Test Bank For Adolescence 12th Edition Laurence Steinberg

Test Bank for Adolescence, 12th Edition Laurence Steinberg
Test Bank for Adolescence, 12th Edition Laurence

Steinberg
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Adolescence, 12e (Steinberg)
Chapter 5 Peer Groups
1) Judy and Jessica hang around with people who are their age. A psychologist would most
likely describe these people as
A) friends.
B) buddies.
C) peers.
D) chums.
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2 Medium
Learning Objective: 05-01 Describe the history of adolescent peer groups in the United States,
specifically how educational requirements, economic factors, and demographics changed the
nature of peer groups.
Bloom's: Understand
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA LO: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology's content domains.
2) You want to design a study that examines friendships between 10-year-olds and 15-year-olds
in contemporary American society. Your advisor tells you that these friendships will be difficult
to find and track. Why is that?
A) age grading
B) youth culture
C) cyberbullying
D) peer dynamics
Answer: A
Difficulty: 3 Hard
Bloom's: Analyze
APA LO: 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research.
1
Copyright 2020 © McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior
written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
3) Compared with teenagers in previous times, teenagers in contemporary societies spend
________ time with their peers ________ with their parents.
A) more; than
B) less; than
C) as much; as
D) little; or
Answer: A
Bloom's: Understand
4) The process of grouping individuals within social institutions on the basis of chronological
age is called
A) mainstreaming.
B) tracking.
C) age grading.
D) reference grouping.
Answer: C
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Bloom's: Remember
APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.
2
5) A group of individuals who are born during a particular time period (for instance, the baby
boomers) is known as what?
A) a generation X
B) a cohort
C) an age-graded society
D) a census group
Answer: B
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Bloom's: Remember
6) Which of these would you expect to find in a cofigurative society?

A) the elimination of classroom learning in favor of individual, self-guided study
B) farming techniques that are passed down from parent to offspring to grandchildren
C) study groups in which young people and adults work together to learn technology skills
D) career training paths that allow pairs of students to teach each other
Answer: C
Difficulty: 3 Hard
Bloom's: Apply
7) Which of the following writers suggested that the speed at which society changes affects the
socialization of adolescents?
A) Margaret Mead
B) Eleanor Maccoby
C) Brad Brown
D) James Coleman
Answer: A
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Bloom's: Remember
3
8) What are postfigurative cultures most likely to have in common?
A) traditions that are frequently discarded
B) limited adult supervision of children and teenagers
C) a separate youth culture whose members rarely interact with elders
D) technology that advances slowly
Answer: D
Bloom's: Understand
9) Following the end of World War II, many parents wanted to have children as soon as possible,
creating what has come to be called the postwar
A) baby boom.
B) depression.
C) infantile fixation.
D) cohort effect.
Answer: A
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Bloom's: Remember
4
10) The local library offers "write your first resume" classes for teens, which are taught by an
adult volunteer, and "understand how your phone's camera works" classes for adults, which are
taught by teen volunteers. What word would Margaret Mead use to describe this society?
A) antifigurative
B) prefigurative
C) postfigurative
D) cofigurative
Answer: D
Bloom's: Evaluate
11) During the first half of the 21st century, the adolescent population in the United States is
expected to
A) decrease.
B) increase slightly.
C) remain constant.
D) grow explosively.
Answer: A
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Bloom's: Remember
5
12) Research about contemporary adolescents is clear that these adolescents ________ than
adolescents in previous times.
A) are more susceptible to the influences of their peers
B) are at higher risk for problem behaviors because of peer influence
C) spend more time in peer groups
D) report more positive experiences from their involvement in peer groups
Answer: C
Bloom's: Understand
13) Dr. Cruz believes she has found a society that is so technologically advanced that children
routinely teach adults instead of the other way around. What would anthropologists such as
Margaret Mead call this type of society?
A) cofigurative
B) postfigurative
C) prefigurative
D) antifigurative
Answer: C
Bloom's: Evaluate
6
14) Some experts who believe in the idea of a separate youth culture find the idea alarming.
What reason do they give?
A) Members of a separate youth culture are likely to isolate and torment those who are younger
than they are.
B) Members of a separate youth culture are likely to reject new forms of technology.
C) Some writers believe that the existence of a separate youth culture has led to more bullying.
D) Some writers believe that members of youth culture have beliefs that are the opposite of
adults' beliefs.
Answer: D
Learning Objective: 05-02 Understand whether or not adolescent peer groups represent a
separate culture within the United States.
Bloom's: Understand
15) Which of the following contributed to the rise of age segregation in contemporary society?
A) increasing number of college graduates
B) rise of secondary education
C) decrease in family values
D) prejudice against young people
Answer: B
Bloom's: Understand
16) What is one of the main causes of youth culture, according to those who believe in it?
A) in-person bullying and electronic bullying
B) income inequality
C) age segregation
D) mass media such as television and Internet
Answer: C
Bloom's: Understand
7
17) Dr. Beckerman argues that a separate youth culture has emerged in the United States and that
it is harmful. What findings from recent studies counteract her belief?
A) Youth culture is based on economics rather than social bonds, so its effects will not last long.
B) Adolescents show more signs of positive aggression when they are with peers than when they
are with family members.
C) Youth culture will gradually die out as the United States becomes less industrialized.
D) Adolescents tend to be more prosocial when they are with their peers than when they are
alone.
Answer: D
Bloom's: Understand
18) According to the writers who claim a separate youth culture exists, what is its nature?
A) It has strengthened the authority of adults as young people focus on fun.
B) It leads to the development of crews, gangs, and other antisocial behavior.
C) It discourages young people from maturing because of the stress on youth.
D) Those who belong to it have different attitudes and beliefs than adults do.
Answer: D
Bloom's: Understand
19) If you were going to design a study on the rise of peer groups, which of these topics would it
make the most sense for you to investigate?
A) why peer groups of different sizes have roughly the same political clout
B) how advertising and marketing may someday make peer groups obsolete
C) the rise and fall of youth culture within affluent societies
D) how industrialization and modernization have changed learning
Answer: D
Difficulty: 3 Hard
Learning Objective: 05-03 Understand the characteristics of peer groups and how they change
over time.
Bloom's: Apply
20) A more sophisticated understanding of social relationships leads adolescents to group

8
individuals into crowds. This is an example of which adolescent transition?
A) biological
B) cognitive
C) social
D) hereditary
Answer: B
over time.
Bloom's: Understand
21) Which of these is a reason peer groups change from childhood to adolescence?
A) For most adolescents, social settings become larger and more anonymous.
B) For most adolescents, social settings become smaller and more intimate.
C) Adolescents tend to seek out people who are noticeably different from themselves.
D) Adolescents tend to seek out people who resemble the adolescent's own family members.
Answer: A
over time.
Bloom's: Understand
22) Which of the following is an example of a universalistic norm in contemporary American

society?
A) being taught the concept of majority rule
B) learning about customs linked to one's ethnic heritage
C) being taught a hobby by a relative
D) learning treasured family recipes
Answer: A
Difficulty: 3 Hard
over time.
Bloom's: Apply
APA LO: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology.
9
23) A large, nationally representative sample of adolescents found that adolescents' friendship
groups fell into one of four profiles. Which was the group that consisted of friends who were
engaged in school, achieved decent grades, and neither abstained from nor abused alcohol?
A) disengaged
B) engaged
C) high functioning
D) maladjusted
Answer: B
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Learning Objective: 05-04 Explain the role, structure, and function of cliques and crowds.
Bloom's: Remember
24) Settings for intimate interactions and friendships are called ________, whereas ________ are
based on reputation rather than on actual social interaction.
A) cliques; crowds
B) crowds; reference groups
C) reference groups; cliques
D) crowds; cliques
Answer: A
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Bloom's: Remember
25) Steve eats lunch with Jeff, Hans, and Mike every day. After school, they play computer
games and talk about girls. This group of boys would be called
A) a crowd.
B) a clique.
C) a reference group.
D) a youth culture.
Answer: B
Bloom's: Apply
10
26) Which of these is the basis for membership in a crowd?
A) isolated activity
B) shared activity
C) friendship
D) social bonds
Answer: B
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Bloom's: Remember
27) Nevaeh and Abigail are seventh graders. Neither is in a popular group, and neither is an
outcast. The two girls get along well and voluntarily spend time together in and out of school.
Neither has frequent interactions with other students. What would a psychologist call this
relationship?
A) wannabe
B) liaison
C) clique
D) dyad
Answer: D
Bloom's: Apply
28) A small, tightly knit group of between two and twelve friends usually of the same age and
sex is called a
A) dyad.
B) cohort.
C) clique.
D) crowd.
Answer: C
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Bloom's: Remember
11
29) What is the difference between a gang and a crew?
A) Crew members focus primarily on illegal businesses, while gang members focus primarily on
violence.
B) Gang members can be a variety of ages and come from different economic backgrounds, but
crew members are usually about the same age and from the same economic background.
C) Gang members may commit crimes such as robbery or murder, while crew members are more
likely to commit crimes such as disorderly conduct and vandalism.
D) Crews usually recruit within entire neighborhoods, while gangs usually recruit within
individual schools.
Answer: C
Bloom's: Analyze
APA LO: 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.
30) What have studies shown to be true of antisocial youth?

A) Antisocial adolescents usually have antisocial friends.
B) Most antisocial adolescents have few or no friends.
C) Groups of antisocial adolescents report more feelings of isolation than do friendless
adolescents.
D) Many adolescents who are considered antisocial have lasting friendships with their well-
adjusted peers.
Answer: A
Difficulty: 3 Hard
Bloom's: Analyze
31) In contrast to crowds, cliques

A) are settings for adolescents' intimate interactions.
B) help adolescents locate themselves within the broadest social structure of their school.
C) are based on reputation rather than shared social activity.
D) allow some adolescents to belong to several groups at once based on what others believe
about them.
Answer: A
Bloom's: Understand
32) A(n) ________ is an individual who has few or no links to others in the social network, and
12
a(n) ________ is an individual who interacts with two or more adolescents who are members of
cliques but is not part of a clique.
A) liaison; isolate
B) hopper; loner
C) isolate; liaison
D) isolate; mixer
Answer: C
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Bloom's: Remember
33) Lupe, a 15-year-old, is most likely to learn social skills in a ________ and develop her sense
of identity in a ________.
A) crowd; crowd
B) crowd; clique
C) clique; crowd
D) clique; clique
Answer: C
Bloom's: Understand
34) Which of the following groups of peers is found in American schools but not most European
schools?
A) populars
B) druggies
C) brains
D) jocks
Answer: D
Bloom's: Understand
13
35) "Druggies," "jocks," and "nerds" are examples of
A) crowds.
B) cliques.
C) crews.
D) gangs.
Answer: A
Bloom's: Understand
36) According to Brown's (2004) study of crowds in high school, what fraction of adolescents do
not fit clearly into any crowd?
A) one-sixth
B) one-third
C) one-half
D) two-thirds
Answer: A
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Bloom's: Remember
37) In early adolescence, ________ friendships are common, but in late adolescence, ________
friendships begin to occur more.
A) same-sex; opposite-sex
B) crowd-based; clique-based
C) opposite-sex; same-sex
D) clique-based; crowd-based
Answer: A
Bloom's: Understand
14
38) Mitch organizes a party for about 20 of his classmates who are all interested in theater, and
they all watch a recording of the musical The Phantom of the Opera. This group of teenagers,
who don't always hang out together but share common interests, would most appropriately be
labeled
A) a gang.
B) a crew.
C) a crowd.
D) a clique.
Answer: C
Bloom's: Apply
39) Mixed-sex cliques start becoming more prevalent during

A) childhood.
B) preadolescence.
C) middle adolescence.
D) late adolescence.
Answer: C
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Bloom's: Remember
40) Professor Gates is studying large groups of adolescents, such as athletes and artists, to learn
about their particular mini-cultures. Professor Gates is most likely studying
A) peer collectives.
B) cliques.
C) crowds.
D) dyads.
Answer: C
Bloom's: Apply
15
41) Which of the following changes typically occurs during adolescence?
A) Peer groups become larger and stronger.
B) Romantic partners become less important.
C) Larger groups are replaced by smaller cliques.
D) Couples become the focus of social activity.
Answer: D
Bloom's: Understand
42) Dr. Bonaventura wants to conduct in-depth interviews with members of high school crowds
to see how they form into cliques. How would psychologists categorize this type of research?
A) survey
B) experiment-based
C) experiential
D) ethnographic
Answer: D
Bloom's: Apply
43) According to research, many youngsters who were "nerds" in middle school
A) were automatically labeled "dweebs" in high school.
B) joined the "popular" group in high school.
C) deliberately transformed into "jocks" in high school.
D) had opportunities to shift status in high school.
Answer: D
Bloom's: Understand
16
44) According to research, conformity to peer pressure
A) peaks in adolescence and remains high into adulthood.
B) peaks in adolescence relative to childhood and adulthood.
C) shows a linear increase from childhood into adulthood.
D) shows a linear decrease from childhood into adulthood.
Answer: B
Bloom's: Understand
45) By the end of high school, crowds

A) have become a defining influence in the adolescent's life.
B) increasingly gain in importance for an adolescent's identity.
C) become less important to adolescents.
D) peak in their importance to adolescents.
Answer: C
Bloom's: Understand
46) In middle school and high school, Carlos was involved in many school plays and musicals. A
psychologist would most likely say that being part of the drama crowd was important for Carlos
in what way?
A) identity development
B) dating opportunities
C) occupying his free time
D) improvement of relationships with parents
Answer: A
Bloom's: Apply
17
47) Dorion is a jock. Consequently, we would expect him to be involved in
A) his peer culture and in institutions valued by adults.
B) institutions valued by adults, but not his peer culture.
C) his peer culture, but not institutions valued by adults.
D) neither his peer culture nor institutions valued by adults.
Answer: A
Bloom's: Apply
48) Tommy values education and works hard in school, but he also enjoys hanging out with his
friends on the weekends. Which peer crowd is Tommy most likely to belong to?
A) "nerds"
B) "populars"
C) "partyers"
D) "toughs"
Answer: B
Bloom's: Apply
49) Tony belongs to a group called "the partyers." We would expect that Tony is very involved
with
A) sports.
B) adult institutions.
C) school clubs.
D) the peer culture.
Answer: D
Bloom's: Apply
18
50) A group against which an individual compares himself or herself is called
A) a clique.
B) a reference group.
C) a crowd.
D) a youth culture.
Answer: B
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Bloom's: Remember
51) Greg is the star quarterback of the football team and hangs out with Larry, who is the star
pitcher of the baseball team. Ben also hangs out with Larry and Greg. When classmates refer to
Ben, they call him a member of the "jocks." The crowd with which Ben associates serves as
A) a reference group.
B) a clique.
C) a crew.
D) a fraternity.
Answer: A
Bloom's: Apply
52) Compared to jocks, adolescents from which of the following crowds experience more peer
pressure to misbehave?
A) "nerds"
B) "populars"
C) "druggies"
D) "normals"
Answer: C
Bloom's: Understand
19
53) Self-esteem is ________ among students who are identified with peer groups that have
relatively high status in their school.
A) lower
B) the same
C) higher
D) variable
Answer: C
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Bloom's: Remember
54) Chuck is a member of a higher-status crowd at his school. Which of the following statements
is most likely to be true?
A) Chuck has high self-esteem.
B) Chuck feels a lot of pressure to be "cool."
C) Chuck holds quite a few misconceptions about his peers.
D) Chuck has a diffused identity status.
Answer: A
Bloom's: Evaluate
55) Principal McGonagall has been watching his students for several years as they move through
adolescence. According to research, which groups are most likely to exhibit favorable patterns of
psychological adjustment over time?
A) jocks and brains
B) jocks and populars
C) brains and populars
D) populars and normals
Answer: A
Bloom's: Understand
20
56) Justin's parents try extremely hard (almost excessively) to control his choice of friends. What
effect is this style of parenting likely to have on Justin?
A) Justin is likely to become a rejected and withdrawn student at school.
B) Justin will gain more respect for his parents.
C) Justin will be less likely to be involved in drug use and delinquent activity.
D) Justin may become closer to the "forbidden" peers.
Answer: D
Bloom's: Apply
57) Which of the following statements about friendship stability is true?

A) Opposite-sex friendships tend to be more stable than same-sex friendships.
B) Girls' friendships tend to be more stable than boys' friendships.
C) Well-adjusted adolescents tend to have friendships that don't last very long.
D) Only half of all reciprocated best friendships that exist at the beginning of the school year
exist at the end.
Answer: D
Bloom's: Understand
58) Some researchers have tried to teach adolescents to use nonviolent forms of conflict
resolution. Are these programs effective?
A) Yes, these programs are typically very successful.
B) No, such nonviolent behaviors can make adolescents appear weak.
C) These programs have produced conflicting findings.
D) Yes, but they succeed only in urban neighborhoods with a high proportion of Black
adolescents.
Answer: B
Bloom's: Understand
21
59) The Anytown town council developed a program to curb delinquent behavior among the
town's adolescents. The program had an iatrogenic effect, meaning
A) the program was successful and delinquent behavior was reduced.
B) the program backfired and delinquent behavior increased.
C) there were no effects on delinquent behavior, either positive or negative.
D) some problem behaviors increased and others decreased.
Answer: B
Bloom's: Understand
60) Dawn has always enjoyed school and excelled in her classes. In middle school, she has
connected with a group of friends who also enjoy school, and her grades have continued to
improve. They often spend time studying together. This is an example of
A) sociometric popularity and perceived popularity.
B) postfigurative culture and cofigurative culture.
C) selection and socialization.
D) youth culture and adult culture.
Answer: C
Bloom's: Apply
61) Jamie is a preadolescent. Her friendship circle is largely comprised of other young girls.
Based on this information, what has Jamie's social life been influenced by?
A) adolescent identity
B) sex segregation
C) cliques
D) the baby boom
Answer: B
Bloom's: Apply
22
62) Adolescents who join antisocial peer groups are likely to have
A) been coerced by their peers to join.
B) had problematic parent-child relationships in childhood.
C) extremely high levels of intelligence.
D) siblings who are more conformist than they are.
Answer: B
Bloom's: Apply
63) Which of the following is most characteristic of childhood peer groups, as compared to
adolescent peer groups?
A) mixed-sex groups
B) more time with adults
C) a lot of independence
D) the emergence of peer "crowds"
Answer: B
Bloom's: Understand
64) During childhood, boys typically associate with boys, while girls primarily associate with
other girls. This separation of boys and girls has been referred to as
A) brother-sister avoidance.
B) sex segregation.
C) youth culture.
D) sex grading.
Answer: B
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Bloom's: Remember
23
65) Who is most likely to have cross-ethnic friendships?
A) Audrey, who attends a large multiethnic school
B) Brandy, who attends a school where one ethnic group predominates
C) Candice, who is the child of immigrants
D) Deborah, who attends a school that separates students into academic tracks
Answer: B
Bloom's: Evaluate
66) During which period are friendships most likely to end?

A) sixth and seventh grades
B) seventh and eighth grades
C) eighth and ninth grades
D) ninth and tenth grades
Answer: B
Learning Objective: 05-05 Understand the determinants and consequences of popularity and
rejection among peers during adolescence.
Bloom's: Understand
67) Interventions designed to help unpopular adolescents improve their social skills have
employed which of the following techniques?
A) explaining to adolescents that they need to develop a thicker psychological skin in order to
make friends
B) having adolescents wait patiently until another person engages them in conversation
C) teaching social skills like self-expression and leadership techniques
D) teaching joke-telling skills to improve their likeability among other adolescents
Answer: C
Bloom's: Understand
24
68) Hostile attributional bias
A) plays a central role in the aggressive behavior of rejected adolescents.
B) plays a small role in the aggressive behavior of rejected adolescents.
C) helps rejected adolescents gain acceptance.
D) is the only significant factor in determining the behavior of rejected adolescents.
Answer: A
Bloom's: Understand
69) At school, Jamila is perceived as high-status, yet rude and abrupt. A psychologist would say
that she
A) has perceived popularity but not sociometric popularity.
B) has sociometric popularity but not perceived popularity.
C) has both perceived and sociometric popularity.
D) is not popular.
Answer: A
Bloom's: Evaluate
70) Dan planned a party and invited his whole English class by passing out personal invitations.
Dan accidentally forgot to make an invitation for Sam. Sam assumed he intentionally wasn't
invited and became angry at Dan for excluding him. This is an example of
A) relational aggression.
B) hostile attributional bias.
C) aggressive-withdrawal reaction.
D) reverse bullying.
Answer: B
Bloom's: Apply
25
71) Even though it was clear that another student, Raul, accidentally pushed Noah, Noah insisted
that Raul did it on purpose. What phenomenon is this?
A) hostile attributional bias
B) status bias
C) in-group vs. out-group
D) iatrogenic effect
Answer: A
Bloom's: Apply
72) You are a psychologist treating Martina, a middle school student who is popular among
classmates despite being a bully. What types of behavior would you expect to see in her?
A) frequent outbursts of temper
B) interest in romantic relationships
C) calculated, pre-planned aggression
D) involvement with many school-sponsored clubs and activities
Answer: C
Difficulty: 3 Hard
Bloom's: Apply
26
73) Sarah is a popular teenage girl who has just been made captain of the cheerleading squad.
She is very socially adept and notices that Britney, her social rival, is starting to enjoy more
attention from their peers than Sarah receives. Jealous, she decides to start a rumor about Britney
that she knows will cause many people to stop liking Britney. Sarah's behavior is best described
as
A) reactive aggression.
B) friendly fire aggression.
C) relative aggression.
D) relational aggression.
Answer: D
Difficulty: 3 Hard
Bloom's: Apply
74) Keiko, a ninth-grader, was mad at Cherise for spilling juice on Keiko's shirt. Keiko spread a
rumor that Cherise had gossiped about her friends. Keiko is using ________ to express her anger
toward Cherise.
A) relational aggression
B) hostile attributional bias
C) aggressive withdrawal
D) overt aggression
Answer: A
Difficulty: 3 Hard
Bloom's: Apply
27
75) The main reason that reactive aggression is associated with unpopularity and greater
problems with peers is that reactive aggression is characterized by a combination of
A) aggression and poor emotion regulation or lack of social skills.
B) poor interpersonal relations despite well-developed social skills.
C) delinquent behaviors and extreme shyness in social situations.
D) being highly intelligent and plotting an aggressive response in advance.
Answer: A
Bloom's: Understand
76) Adolescents who use aggression deliberately, known as ________, are much more popular
than adolescents who use aggression without planning to, known as ________.
A) reactive formation; reactive aggression
B) mature aggression; instrumental aggression
C) instrumental aggression; reactive aggression
D) relational aggression; instrumental aggression
Answer: C
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Bloom's: Remember
77) Esther has been rejected by her peers because she is withdrawn. Esther is most likely to be at
risk for
A) antisocial activity.
B) diminished social competence.
C) aggressive behavior in adulthood.
D) drug and alcohol abuse.
Answer: B
Difficulty: 3 Hard
Bloom's: Apply
28
78) Why is it so hard to teach adolescents to "just say no" to things adults disapprove of, such as
drinking, smoking, and having risky sex?
A) These behaviors are typically associated with being popular.
B) Like most adults, adolescents are unwilling (or unable) to resist peer influence.
C) Most adolescents approve of antisocial behaviors.
D) Adolescents are insufficiently educated about the risks of these behaviors.
Answer: A
Bloom's: Understand
79) The determinants of sociometric popularity are ________, whereas the determinants of
perceived popularity are ________.
A) highly variable; things like social skills, friendliness, and sense of humor
B) things like social skills, friendliness, and sense of humor; highly variable
C) good looks and wealth; athletic ability and school achievement
D) athletic ability and school achievement; good looks and wealth
Answer: B
Bloom's: Understand
80) A crowd member who has less social capital and who is a really nice, thoughtful, and funny
person is most likely
A) high in sociometric popularity but low in perceived popularity.
B) high in perceived popularity but low in sociometric popularity.
C) high in both perceived and sociometric popularity.
D) low in both perceived and sociometric popularity.
Answer: A
Bloom's: Understand
29
81) Studies in many countries have found a link between higher rates of bullying and
A) greater income inequality.
B) less ethnic and racial diversity.
C) greater parental involvement in students' lives.
D) authoritative educational systems.
Answer: A
Learning Objective: 05-06 Discuss what is known about online and in person victimization and
harassment (bullying).
Bloom's: Understand
82) According to research, which country is reported has having a relatively low prevalence of
bullying?
A) Sweden
B) Russia
C) United States
D) Germany
Answer: A
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Bloom's: Remember
83) Which of the following statements about cyberbullying is true?

A) Victims of Internet harassment are unlikely to show problems with social skills.
B) Perpetrators of Internet harassment rarely engage in traditional, in-person bullying.
C) Cyberbullies and in-person bullies tend to have the same level of social skills.
D) In most cases, the person being cyberbullied has an idea who is behind the harassment.
Answer: D
Bloom's: Understand
30
84) Online harassment is ________ in-person harassment.
A) as common as
B) more common than
C) less common than
D) less harmful than
Answer: C
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Bloom's: Remember
85) Which of the following is a common finding of recent cyberbullying studies?

A) Adolescents who engage in traditional bullying often also engage in cyberbullying.
B) Victims of physical or verbal harassment are usually very different from victims of
cyberbullying.
C) Cyberbullying has become statistically more common than physical and verbal harassment
among the adolescent population.
D) More than 80 percent of adolescents have engaged in some form of cyberbullying.
Answer: A
Bloom's: Understand
86) Over time, witnesses to cyberbullying tend to show ______ empathy toward victims of the
harassment.
A) more
B) less
C) the same amount of
D) no
Answer: B
Bloom's: Understand
31
87) What is the most effective way to respond to a bully, according to research findings?
A) to fight back
B) to do nothing or to walk away
C) to get help from a parent or teacher
D) to use a variety of strategies
Answer: B
Bloom's: Understand
88) Boys who are victims of cyberbullying often report which of the following adjustment
problems?
A) conflicts with teachers and other authority figures
B) conflicts with parents
C) behavioral problems, such as fighting
D) emotional problems, such as depression
Answer: C
Bloom's: Understand
89) Many adults incorrectly believe that cyberbullying is usually

A) accidental.
B) harmful.
C) anonymous.
D) targeted.
Answer: C
Bloom's: Understand
32
90) A friend asks you to explain cyberbullying. Which of the following statements would you
include in your explanation?
A) Victims of in-person bullying are often the targets of online bullying as well.
B) Teenage boys most often use cyberbullying to spread gossip and false stories.
C) Cyberbullies become less popular after mocking or threatening others on social media.
D) Adolescents whose parents closely track their Internet use are more likely to experience
cyberbullying.
Answer: A
Difficulty: 3 Hard
Bloom's: Apply
91) How would you characterize studies that examine the relationship between cyberbullying
and emotional and behavioral problems?
A) The research is extensive, and most of it comes to the same conclusions.
B) The research is so recent that it is difficult to draw many conclusions from it.
C) The research has been conducted for many years, but many of the study results are
contradictory.
D) So little research has been done on the topic that it is difficult to trust the findings.
Answer: A
Difficulty: 3 Hard
Bloom's: Evaluate
33
92) You are a high school teacher. Your principal announces plans to create an anti-bullying
program. Which of the following is the best advice you could give her?
A) Ask parents to participate as well.
B) Make sure the program addresses victimization outside of school as well as in school.
C) Make sure that sessions are segregated by sex so that girls learn with girls and boys learn with
boys.
D) Do not create an anti-bullying program at the high school level.
Answer: D
Difficulty: 3 Hard
Bloom's: Apply
93) Families and peer groups both provide adolescents with psychosocial development, but
family time mostly focuses on ________, while time with peers mostly focuses on ________.
A) work; leisure
B) leisure; work
C) external appearances; internal thoughts and feelings
D) internal thoughts and feelings; external appearances
Answer: A
Learning Objective: 05-07 Understand the impact of peers on psychosocial development during
adolescence.
Bloom's: Analyze
94) You want to design a study that follows 13-year-olds who have poor peer relationships to see
what effects those problems have on the subjects' lives. Based on what you have read, for how
long would you need to track the 13-year-olds to fully understand the effects?
A) until the end of eighth grade, when many friendships disintegrate
B) until the first two years of high school, when new crowds and cliques emerge
C) until the last two years of high school, when peer groups begin to weaken
D) into adulthood, to examine low achievement and mental health problems
Answer: D
Difficulty: 3 Hard
adolescence.
Bloom's: Apply
34
95) Which of these is the most accurate way to describe the psychosocial impact of a peer group
on adolescents?
A) Teenagers' psychological problems are fully formed before any interaction with peer groups,
so these groups do not cause psychological problems.
B) Teenagers' psychological problems can cause problems when interacting with peers, but the
problems do not come from peer interaction.
C) Teenagers' psychological problems come from interactions with peers rather than from other
sources.
D) Teenagers' psychological problems can come from problems with peers and can cause
problems with peers.
Answer: D
Difficulty: 3 Hard
adolescence.
Bloom's: Evaluate
96) According to researchers, adolescents prefer spending time with peers over spending time
with family members because
A) the chance of rejection is lower with peers than with family members.
B) peers help adolescents learn to become more popular and achieve a higher status.
C) in general, expectations with peers are clearer than they are with family members.
D) peers place less emphasis than do family members on following rules.
Answer: D
adolescence.
Bloom's: Understand
35
97) Spending time with family helps adolescents develop a sense of ________, while spending
time with peers helps them develop ________.
A) responsibility; intimacy
B) intimacy; equality
C) equality; popularity
D) popularity; responsibility
Answer: A
adolescence.
Bloom's: Understand
98) In contrast to the role of the peer group in adolescent development, the family is best suited
for helping the adolescent with regard to
A) intimacy.
B) achievement.
C) social interactions.
D) leisure.
Answer: B
Difficulty: 1 Easy
adolescence.
Bloom's: Remember
36
99) Discuss the work of the anthropologist Margaret Mead in shaping our ideas about how
different cultures socialize young people, and compare and contrast the three types of cultures
she described.
Answer: Because of industrialization and technology, the way that cultures prepare young
people for adulthood has changed dramatically. Margaret Mead examined the differences in how
traditional and contemporary cultures socialize their young people, and she speculated on how
cultures may do so in the future.
Mead described traditional, non-industrial cultures as postfigurative cultures. These societies

prepare young people for adulthood almost entirely through contact with elders. The elders teach
children and adolescents what is expected of them and how to perform tasks related to farming,
fishing, and other ways to make a living. This type of socialization works because technology
moves slowly in these cultures, so an adolescent's tasks and knowledge are very similar to those
of his or her parents and grandparents.
In modern societies, changes happen too quickly for postfigurative cultures to be effective
teachers of their young people. For about a century, people have socialized children through
contact with elders and with youngsters from the same age group. This is called a cofigurative
culture. Adolescents may rely on elders for some knowledge, such as how to learn multiplication
or cooking. However, for technology-based tasks such as finding reliable sources on the Internet,
adolescents are likely to rely on those who are about their age and have about the same level of
experience with technology as they do.
What will happen to cofigurative cultures that experience even faster rates of change? Mead
argued that they will become prefigurative cultures. In other words, young people will teach their
elders instead of the other way around.
Whether an adolescent lives in a postfigurative, cofigurative, or prefigurative culture affects what

the adolescent learns, how fast change occurs in the society, and what function the adolescent
plays—student, teacher, or both.
Key Points:
a) Describe the three types of cultures that Mead discussed.
b) Compare and contrast those cultures in terms of the pace of change, the degree of technology
used, and the status of adolescents.
Difficulty: 3 Hard
Bloom's: Analyze
APA LO: 4.1 Demonstrate effective writing for different purposes.
100) Marji, a 10-year-old preadolescent, is going to enter junior high next year. Based on your
37
knowledge of adolescent development, what can you predict about how Marji's relationships
with her friends will change throughout junior high and high school? (HINT: How do childhood
peer relations differ from adolescent peer groups?)
Answer: During the teenage years, peer groups change in significance and structure along four
main developmental lines. First, there is a sharp increase in the sheer amount of time individuals
spend with their peers during adolescence. Adolescents usually spend time during and after
school and on the weekends with other adolescents their same age. Second, during adolescence,
peer groups function much more often without adult supervision than they do during childhood.
As children grow into adolescents, adults allow more time without adult supervision. Third,
during junior high, adolescents will start to form close friendship groups known as cliques with
same-sex friends who have similar interests and characteristics. During later adolescence, more
and more contact with peers involves opposite-sex friends. Sex segregation among peer groups is
less common later in adolescence. Fourth, adolescence marks the emergence of larger collectives
of peers, or "crowds," whose members share similar perceived attributes (e.g., being studious,
being athletic). By the end of high school and later in adolescence, crowds lose their importance
and become more diffuse. Children's peer relationships are mainly limited to pairs of friends and
relatively small groups, so Marji can expect many changes in the years ahead in terms of her
friendships and peer relationships.
Key Points:
a) Sharp increase in time spent with peers
b) Less adult supervision of adolescents
c) Increased contact with opposite-sex friends
d) Larger collectives of peers emerge (crowds), then fade in later adolescence.
e) Same-sex cliques form in early to middle adolescence, before crowds are formed.
Difficulty: 3 Hard
over time.
Bloom's: Create
38
101) Why is there an ethnic separation in adolescents' peer groups? Discuss ways in which
society can break this cycle of separation.
Answer: There are three major explanations for ethnic separation in adolescents' peer groups.
First, residential segregation plays a part in which adolescents become friends. Second, some
ethnic segregation in friendship patterns could be due to differential levels of academic
achievement of adolescents from different ethnic groups. As we have learned about peer groups,
adolescents who are friends usually have similar attitudes toward school and achievement levels.
Finally, there is an attitude difference between these groups. In one study, White adolescents
perceived their Black peers as aggressive and hostile while the Black students felt that the White
students were conceited and prejudiced. These perceptions make the formation of interracial peer
groups unlikely. One way to break out of this cycle of misunderstanding is to bring together
youngsters of different ethnicities at an early age, before they have time to build up stereotypes.
Having friends of different ethnicities can make students feel safer and less vulnerable in
multiethnic classrooms.
Key Points:
a) Some ethnic segregation is due to residential segregation.
b) There are differing levels of academic achievement among adolescents from different ethnic
groups.
c) Ethnic segregation in peer groups could be attitudinal. (Black individuals are perceived as
aggressive, whereas Whites are perceived as conceited and prejudiced.)
d) A way out of this cycle is to bring together youngsters of different ethnicities from an early
age.
Difficulty: 3 Hard
Bloom's: Evaluate
39
102) Tammy uses drugs and alcohol and hangs out with other people who use these substances.
Stephanie engages in antisocial and delinquent behaviors and hangs out with peers who also
engage in delinquency. LaRita has several friends who show signs of depression. Discuss the
process of selection and socialization in regard to Tammy, Stephanie, and LaRita.
Answer: Selection refers to the process in which adolescents are attracted to one another
because of their initial similarity. Socialization refers to whether adolescents become similar
because friends influence each other. In general, studies indicate that both selection and
socialization are at work across a variety of attitudinal and behavioral domains, including school,
achievement, drug use, mental health, and delinquency.
In regard to Tammy, adolescents who use alcohol or tobacco, for example, are more likely to
choose other alcohol or tobacco users as friends, especially when they attend schools with a large
number of substance-using students (an example of selection). By the same token, spending time
with friends who use these substances increases the adolescents' own use as well (an example of
socialization). The more substance-using friends an adolescent has, and the closer he or she feels
to them, the more the adolescent is likely to use alcohol and drugs.
In regard to Stephanie, antisocial adolescents who have few friends, and few aggressive friends
in particular, are likely to become less antisocial over time, whereas those with antisocial friends
who become even more antisocial themselves become more delinquent. In general, adolescents'
level of antisocial behavior tends to become more similar to that of their friends over time,
increasing if their friends are more antisocial than they are, but declining if their friends are less
so.
In regard to LaRita, an adolescent's behavior can be predicted based on the actions of her
friendship group's "profile": high-functioning, maladjusted, disengaged, or engaged. Therefore, if
LaRita's friends show symptoms of depression (as may maladjusted adolescents do), then she is
more likely to have those symptoms as well.
In summary, peer influence (socialization) is far stronger over day-to-day preferences in things
like clothing or music than over many of the behaviors that adults worry about, such as binge
drinking or risky sex. Selection is a stronger factor than socialization when it comes to
delinquency and drug use.
40
Key Points:
a) Define the difference between socialization and selection.
b) Discuss socialization vs. selection in regard to Tammy, Stephanie, and LaRita.
c) Mention that socialization is far stronger over day-to-day preferences than over many of the
behaviors that adults worry about.
Difficulty: 3 Hard
Bloom's: Create
103) The head of the local high school PTA has asked you about the different types of crowds
the students may cluster into. She also wants to know whether (and why) rejected or unpopular
adolescents are at risk for behavioral and emotional problems. Finally, she wants to know if
anything can be done to help unpopular adolescents. What would you tell her?
Answer: Adolescent crowds have been mapped according to their level of involvement in their
peer culture and in adult-valued institutions. Groups range from "jocks" and "populars," who are
high on both dimensions, to "toughs," who are low on both and thus at highest risk for problem
behaviors and gang membership. "Partyers," who are high on peer culture involvement but low
on adult-valued activities, would be particularly susceptible to peer pressure. Because
adolescents' crowds serve as reference groups, they affect an adolescent's identity and the
behaviors that would be consistent with such identity. Adolescents who are rejected by their
peers are at risk for a variety of problems. Peer rejection is associated with depression, behavior
problems, and academic difficulties. Rejected aggressive children are at risk for conduct
problems and antisocial activity, and rejected withdrawn children are at risk for low self-esteem,
depression, and diminished social competence. Children can move from one group to another
throughout adolescence, so it is important to know how to help them. Since social competence is
the factor most strongly associated with popularity, programs designed to help unpopular
children have typically sought to teach social skills, social understanding, and social problem
solving. These have had some success, at least with elementary school children. These
interventions have shown promising results, but further research is needed to determine the best
course of action to help unpopular teenagers.
41
Key Points:
a) Adolescent crowds can be mapped along dimensions of involvement in peer culture and adult-
valued activities, which affects adolescents' values and behavior.
b) Crowds serve as reference groups that affect adolescents' identity and behavior.
c) Peer rejection is associated with serious problems emotionally and behaviorally.
d) Social competence is the primary factor associated with popularity.
e) Programs designed to help unpopular children develop social competence have had some
degree of success.
Difficulty: 3 Hard
Bloom's: Create
APA LO: 2.3 Engage in innovative and integrative thinking and problem solving.
104) Describe the ways that adolescents are bullied by peers (be sure to include the prevalence
for each type). What are the consequences of experiencing victimization by peers? Are the
consequences different for online bullying versus in-person bullying? How do adolescents
typically respond to bullying? What is the best way to get a bully to stop?
Answer: Young adolescents who are victimized by their peers typically develop problems that
lead to further peer rejection and victimization. In fact, victimization undermines feelings of
academic competence, academic performance, and school engagement, which has cascading
effects well beyond adolescence. Individuals can be exposed to direct victimization (when they
are the victims) or indirect victimization (when they witness harassment or victimization, but
they aren't themselves victimized). Studies of American and European youth indicate that about
one-third of students report having been physically bullied at some time during the past year.
Interestingly, one study found that bullying is more common in countries that have more income
inequality. Cyberbullying is less common than in-person harassment. Those who engage in
traditional bullying (in person) are also likely to frequently engage in cyberbullying. Similarly,
adolescents who are frequently bullied in person are likely to also be the victims of online
harassment.
Students who are harassed by their classmates, whether in person or electronically, report a range
of adjustment problems (low self-esteem, depression, suicidal ideation, and academic
difficulties). Individuals who report being bullies are more likely to show problems in social
skills and in the control of aggression. Many of the same adolescents who report having been
victimized also report bullying others; these adolescents have the greatest adjustment problems.
42
Test Bank for Adolescence, 12th Edition Laurence Steinberg
Adolescents who are bullied typically respond to bullies in one of four ways: those who are
mainly passive (ignoring the bully), those who are mainly aggressive (fighting back), those who
are likely to seek support (telling a parent), and those who did a little of everything. Research
indicates that victims who use passive strategies (ignoring or walking away from the bully)
reported the fewest number of emotional or behavioral problems.
Key Points
a) Describe victimization.
b) Discuss cyberbullying and in-person bullying.
c) Describe the effects of victimization and bullying.
d) Identify methods of responding to victimization.

Difficulty: 3 Hard
Bloom's: Create
43
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6) Which of these would you expect to find in a cofigurative society?

20) A more sophisticated understanding of social relationships leads adolescents to group

22) Which of the following is an example of a universalistic norm in contemporary American

30) What have studies shown to be true of antisocial youth?

31) In contrast to crowds, cliques

39) Mixed-sex cliques start becoming more prevalent during

45) By the end of high school, crowds

57) Which of the following statements about friendship stability is true?

66) During which period are friendships most likely to end?

83) Which of the following statements about cyberbullying is true?

85) Which of the following is a common finding of recent cyberbullying studies?

89) Many adults incorrectly believe that cyberbullying is usually

Mead described traditional, non-industrial cultures as postfigurative cultures. These societies

Whether an adolescent lives in a postfigurative, cofigurative, or prefigurative culture affects what

a) Describe the three types of cultures that Mead discussed.

a) Sharp increase in time spent with peers

b) Less adult supervision of adolescents

c) Increased contact with opposite-sex friends

d) Larger collectives of peers emerge (crowds), then fade in later adolescence.

a) Some ethnic segregation is due to residential segregation.

a) Define the difference between socialization and selection.

b) Discuss socialization vs. selection in regard to Tammy, Stephanie, and LaRita.

c) Peer rejection is associated with serious problems emotionally and behaviorally.

d) Social competence is the primary factor associated with popularity.

b) Discuss cyberbullying and in-person bullying.

c) Describe the effects of victimization and bullying.

d) Identify methods of responding to victimization.

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