Difficulty : Moderate
Learning Goal : Summarize developmental changes in gender.
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3) Which theorist agreed that, "Anatomy is destiny"?
3) ______
A) Sigmund Freud
B) Robert Sternberg
C) Jean Piaget
D) Lev Vygotsky
Question Details
Difficulty : Basic
null : APA: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
4) Erik Erikson and Sigmund Freud agreed that
4) ______
A) anatomy is destiny.
B) gender behaviors and gender are instinctual.
C) human behavior is directly related to reproductive processes.
Question Details
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5) Evolutionary psychologists agree that
5) ______
A) natural selection favored males who adopted long-term mating strategies.

B) males evolved dispositions that favor competition and risk-taking.
C) natural selection favored females who paired widely.
D) males evolved dispositions that favor male bonding and friendship.
Question Details
6) David Buss argues that men and women differ psychologically in
6) ______
A) cognitive domains that require hypothetical reasoning.

B) domains in which they have faced different adaptive problems during evolutionary
history.
C) domains that require assertiveness.
D) None of these choices are correct.
Question Details
7) Who proposed social role theory?
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7) ______
A) Alice Eagly
B) Carol Gilligan
C) Karen Horney
D) Judith Rodin
Question Details
Difficulty : Basic
8) Social role theory contends that psychological gender differences are mainly due to
8) ______
A) biological dispositions.
B) similar roles of males and females.
C) contrasting roles of males and females.
D) innate psychological dispositions.
Question Details
9) Which of the following statements about the role of women around the world is NOT
true?
9) ______
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A) Women perform more domestic work.
B) Women and men receive approximately the same pay.
C) Women spend fewer hours in paid employment.
D) Women have less power than men.
Question Details
null : Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis
null : APA: 3.3 Adopt values that build community at local, national, and global levels
10) Alice Eagly believes that the most important causes of gender differences in power,
assertiveness, and nurture are social hierarchy and
10) ______
A) power expectations.
B) sexual vulnerability.
C) division of labor.
D) monetary resources.
Question Details
11) Rita and Don are the parents of 15-year-old twins, Frank and Francine. Research suggests
that
11) ______
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A) Frank will have more independence than Francine.
B) Frank will be encouraged to do well in English and social sciences.
C) Francine will be encouraged to do well in math.
D) Both twins will be encouraged to excel in science.
Question Details
null : Bloom's Taxonomy: Application
null : APA: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology
12) Research by Phyllis Bronstein indicates that
12) ______
A) in many cultures, mothers socialize their daughters to be less responsible than their
sons.
B) in many cultures, mothers place more restrictions on the autonomy of sons than that
of daughters.
C) fathers show more attention to their daughters than to their sons.
D) many parents continue to encourage behaviors that are in keeping with traditional
gender role norms.
Question Details
13) Betty's mother smiles and praises her for her fashion choices when she wears dresses and
tasteful makeup for a family gathering. According to social cognitive theory, this approval for
Betty's gender-appropriate behavior is likely to
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13) ______
A) make Betty want to wear more casual clothes to the next family event.
B) reinforce Betty's choice to be feminine.
C) have no effect on what Betty chooses to wear in the future.
D) make Betty closer to her mother.
Question Details
14) Which of the following statements regarding siblings and gender role development is
TRUE?
14) ______
A) Older siblings become less like their younger siblings over a two-year period.
B) Siblings play very little role in gender socialization.
C) Younger siblings become less similar to older siblings in terms of gender role.
D) Younger siblings become less similar to older siblings in terms of leisure activities.
Question Details
Difficulty : Difficult
15) Debra's peer group is made up of only girls; Rachel's peer group is a mix of boys and
girls. Debra is more likely than Rachel to be in
15) ______
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A) adolescence.
B) early adulthood.
C) early childhood.
D) middle childhood.
Question Details
16) In adolescence, _____ approval has a powerful influence on gender attitudes and
behavior.
16) ______
A) parents'
B) peer
C) siblings'
Question Details
Difficulty : Basic
17) Evidence that teachers and school personnel have biases towards both boys and girls
include all of the following EXCEPT
17) ______
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A) boys are more likely to be criticized than girls.
B) school personnel tend to stereotype boys' behavior as problematic.
C) boys may have few male role models in teachers.
D) girls are more likely than boys to have learning problems.
Question Details
18) Richard is struggling in his language arts class. According to research on the ways boys
and girls are treated in schools, Richard is more likely than a female classmate to
18) ______
A) be given extra help by his teacher.

B) be referred to the school psychologist to be tested for a learning disability.
C) be ignored by school personnel.
D) be paired with a peer tutor.
Question Details
19) Evidence that the classroom is biased against girls includes all of the following EXCEPT
19) ______
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A) teachers spend more time interacting with boys.
B) teachers spend more time watching girls.
C) teachers give more instruction to boys.
D) teachers give boys more time than girls to answer questions.
Question Details
20) Mary and Matthew are classmates in grade six. Which of the following is probably true,
based on research on gender bias in schools?
20) ______
A) Mary will be more assertive in class than Matthew.

B) Mary's self-esteem will be higher than Matthew's self-esteem.
C) Matthew will describe more career choices than Mary.
D) Matthew will work quietly on his own; Mary will spend more time interacting with
the teacher.
Question Details
21) Which of the following statements regarding single-sex education is TRUE?
21) ______
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A) Single-sex education is superior to co-ed education for both boys and girls.
B) Single-sex education is superior to co-ed education for girls.
C) Single-sex education is superior to co-ed education for boys.
D) Single-sex education is not superior to co-ed education for both boys and girls.
Question Details
22) Television shows portray teenage girls as being primarily interested in
22) ______
A) shopping.
B) appearance.
C) dating.
Question Details
Difficulty : Basic
23) Elaine says that her favorite TV show's teenage star, Lauren, is an attractive teenager who
is an apprentice to a forensic anthropologist. Lauren spends all of her free time analyzing bones
and reconstructing skeletons to solve crimes. This TV star is
23) ______
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A) not the typical teenage girl star.
B) typical of a teen star in that she is attractive and smart.
C) typical of a teen star in that she is attractive and career-oriented.
Question Details
24) Which of the following statements regarding self-esteem in adolescent girls is TRUE?
24) ______
A) Self-esteem in adolescent girls is lower than self-esteem in adolescent boys.

B) Self-esteem in girls drops at approximately the same rate as boys.
C) Self-esteem in high-school girls is higher than for college women.
Question Details
25) Music videos are
25) ______
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A) not stereotypical of gender.
B) slanted towards female audiences.
C) slanted towards male audiences.
D) not especially marketed to teen viewers.
Question Details
Difficulty : Basic
26) Which of the following statements regarding television and gender is TRUE?
26) ______
A) Men are portrayed as more powerful than women in many TV shows.

B) Female characters on music videos are shown as passive.
C) Women are overrepresented in prime-time commercials.
Question Details
27) Research has shown that the more adolescent females and males watched entertainment
TV, the more
27) ______
A) positive their body images were.
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B) passive they became.
C) aggressive they became.
D) negative their body images were.
Question Details
null : APA: 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research
28) In a recent study of U.S. college women, more time on Facebook was related to more
_____ feelings about their own bodies.
28) ______
A) positive
B) negative
C) idealistic
D) neutral
Question Details
29) Gender schema theory is a _____ theory.
29) ______
A) cognitive
B) biological
C) sociological
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D) psychological
Question Details
Difficulty : Basic
30) The theory on gender development that asserts that gender-typing emerges as children
and adolescents develop gender schemas regarding what is gender-appropriate or -inappropriate
in their culture is called
30) ______
A) gender learning theory.

B) schema dominance theory.
C) gender schema theory.
D) social learning theory.
Question Details
31) A cognitive structure that organizes the world in terms of female and male is called a
31) ______
A) gender schema.
B) gender worldview.
C) gender-role dichotomy.
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Question Details
Difficulty : Basic
32) Victor has perceived that wearing a silk scarf on his head is not considered appropriate
for males in his culture. Consequently, he pulls his long hair back and secures it with a rubber
band. Victor's behavior is best explained by
32) ______
A) media influence theory.

B) gender-role transcendence theory.
C) gender schema theory.
D) social role theory.
Question Details
33) Caitlin tells her friend that women make better nurses and teachers than men. Caitlin's
statement is
33) ______
A) generally true.
B) a stereotype.
C) generally false.
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D) an overstatement.
Question Details
Learning Goal : Discuss gender stereotypes, similarities, and differences.
34) Traits such as aggressive, independent, and power-oriented are labeled _____ traits.
34) ______
A) expressive
B) concordant
C) instrumental
D) congruent
Question Details
Difficulty : Basic
35) Traits associated with females are labeled _____ traits.
35) ______
A) expressive
B) concordant
C) instrumental
D) congruent
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Question Details
36) Which of the following statements regarding roles and traits of the traditional male or
female is NOT true?
36) ______
A) Expressive traits are associated with men and help them to communicate effectively.
B) Instrumental traits suited men to go out and be breadwinners.

C) Instrumental traits equipped men to wield authority.
D) Traditional feminine characteristics are childlike and foster dependency.
Question Details
37) Recent research continues to find that gender stereotyping
37) ______
A) is decreasing slowly.
B) is pervasive.
C) has decreased considerably in the last 25 years.
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Question Details
Difficulty : Basic
38) Which of the following is NOT recommended for improving gendered lives for boys?
38) ______
A) Encourage boys to handle their emotions more effectively.

B) Work with boys to improve their athletic ability.
C) Work with boys to improve their academic performance.
D) Encourage boys to be less physically aggressive.
Question Details
39) Which of the following statements regarding physical similarities and differences
between men and women is NOT true?
39) ______
A) Males grow to be 10 percent taller than females.

B) Male body fat is likely to go to the abdomen; body fat in women is concentrated
around breasts and hips.
C) Males have greater physical strength than females.
D) Men have twice as much body fat as women.
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Question Details
40) Many physical differences between men and women are tied to
40) ______
A) intelligence.
B) health.
C) financial status.
Question Details
41) Which differences exist between males and females regarding health?
41) ______
A) Females have a longer life expectancy than males.

B) Females and males can expect to live about the same number of years.
C) Females are more likely to develop mental disorders than males.
D) Males are more resistant to infections than females.
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Question Details
null : Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension
42) High levels of stress hormones have been linked to
42) ______
A) high blood pressure.

B) osteoporosis.
C) rheumatoid arthritis.
D) Alzheimer's disease.
Question Details
43) Similarities and differences in the brains of males and females could be due to
43) ______
A) evolution.
B) heredity.
C) social experiences.
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Question Details
44) What differences exist between males and females with regard to brain structure and
activity?
44) ______
A) The part of the hypothalamus involved in sexual behavior is larger in females than in
males.
B) The area of the brain involved in visuospatial skills is larger in females than in males.
C) The corpus callosum is larger in females than in males.
D) The area of the brain involved in emotional expression is more active in males than
in females.
Question Details
45) A recent study of over seven million U.S. students in grades 2-11 showed that
45) ______
A) boys outperformed girls on math tests.

B) girls scored significantly lower on math tests than boys.
C) there were no differences in math scores between boys and girls.
D) girls scored slightly better than boys in math in grades 2-6.
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Question Details
46) Which of the following statements regarding visuospatial skills is NOT true?
46) ______
A) These skills include being able to rotate objects mentally.

B) These skills include being able to determine what objects would look like after
rotation.
C) These skills are important in courses such as algebra.
D) These skills are better in boys than in girls.
Question Details
47) What differences exist between males and females with regard to verbal skills?
47) ______
A) Females outperform males in reading and writing.

B) Females outperform males on reading and writing only in elementary school; by high
school the scores are the same in verbal skills.
C) There are no significant differences between females and males in reading; girls
outperform boys in writing.
D) There are no significant differences between females and males in writing; girls
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outperform boys in reading.
Question Details
48) Chris just completed high school and plans to go to college to study social work. It is
likely that Chris is a
48) ______
A) female in the United States.

B) male in the United States.
C) female in Europe.
D) male in Europe.
Question Details
49) Which of the following statements regarding gender differences related to schooling and
academic achievement is TRUE?
49) ______
A) Females are more likely to drop out of school than males.

B) Males are more likely to earn a college degree than females.
C) The bottom 50 percent of high-school classes is made up mainly of males.
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D) Most males perform at below-average level.
Question Details
50) Amanda and Dennis are high school classmates. Which of the following is likely to be
TRUE?
50) ______
A) Amanda is more likely than Dennis to be attentive in class.

B) Dennis is more likely than Amanda to be planning a career in math or engineering.
C) Amanda is more likely than Dennis to participate in class.
Question Details
51) Research regarding males and females in math and science careers has indicated
51) ______
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A) despite gender similarities in math ability, males still predominate upper-level math
courses.
B) because of gender similarities in math ability, equal number of males and females are
found in upper-level math courses.
C) gender differences in math ability account for the lower number of females in upper-
level math classes.
D) females are starting to outnumber the number of males in upper-level math courses.
Question Details
null : Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand
52) Ashley spread a rumor that Donna, the new girl in class, had head lice. As a result of this
rumor, Donna has made no friends, and people move their desks to get away from her. Ashley
has engaged in
52) ______
A) emotional aggression.
B) relational aggression.
C) latent aggression.
D) mean behavior, but it is not any type of aggression.
Question Details
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53) According to Deborah Tannen, the language of establishing connections and negotiating
relationships is known as
53) ______
A) rapport talk.
B) report talk.
C) social talk.
D) polite talk.
Question Details
Difficulty : Basic
54) According to Deborah Tannen, talk that gives information is called
54) ______
A) rapport talk.
B) report talk.
C) factual talk.
D) social talk.
Question Details
Difficulty : Basic
55) Joe tells a story about how his car was rear-ended while he was stopped at a railroad
crossing. This is an example of what Deborah Tannen calls
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55) ______
A) rapport talk.
B) factual reporting.
C) report talk.
Question Details
56) What was Deborah Tannen's main conclusion about differences between boys and girls?
56) ______
A) Boys learn language ahead of girls.

B) Girls learn language ahead of boys.
C) Boys use more action words in their speech than girls.
D) Boys and girls grow up in different worlds of talk.
Question Details
57) Which of the following statements regarding gender differences in play is TRUE?
57) ___d___
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A) Girls are more likely than boys to play in small groups.
B) Boys are more likely than girls to play in groups that have a leader.
C) Boys' games tend to have winners and losers.
Question Details
58) A meta-analysis of gender differences in talkativeness, affiliative speech, and self-

assertive speech confirms which criticism of Deborah Tannen's research?
58) ______
A) Tannen underestimated the size of the gender differences in communication.

B) Tannen overestimated the size of the gender differences in communication.
C) Tannen focused too much on contexts of communication and not enough on the
content of communication.
Question Details
59) Which of the following findings came out of a meta-analysis of gender differences in
talkativeness, affiliative speech, and self-assertive speech?
59) ______
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A) Gender differences in talkativeness occurred more in dyads than in large groups.
B) Gender differences in affiliative speech are largest during middle childhood.

C) Boys talk more with adults than girls do.
D) Gender differences in affiliative speech are largest during adolescence.
Question Details
60) With regard to prosocial behavior,
60) ______
A) males view themselves as more empathetic.

B) females view themselves as more empathetic.
C) males engage in more prosocial behavior during adolescence than do females.
D) the smallest gender differences occur for kind and considerate behavior.
Question Details
61) Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE regarding gender differences in
prosocial behavior?
61) ______
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A) Females view themselves as more prosocial and empathetic than males.
B) Females engage in more prosocial and empathetic behaviors than males.
C) Females are better at recognizing nonverbal emotions in others.
D) Females are more likely to engage in heroic prosocial actions than males.
Question Details
62) Cara says that she has just begun to experience some intense emotions whereas her
neighbor, Craig, says that he doesn't experience any of these emotions. Which of the following is
likely to be TRUE?
62) _c_____
A) Both Cara and Craig are in middle childhood.

B) Cara is in early adolescence; Craig is in late adolescence.
C) Both Cara and Craig are in early adolescence.
D) Cara is in late childhood; Craig is in middle adolescence.
Question Details
63) When it comes to emotions, boys usually show
63) ______
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A) less self-regulation than girls.
B) more self-regulation than girls.
C) about the same self-regulation as girls.
D) no self-regulation until late adolescence.
Question Details
64) Which of the following theorists believes that extensive gender differences are caused by
adaptive problems across human evolutionary history?
64) ______
A) Janet Shibley Hyde

B) Carol Gilligan
C) David Buss
D) Alice Eagly
Question Details
Difficulty : Basic
65) The theorist who emphasizes the social conditions that have resulted in power inequity
and substantial gender differences is
65) ______
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A) Alice Eagly.
B) Janet Shibley Hyde.
C) Judith Rodin.
D) Mary Parker.
Question Details
Difficulty : Basic
66) Zoe tells her parents that she learned in her women's studies class that many of the gender
differences that she sees are due to inequities in power, money, and other resources between men
and women. She says she is going to be taking part in a "walk for equity" to protest lower wages
being paid to women in her community. Zoe's position is very much like that of which theorist?
66) ______
A) Anna Freud
B) Carol Gilligan
C) Alice Eagly
D) Janet Shibley Hyde
Question Details
67) The theorist who asserts that gender differences have been greatly exaggerated, based on
the results of 44 meta-analyses of gender differences and similarities is
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67) ______
A) Carol Gilligan.
B) Janet Shibley Hyde.
C) Alice Eagly.
D) Judith Viorst.
Question Details
Difficulty : Basic
68) Which of the following statements regarding gender in context is NOT true?
68) _b_____
A) Gender behavior often varies across contexts.

B) Females are more likely than males to help if they feel competent to help.
C) Males are more likely than females to show anger to strangers.
D) In many cultures, roles are very gender-specific.
Question Details
69) Nezy is a young married woman who lives in Saudi Arabia. Which of the following is
probably true for Nezy?
69) ______
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A) Nezy will work at raising her children and hold a part-time job in the public sector.
B) Nezy will share the household tasks with her husband.

C) Nezy will work full-time at a home-based business while caring for her family.
D) Any deviation from Nezy's traditional gender role will be met with disapproval.
Question Details
70) The presence of a high degree of masculine and feminine characteristics in the same
person is known as
70) ______
A) androgyny.
B) ambiguity.
C) hermaphroditism.
D) transsexualism.
Question Details
Difficulty : Basic
Learning Goal : Characterize the variations in gender-role classification.
71) Which of the following is NOT one of the classifications made via the Bem Sex-Role
Inventory?
71) ______
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A) masculine
B) feminine
C) transgendered
D) undifferentiated
Question Details
72) A person who is high on instrumental traits and low on expressive traits would be
classified as _____ on the Bem Sex-Role Inventory.
72) ______
A) feminine
B) masculine
C) undifferentiated
D) androgynous
Question Details
73) Evelyn scores low on both feminine and masculine traits on the Bem Sex-Role Inventory.
Evelyn would be classified as
73) ______
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A) feminine.
B) masculine.
C) undifferentiated.
D) androgynous.
Question Details
74) Darren scores a high number of feminine and a high number of masculine traits on the
Bem Sex-Role Inventory. Darren would be classified as
74) ______
A) feminine.
B) masculine.
C) undifferentiated.
D) androgynous.
Question Details
75) Which of the following statements regarding androgyny is NOT true?
75) ______
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A) Androgyny has been linked to higher levels of stress.
B) Androgynous individuals are more flexible than either masculine or feminine
individuals.
C) Androgynous individuals report better health practices than people in other
categories.
Question Details
76) Increasing numbers of children and adolescents in the U.S. are being raised to behave in
76) ______
A) traditional gender-role ways.

B) androgynous ways.
C) masculine ways.
D) undifferentiated ways.
Question Details
77) Carmela, age 16, and her brother Juan, age 17, are originally from Puerto Rico. Which of
the following statements is likely to be true, based on the studies of Latino and Latina
adolescents?
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77) ______
A) Juan will get his driver's license before Carmela.

B) Carmela will have more interaction with males than Juan will have with females.
C) Juan and Carmela will participate in after-school activities.
D) Neither Juan nor Carmela will have a curfew.
Question Details
78) Which of the following statements regarding access to education around the world is
NOT true?
78) ______
A) Girls' education still lags behind boys' education.

B) Girls in Japan and the Philippines complete their education at lower rates than girls
in Western nations.
C) Girls receive, on average, 4.4 years less education than boys.
D) Control over girls' social relationships is easing in some nations.
Question Details
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79) Dr. Burke, a superintendent of a large school system, wants to implement androgynous
education in his district. Based on research, Dr. Burke will get the most success from the
program if it is offered to students in grade
79) ______
A) two.
B) five.
C) seven.
D) nine.
Question Details
80) Which of the following statements regarding androgyny education is NOT true?
80) ______
A) It is easier to teach androgyny to boys than to girls.

B) It is easier to teach androgyny to girls than to boys.
C) Androgyny education includes the use of books, discussion materials, and gender
curriculum.
D) Androgyny education works best when it is introduced before middle-school grades.
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81) Opponents of androgynous education programs argue that they ignore the diversity of
gender roles in our society and that
81) ______
A) programs are too value-laden.

B) programs ignore values.
C) traditional gender roles produce happier people.
D) teachers need costly and lengthy training in order to be able to teach these programs.
Question Details
82) William Pollack, author of Real Boys, argues that the "boy code" tells boys that they
should
82) ______
A) express anger but not positive emotions like love.

B) express positive emotions but suppress anger and anxiety.
C) express all of their emotions in moderation.
D) show little, if any emotion, as they are growing up.
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83) According to William Pollack, author of Real Boys, boys learn the "boy code" from their
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83) ______
A) peers.
B) parents.
C) teachers.
Question Details
84) According to William Pollack, author of Real Boys, which of the following contexts
lends itself to boys learning the "boy code"?
84) ______
A) camps
B) schoolrooms
C) sandboxes
Question Details
85) In the traditional male adolescent culture, male adolescents trying to adopt a strong
masculine role are likely to believe they will be thought of as more masculine if they
85) ______
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A) get a job and pay some of their own expenses.
B) drink alcohol or take drugs.
C) have a steady girlfriend.
D) participate in a "manly" sport, such as football or hockey.
Question Details
86) Proponents of _____ argue that gender-role classification leads to too much stereotyping.
86) ______
A) gender-competency theory
B) gender-role transcendence
C) androgyny theory
D) undifferentiated theory
Question Details
87) _____ is a broad term that refers to individuals who adopt a gender identity that differs
from the one assigned to them at birth.
87) ______
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A) Homosexuality
B) Bisexual
C) Transgender
Question Details
Difficulty : Basic
88) Cisgender is a term that describes individuals whose _____ and _____ corresponds with
the gender identity assigned at birth.
88) ______
A) gender identity; expression

B) sexuality; body language
C) mental state; stereotypes
Question Details
Difficulty : Basic
89) Gender-role attitudes and gender intensification tend to
89) ______
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A) decrease in early adolescence.
B) increase in early adolescence.
C) spike in middle childhood.
D) stay the same until late adolescence.
Question Details
90) Carol Gilligan believes
90) ______
A) girls are sensitive to different emotions in relationships.

B) girls experience life differently than boys.
C) adolescence is a critical juncture in girls' development.
Question Details
91) According to Carol Gilligan, girls become aware that the male-dominated culture does
not value their interest in
91) ______
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A) caring.
B) altruism.
C) empathy.
D) intimacy.
Question Details
Difficulty : Basic
92) Natalie struggles with wanting to be independent but still responsive to others. As a
result, she is less confident and is tentative about speaking up and sharing her opinions.
According to research, this self-doubt can translate into
92) ______
A) aggression.
B) depression.
C) sexual acting-out behaviors.
D) delinquency.
Question Details
93) Susan Harter and her colleagues found all of the following in their research EXCEPT
93) ______
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A) androgynous girls reported a strong voice in all contexts.
B) feminine girls had lower levels of voice in public contexts.
C) feminine girls had lower levels of voice in interpersonal contexts.
D) girls who lack "voice," but emphasize appearance had a great risk to their
development.
Question Details
94) Critics of Carol Gilligan's theory argue that
94) ______
A) she exaggerates the differences in intimacy between males and females.

B) she exaggerates the differences in connectedness between males and females.
C) her research did not include a comparison group of boys.
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95) Which of the following is NOT recommended for improving gendered lives for girls?
95) ______
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A) Encourage girls to be proud of their caring skills.
B) Encourage girls to develop their self-competencies.
C) Expose girls to a greater range of career options.
D) Encourage girls to be more aggressive.
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ESSAY. Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper.
96) Explain what Freud and Erikson meant by "anatomy is destiny."
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97) Describe evolutionary views of the differences between males and females.
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98) What is the main belief behind social role theory of gender?
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99) What is the main idea behind the social cognitive theory of gender?
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100) Summarize the main points from your textbook about bias against males and females in
schools.
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101) Describe the possible influences of the mass media on adolescents' gender development
and state why.
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102) What is the main idea behind gender schema theory?
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103) Define and give an example of instrumental and expressive traits, and discuss how these
traits have either benefited or stereotyped males and females.
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104) What are three physical differences that exist between males and females? Be sure to
address brain differences.
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105) What does research conclude are the cognitive differences exist between males and
females?
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106) Define and list at least three benefits of androgyny.
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107) Explain how context and culture affect gender roles.
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108) What is the "boy code" and how does it affect the emotional development of boys?
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109) Discuss the major changes that are happening in early adolescence with respect to gender
intensification.
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110) Explain why Carol Gilligan believes that early adolescence is a critical juncture for
females.
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111) List at least three ways that adults can guide boys' gender development and at least three
ways that adults can guide girls' gender development.
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Answer Key
Test name: Chapter 05 Gender
1) D
2) D
3) A
4) D
5) B
6) B
7) A
8) C
9) B
10) C
11) A
12) D
13) B
14) A
15) D
16) B
17) D
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18) C
19) B
20) C
21) D
22) D
23) A
24) A
25) C
26) A
27) D
28) B
29) A
30) C
31) A
32) C
33) B
34) C
35) A
36) A
37) B
38) B
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39) D
40) B
41) A
42) A
43) D
44) C
45) C
46) C
47) A
48) A
49) C
50) D
51) A
52) B
53) A
54) B
55) C
56) D
57) D
58) B
59) D
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60) B
61) D
62) C
63) A
64) C
65) A
66) C
67) B
68) B
69) D
70) A
71) C
72) B
73) C
74) D
75) A
76) B
77) A
78) B
79) B
80) A
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81) A
82) D
83) D
84) D
85) B
86) B
87) C
88) A
89) B
90) D
91) D
92) B
93) C
94) D
95) D
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96) Both Freud and Erikson argued that an individual's genitals
influence his or her gender behavior and, therefore, anatomy is destiny.
One of Freud's basic assumptions was that human behavior is directly
related to the reproductive process. He believed that gender and sexual
behavior were essentially unlearned and instinctual. Erikson extended
Freud's argument, claiming that psychological differences between
males and females stem from their anatomical differences. Erikson
stated that, because of genital structure, males are more intrusive and
aggressive, and females more inclusive and passive. In response to
critics, Erikson later modified his view, saying that females in today's
world are transcending their biological heritage and correcting society's
overemphasis on male intrusiveness.
97) Evolutionary psychologists argue that, primarily because of their
differing roles in reproduction, males and females faced different
pressures in primeval environments when the human species was
evolving. Having multiple sexual partners improved the likelihood that
males will pass on their genes; natural selection favored males who
adopted short-term mating strategies. Males evolved dispositions that
favor violence, competition, and risk-taking because they were in
competition with other males for access to females.
In contrast, females' contributions to the gene pool were improved by
securing resources for their children. This was promoted by obtaining
long-term mates who could support a family. As a consequence, natural
selection favored females who devoted effort to parenting and to
choosing mates who could provide their offspring with resources and
protection. Females developed preferences for successful, ambitious
men who could provide these resources.
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98) Social role theory states that the gender differences mainly result
from the contrasting roles of males and females. In most cultures around
the world, females have less status and power than do males, and they
control fewer resources. Compared with men, women perform more
domestic work, spend fewer hours in paid employment, and receive
lower pay. The social hierarchy and division of labor are important
causes of gender differences in power, assertiveness, and nurture.
99) The social cognitive theory of gender emphasizes that children's
and adolescents' gender development is influenced by their observation
and imitation of others' gender behavior, as well as by the rewards and
punishments that they experience for gender-appropriate and gender
inappropriate behavior. Through observation adolescents are exposed to
a range of models displaying masculine and feminine behavior.
100) Evidence that the classroom is biased against boys includes the
fact that teachers value neat, orderly, rules-based classes, characteristics
more likely to be exhibited by girls than boys. Boys are more likely than
girls to be diagnosed with learning problems. Boys are more likely than
girls to be criticized. School personnel are more likely to ignore the
needs of boys who are showing signs of academic problems than girls
with the same issues. School personnel tend to label boys' behavior as
problematic.
Evidence that the classroom is biased against girls includes the fact that,
in a typical classroom, teachers are more likely to interact with boys than
girls. Girls are more compliant and submissive, often working quietly on
their own; this can lead to a decrease in assertiveness. Boys get more
instruction than girls and more help from teachers when they have
questions. Girls are less likely than boys to believe that they will be
successful in college. By middle school, girls have lower self-esteem
than boys, and they list fewer career options than boys.
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101) Television shows directed at adolescents are extremely
stereotyped in their portrayal of the sexes, especially teenage girls.
Teenage girls are shown as being more interested in dating and shopping
than in career or school plans. Music videos, which are slanted toward
male viewers, portray females as passive. Even in prime-time
commercials, there is an inequity between men and women, with men
being cast as the main characters. Younger adolescents are particularly
susceptible to the highly gender-stereotyped messages of the media. The
media also has an impact on body image, particularly for girls.Various
aspects of exposure to the Internet and social media are increasing the
body dissatisfaction of adolescents and emerging adults.
102) A schema is a cognitive structure, a network of associations that
guides an individual's perceptions. Gender schema theory states that
gender typing emerges as children and adolescents gradually develop
gender schemas of what is gender-appropriate and gender inappropriate
in their culture. A gender schema organizes the world in terms of male
or female. Children and adolescents are internally motivated to perceive
the world and to act in accordance with their developing schemas.
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103) Traits associated with males are known as instrumental traits.
They include characteristics such as being independent, aggressive, and
power oriented. The instrumental traits associated with males suited
them for the traditional masculine role of going out into the world as the
breadwinner.
Traits that are associated with females are known as expressive traits.
They include characteristics such as being warm and sensitive. The
expressive traits paralleled the traditional feminine role of being the
sensitive, nurturing caregiver in the home.
These roles and traits are not just different, however, they also are
unequal in terms of social status and power. The traditional masculine
characteristics suit one to deal competently with the wider world and to
wield authority. As such, these traits benefit males. On the other hand,
the feminine characteristics are childlike, suitable to someone who is
dependent and subordinate to others. These traits stereotype females as
passive and powerless and do not benefit females.
104) Women have about twice the body fat of men. On average, males
grow to be about 10 percent taller than women. Females have a longer
life expectancy than males, and females are less likely than males to
develop physical or mental disorders. Females are more resistant to
infection, and their blood vessels are more elastic than those of males.
Researchers have found some differences in brain structure between
males and females. The part of the hypothalamus that is involved in
sexual behavior tends to be larger in men than in women. Portions of the
corpus callosum are larger in females than in males. The portion of the
parietal lobe that functions in visuospatial skills tends to be larger in
males. Females tend to show more metabolic activity in the areas of the
brain involved in emotional expression.
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105) Research on the differences in math ability between males and
females has been mixed. It does appear, however, that males are better at
visuospatial skills than females. These skills include being able to rotate
objects mentally and determine what they would look like when rotated.
There is strong evidence that girls outperform boys in reading and
writing.
106) Androgyny is the presence of a high degree of masculine and
feminine characteristics in the same person.
According to Sandra Bem, androgynous individuals are more flexible
and more mentally healthy than either masculine or feminine
individuals. Androgyny has been linked to well-being and lower levels
of stress. A study with emerging adults revealed that androgynous
individuals reported better health practices than masculine, feminine, or
undifferentiated individuals.
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107) It is important to consider both personality traits and the contexts
in which those traits may be expressed. In close relationships, a feminine
or androgynous gender role may be desirable because of the expressive
nature of the relationship. In a work or academic situation, a masculine
or androgynous role may be preferable, due to the demands for action or
assertiveness. Each culture has its own prescribed behaviors for males
and females, and it is important to consider those expectations when
evaluating gender-role behavior. Increasing numbers of children and
adolescents in the United States and other modernized countries are
being raised to behave in androgynous ways. Traditional gender roles
continue to dominate the cultures of many other countries around the
world, however. In these cultures, men are expected to be the
breadwinners and providers and the women to be the caregivers for the
family. These expectations have an impact on social experiences,
educational opportunities, and employment options for both men and
women.
108) William Pollack, the author of Real Boys, argues that the "boy
code" teaches boys to not show their feelings and to act tough. Boys are
taught by peers, parents, coaches, and teachers to show little, if any,
emotion as they are growing up. Pollack believes that boys would be
better served if they were socialized to express their anxieties and
concerns rather than keeping them bottled up. Boys also need to be
taught to better regulate their aggression.
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109) Psychological and behavioral differences between boys and girls
become greater during early adolescence because of increased
socialization pressures to conform to traditional male and female gender
roles. Puberty may signal to socializing agents, such as parents, peers,
and teachers that an adolescent is approaching adulthood and should
begin to act in stereotypical male or female ways. Although there is
some research to support this claim, it should be noted that family
context influences how strongly gender intensification occurs.
110) Gilligan says that in early adolescence (ages 11-12), girls become
aware that the male-dominated culture does not value their intense
interest in intimacy, even though society values women's caring and
altruism. The dilemma is that girls are presented with a choice that
makes them appear either selfish or selfless. As young adolescent girls
struggle with this dilemma, they begin to silence their different voices,
becoming less confident and more tentative in offering their opinions.
Some researchers note that the self-doubt and ambivalence that girls
experience in early adolescence can persist into adulthood and translate
into depression and eating disorders.
111) 1. Boys can be encouraged to be more sensitive in relationships
and to engage in more prosocial behavior. Fathers can be role models. 2.
Encourage boys to be less physically aggressive. 3. Encourage boys to
handle their emotions more effectively. This involves emotional self-
regulation and control as well as appropriate emotional expression. 4.
Work with boys to improve their school performance.1. Encourage girls
to be proud of their relationship and caring skills. 2. Encourage girls to
develop their self-competencies. 3. Encourage girls to be more self-
assertive.
4. Encourage girls' achievement.
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Student name:__________

A) Help adolescents to reduce gender stereotyping and discrimination.

4) Erik Erikson and Sigmund Freud agreed that

A) natural selection favored males who adopted long-term mating strategies.

6) David Buss argues that men and women differ psychologically in

A) cognitive domains that require hypothetical reasoning.

7) Who proposed social role theory?

12) Research by Phyllis Bronstein indicates that

A) be given extra help by his teacher.

A) Mary will be more assertive in class than Matthew.

21) Which of the following statements regarding single-sex education is TRUE?

22) Television shows portray teenage girls as being primarily interested in

A) Self-esteem in adolescent girls is lower than self-esteem in adolescent boys.

25) Music videos are

A) Men are portrayed as more powerful than women in many TV shows.

A) positive their body images were.

29) Gender schema theory is a _____ theory.

A) gender learning theory.

A) media influence theory.

35) Traits associated with females are labeled _____ traits.

B) Instrumental traits suited men to go out and be breadwinners.

37) Recent research continues to find that gender stereotyping

A) Encourage boys to handle their emotions more effectively.

A) Males grow to be 10 percent taller than females.

A) Females have a longer life expectancy than males.

42) High levels of stress hormones have been linked to

A) high blood pressure.

A) boys outperformed girls on math tests.

A) These skills include being able to rotate objects mentally.

A) Females outperform males in reading and writing.

A) female in the United States.

A) Females are more likely to drop out of school than males.

A) Amanda is more likely than Dennis to be attentive in class.

54) According to Deborah Tannen, talk that gives information is called

A) Boys learn language ahead of girls.

58) A meta-analysis of gender differences in talkativeness, affiliative speech, and self-

A) Tannen underestimated the size of the gender differences in communication.

B) Gender differences in affiliative speech are largest during middle childhood.

60) With regard to prosocial behavior,

A) males view themselves as more empathetic.

A) Both Cara and Craig are in middle childhood.

63) When it comes to emotions, boys usually show

A) Janet Shibley Hyde

A) Gender behavior often varies across contexts.

B) Nezy will share the household tasks with her husband.

75) Which of the following statements regarding androgyny is NOT true?

A) traditional gender-role ways.

A) Juan will get his driver's license before Carmela.

A) Girls' education still lags behind boys' education.

A) It is easier to teach androgyny to boys than to girls.

A) programs are too value-laden.

A) express anger but not positive emotions like love.

A) gender identity; expression

89) Gender-role attitudes and gender intensification tend to

90) Carol Gilligan believes

A) girls are sensitive to different emotions in relationships.

94) Critics of Carol Gilligan's theory argue that

A) she exaggerates the differences in intimacy between males and females.

106) Define and list at least three benefits of androgyny.

107) Explain how context and culture affect gender roles.

Test name: Chapter 05 Gender

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