Index
Note: Page numbers followed by “f ” and “t” refer to figures and tables, respectively.
A herpes simplex virus-2 and human
Abortion
endometriosis studies
induced abortion, 274
spontaneous abortion, 274
global induced abortion
legal issues, 245 246
overview, 244 247
safety, 245
unsafe abortion
costs, 247
incidence, 245 246, 246f, 247f
mortality and morbidity, 246 247
health insurance, 49 50
medical methods, 235 236
overview, 235
prospects for study, 248
public health impact, 247 248
surgical techniques, 235 236
surveillance
global, 237
United States, 236 237
United States induced abortion
barriers, 238 239, 244 245
demographic characteristics, 239 242,
241t, 242f
morbidity
late complications, 244
medical abortion complications,
244
overview, 243 244
surgical complications, 243 244
mortality and risk factors, 242 243
numbers, ratios, and rates, 239, 240t
providers, 237 238, 238t
reasons, 237
safety and efficacy, 244
ACA, see Affordable Care Act
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
(AIDS)
cancer association, 512
cervical cancer risks, 1166 1168, 1170f
chlamydia and human immunodeficiency
virus transmission risks,
451
definition, 506
detection of HIV/AIDS, 506
distribution of HIV/AIDS in women,
34 35, 508f, 509f
fertility impact, 512
gonorrhea-human immunodeficiency
virus co-infection, 434
immunodeficiency virus infection
risks, 491
historical perspective, 505 506
human immunodeficiency virus
acquisition and transmission
factors affecting
behavioral factors, 514 515
cultural and environmental factors,
515 516
host factors, 513 514
table of factors, 513t
viral factors, 512 513
overview, 506 507
life expectancy impact and sex differences,
23
natural history, 510 512
posttraumatic stress disorder, 1275
prevention, 516 518
prospects for study, 518
reproductive tract co-infections, 511
social policy and health impact, 738 739
syphilis and human immunodeficiency
virus impact, 469
women in clinical trials, 512
Active Management of Labor (AML), 339,
340f
Activities of daily living (ADLs), 1403 1404,
1404f, 1516
AD, see Alzheimer’s disease
Addiction, see also Alcohol use; Compulsive
buying disorder; Kleptomania;
Pathological gambling; Pathological
love; Smoking; Trichotillomania
diagnosis, 1305 1306
physiological aspects, 1306 1307
psychiatric comorbidity, 1306
treatment
pharmacotherapy, 1307
psychotherapy, 1307
Adiponectin, obesity studies, 865
Adipose tissue, see Obesity
ADLs, see Activities of daily living
Adolescence, see Puberty
Advocacy, women’s health movement,
109 110
AF, see Atrial fibrillation
Affordable Care Act (ACA), 43 44, 46 47,
49 50, 53 54
African Americans, see Race/ethnicity
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD),
vision loss, 1467
1561
Aging, see also Life expectancy; Menopause;
Successful aging
atrial fibrillation risks, 1041f
bone loss, see Osteoporosis
breast cancer risks, 1100 1101
chronic health conditions
breast cancer, 1407
chronic pain, 1407
dementia, 1407 1408
obesity, 1407
overview, 1406 1408, 1406f
cognitive function, see Alzheimer’s
disease; Cognitive function;
Dementia
demographics, 1401 1402, 1403f,
1515 1516
disability measurement, 1403 1404
1404f
end of life care, see End of life care
fecundability effects, 195 196, 196t
health and weathering, 24 27, 25f
hearing loss, see Hearing loss
incontinence, see Fecal incontinence;
Urinary incontinence
ischemic heart disease risks, 976
life course epidemiology and reproductive
aging, 124
long-term care, see Long-term care
measurement issues in morbidity,
disability and mortality, 1411 1412
migraine effects, 1344, 1344f, 1345f
mortality studies, 1408 1410, 1408f, 1409f,
1409t, 1410f
obesity in elderly women, 866
osteoarthritis, see Osteoarthritis
race/ethnicity and health disparities,
1411
reproductive life cycle, 147f
socioeconomic status, 1401 1402, 1402f
stress, 689
telomere shortening and stress, 28 29
vision loss, see Visual impairment
weathering
global application, 29 30
non-poor black women, 26 27, 27t
stressors, allostatic load, and accelerated
aging, 25 26, 26f
widows, see Widowhood
Agoraphobia, see Anxiety disorders
AI, see Ambulation Index
Aid to Families with Dependent Children
(AFDC), 739, 741
1562
AIDS, see Acquired immunodeficiency
syndrome
Air pollution
asthma risks
indoor, 846
outdoor, 846
lung cancer risks, 648 649, 649t,
1198 1200, 1201t
neighborhood built environment, 755
reproduction hazards, 601
Air travel, venous thromboembolism risks,
1029
Alcohol use, see also Addiction
addiction
clinical course, 1306
epidemiology, 1306
physiological aspects, 1306 1307
psychiatric comorbidity, 1306
psychosocial aspects, 1307
assessment of consumption
patterns and prevalence, 717
self-reporting, 716 717
atrial fibrillation risks, 1042, 1045f
breast cancer studies, 720, 1104 1105
cancer risks, 1235
endometrial cancer risks, 1152
endometriosis studies, 276
history as women’s health issue, 721 722
infertility studies, 258 259
morbidity and mortality
accidental and violent injury, 718 720,
719t
disability-adjusted life-years, 717
mental health, 720
reproduction and sexuality, 720
research needs, 717 720
overview, 715 716
public health interventions, 721
stroke risks, 1006
sudden cardiac death risks, 1047, 1049f
uterine leiomyomata studies, 293
venous thromboembolism risks, 1030
Allergen exposure, asthma risks, 847
Allostatic load, see Stress
Alpazolam, premenstrual syndrome
management, 188
Alzheimer’s disease (AD), see also Dementia
genetics, 1497 1498
overview, 1489 1490
prospects for study, 1498
race/ethnicity effects, 1490 1492
sex differences in incidence and
prevalence, 1490, 1491f
Ambulation Index (AI), multiple sclerosis
evaluation, 790t
AMD, see Age-related macular degeneration
Amenorrhea, definition, 167
AMH, see Anti-mullerian hormone
γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA), premenstrual
syndrome mediation, 183
AML, see Active Management of Labor
Anal incontinence, see Fecal incontinence
Anesthetic gases, reproductive hazards from
exposure, 599 600
Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors
INDEX
heart failure management, 1064
hypertension management, 1074 1077,
1075t
Angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs)
heart failure management, 1064
hypertension management, 1074 1077,
1075t
Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors
heart failure management, 1064
hypertension management, 1074 1077,
1075t
Anorexia nervosa, see Eating disorders
Anti-mullerian hormone (AMH), menopause
transition, 372
Anxiety disorders
cardiovascular disease impact, 993 995
classification, 1257 1258
clinical features
agoraphobia, 1265
generalized anxiety disorder, 1258 1259
panic disorder, 1264 1265
phobias
social, 1265
specific, 1265
complementary and alternative medicine,
66
genetics
family studies, 1260 1261
high-risk studies, 1261
prospects for study, 1264
risk factors
biological factors, 1261 1262
psychosocial factors, 1262 1263
temperamental factors, 1261
sex differences
comorbidity
adults, 1259 1260, 1260f
medical comorbidity, 1260
youth, 1260
prevalence
adults, 1258, 1259f
youth, 1258 1259
treatment, 1263 1264
Arrhythmia, see Atrial fibrillation; Sudden
cardiac death
Arsenic, drinking water and cancer, 650
ART, see Assisted reproductive technologies
Arthritis, see Osteoarthritis; Rheumatoid
arthritis
Asbestos, ovarian cancer risks, 1140 1141
Aspirin
lung cancer studies, 1200 1202
sex differences in response, 1014
venous thromboembolism prevention,
1030
Assisted reproductive technologies (ART)
complications
cycle outcome-related complications,
318
ovarian cancer, 317 318
ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome,
316 317
overview, 316 318
surgical retrieval of oocytes, 318
in vitro fertilization
efficacy, 309f, 315f
indications, 312
overview, 307 309, 308f
protocols, 309 311, 310f, 311f
312f
outcome analysis, 314, 314f
overview, 307
patient selection, 312 314, 313f
prospects for study, 318 319
success prediction, 314 316, 315f, 316f
Asthma
classification, 838, 838t
definitions, 837
diagnosis, 837
management, 838
pregnancy-associated asthma, 839, 840t
premenstrual asthma, 838 839
prevalence trends
European Community Respiratory
Health Survey, 839 842
International Study of Asthma and
Allergies in Childhood, 841 842
prospects for study, 849
protective factors
animal contact, 848
farming, 848
hygiene hypothesis, 848
risk factors
air pollution
indoor, 846
outdoor, 846
allergen exposure, 847
atopy, 845
demographic factors, 844 845
early life events, 845
genetic factors, 845
medication induction, 847
nutrition, 845 846
obesity, 845
occupational asthma, 846
smoking, 846
stress, 847
virus infection, 846 847
sex differences
incidence, 842 844, 842t
prevalence, 843 844, 843t
severity and mortality, 843t, 844
ATM, breast cancer studies, 1116 1117
Atrial fibrillation (AF)
ascertainment, 1040
epidemiology
rates, 1040
trends, 1023
management, 1044
overview, 1039 1044
prospects for study, 1044
public health impact, 1044
quality of life, 1043 1044
risk factors
aging, 1041f
alcohol use, 1042, 1045f
genetic susceptibility, 1042 1043
hypertension, 1040, 1042f
inflammation, 1041 1042
nutrition, 1042
 INDEX
obesity, 1040 1041 genetic epidemiology
physical exercise, 1041 autosomal dominant predisposition,
valvular disease, 1042 1114 1116, 1115f
stroke clinical implications, 1121
prevention, 1043 1044 familial aggregation, 1113 1114
risks, 1006 1007, 1043t 1114f
Autoimmune disease, see also specific diseases low penetrance alleles, 1117 1121
female preponderance, 768 769 1119t
mechanisms, 767 768 moderate penetrance of single genes,
sex hormone modulation, 769 1116 1117
Autonomy, ethics, 1531 prospects for study, 1121 1122
Azathioprine, rheumatoid arthritis genome-wide association study, 137
management, 779 hormone mediation, 1099 1100
Human Development Index correlation,
B 1094 1096
Bacterial vaginosis (BV) incidence and prevalence, 1099
clinical features, 478 479 melatonin studies, 1100
diagnostic criteria, 478 479 mortality, 1131f
epidemiology, 477 478 nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in
pathogenesis, 478 risk reduction, 1108
pregnancy, 480 occupational health, 634
treatment, 479 risk factors
Bacteriuria, see Urinary tract infection age at menarche, 1101
Bartholinitis, gonorrhea, 430 431 aging, 1100 1101
Bazedoxifene, vasomotor symptom alcohol use, 720, 1104 1105
management, 908 benign breast disease, 1107 1108
BBD, see Benign breast disease diethylstilbestrol, 1106
Beneficence, ethics, 1531 environmental exposures, 1107
Benign breast disease (BBD), breast cancer family history, 1101
risks, 1107 1108 lactation, 1102
Beta-blockers mammographic density, 1107
heart failure management, 1062 1064 menopause age, 1102
hypertension management, 1074 1077, nutrition, 1104
1075t obesity, 1102 1103
Binge-eating disorder, see Eating disorders oral contraceptives, 219, 220t,
Birth, see Labor 1105 1106, 1236 1237
Bisexual, see Sexual minority women physical activity, 1103 1104
Bisphenol A (BPA), endometriosis studies, pregnancy-related factors, 1101 1102,
277 1108
Black women, see Race/ethnicity radiation exposure, 1107
Bladder cancer smoking, 1105
environmentsl exposures, 648t screening
occupational health, 633 efficacy
Bladder dysfunction, see Urinary breast self-examination, 1130 1131
incontinence clinical breast examination, 1130
Bladder infection, see Urinary tract infection harm, 1131
Blinding, clinical trial, 99 mammogram, 1129 1130
Blindness, see Visual impairment history of trials, 1127 1129, 1128t
BMD, see Bone mineral density impact, 1131 1132, 1131f
Body mass index, see Obesity prospects, 1132 1133
Bone mineral density (BMD), see also vitamin D supplementation studies,
Osteoporosis 921
menopause studies, 375 376 Breastfeeding, see Lactation
Bowel dysfunction, see Anal incontinence Breast self-examination (BSE), breast cancer
BPA, see Bisphenol A screening efficacy, 1130 1131
BRCA1 Breech, delivery, 340 341
breast cancer studies, 1114 1115, 1117 BSE, see Breast self-examination
mutation and cancer risks, 135 136 BSF, see Building Strong Families
BRCA2 Building Strong Families (BSF),
breast cancer studies, 1114 1115, 1117 741 742
mutation and cancer risks, 135 136 Built environment, see Neighborhood built
Breast cancer environment
BRCA mutation, 135 136, 661 Bulimia nervosa, see Eating disorders
elderly women, 1407 Burning mouth syndrome, 1476 1477
environmental exposures, 648t, 659 661 BV, see Bacterial vaginosis
1563
C
CABG, see Coronary artery bypass grafting
Cadmium
endometriosis studies, 277 278
reproductive hazards from exposure, 598
Caffeine
infertility studies, 259
uterine leiomyomata studies, 293
Calcium, colorectal cancer protection, 1212
Calcium channel blockers, hypertension
management, 1075t, 1076
CAM, see Complementary and alternative
medicine
Cancer, see also Occupational health
specific cancers
burden estimation, 1085 1086
cardiovascular disease mortality
comparison, 13f
estimated new cases and deaths by
gender, 14f
Human Development Index correlation
breast cancer, 1094 1096
cervical cancer, 1092
countries in index, 1097
endometrial cancer, 1092 1093
incidence, 1087t, 1088 1089, 1089f
1091f
mortality, 1089 1090, 1089f, 1090f
ovarian cancer, 1092
overview, 1086
prospects for study, 1096
mortality trends by cancer type, 15f, 17f
oral contraceptive risk studies
breast cancer, 1236 1237
endometrial cancer, 1237
ovarian cancer, 1237
persistent challenges, 1082 1083
prevention
alcohol use limitation, 1235
behavior modification, 1238
chemoprevention, 1235 1236
nutrition, 1233 1234
overview, 1231, 1232t
physical activity, 1234
prospects for study, 1237 1238
skin cancer, 1235
smoking cessation, 1234 1235
vaccination, 1236
weight control, 1231 1233
progress in research, 1082
prospects for study, 1083 1084
sex differences in common cancers
incidence
lifestyle and hormonal differences,
1093 1094
occupational health, 1094
overview, 16f, 1093 1094, 1093f
survival
colorectal cancer, 1095
lung cancer, 1095 1096
melanoma, 1095
overview, 1094 1096, 1096f
Candidiasis, see Vulvovaginal candidiasis
Cardiac arrhythmia, see Atrial fibrillation;
Sudden cardiac death
1564
Cardiomyopathy, see Heart failure
Cardiovascular disease (CVD)
biomarkers, 959 960, 959f
cancer mortality comparison, 13f
clinical trial history in women, 111
demographics, 949 950, 951t
diabetes and coronary heart disease,
886 888, 955 956, 955f, 978
diagnosis of coronary heart disease
coronary computed tomography
angiography, 981
coronary flow reserve measurement,
981 982, 983f
exercise electrocardiography, 980
myocardial perfusion imaging, 981
overview, 979 982
stress echocardiography, 980 981, 980f
disparities among women, 944
dyslipidemia risks and prevention,
953 954, 954f, 967, 969 971, 969t,
970f, 977 978
emotion impact on disease
anxiety, 993 995
depression
coronary heart disease,
992, 994 995
established patient studies, 994 996
heart failure, 992, 995
stroke, 992 993, 995 996
mechanisms
behavioral pathways, 996 997, 997f
physiological pathways, 996, 997f
mood disorders, 993 994
overview, 991 992
positive emotion impact, 994
treatment implications, 997 998
family history, 950 951
gestational diabetes mellitus and risks, 324
hypertension risks, 952 953, 953f,
976 977, 997f
intervention study history, 107 108
ischemic heart disease management
coronary artery bypass grafting, 984
medical management, 982 983
microvascular coronary dysfunction,
985 986
percutaneous coronary intervention,
983 984, 983f, 985f
stress-induced cardiomyopathy,
984 985, 985f
lactation and prevention, 327 328
lifetime prevalence of heart disease, 10f
menopause and risks, 377 378
mortality, 9f, 949, 950f, 975
nutrition interactions, 957 959, 957t, 958t
obesity risks, 956 957, 958f
observational study history, 108 109
oral contraceptive risks, 218 219, 219f
periodontal disease shared risk factors,
1480t
physical activity in prevention, 954 955,
955f
precocious puberty risks, 151 152
preeclampsia induction, 326 327
prospects for study, 944 946, 960, 986
INDEX
risk factor classification
modifiable risk factors, 976 978
non-modifiable risk factors, 976
overview, 943, 975 978, 976t
risk reduction goals, 965t
sex differences in myocardial infarction
hospital mortality, 34f
sexual minority women risks, 84
smoking risks, 708 709, 951 952
952f
stroke, see Stroke
sudden cardiac death with coronary heart
disease, 1046
symptoms of coronary heart disease in
women, 978
trends in female mortality and morbidity,
675 677
venous thromboembolism, see Venous
thromboembolism
vitamin D supplementation studies,
918 919
Caregiving
outcomes, 1518 1519
stress from informal caregiving, 688 689
women as caregivers
informal, 1518
institutional caregiving, 1520 1521
Caries, see Oral health
Carotid endarterectomy (CEA), sex
differences in outcomes, 1014 1015
Case-control study
case-cohort design, 101
case-crossover design, 102
case-only design, 102
cumulative case-control design, 102
matching, 102
nested case-control design, 100 101
sampling controls, 101f
Case report, 103
Case series, 103
Cataract, vision loss, 1464 1465
CBD, see Compulsive buying disorder
CBE, see Clinical breast examination
CBT, see Cognitive behavioral therapy
CCP, see Citrullinated peptide
CCTA, see Coronary computed tomography
angiography
CDH1, breast cancer studies, 1116
CDSP, see Chronic diseases with structural
pathology
CEA, see Carotid endarterectomy
Central sensitivity, see specific disorders
CER, see Comparative effectiveness
research
Cerebrovascular disease, see Stroke
Cervical cancer, see also Human papilloma
virus
algorithm for prevention, 1186f
classification of oncogenic changes,
524 525, 525t
histopathology, 1159 1160
Human Development Index correlation,
1092
human immunodeficiency virus
association, 512
incidence and mortality
global perspective, 1160 1161, 1161f,
1162f, 1163f, 1164f, 1165t
trends, 1161 1162, 1166f
natural history, 1162 1163, 1175 1177,
1176f
oral contraceptive risks, 219 220, 220f
prospects for study, 1170 1171
risk factors
environmental risk factors, 1167 1170
host factors, 1166 1168
human papilloma virus
infection, 1163 1164
types, 1164 1166, 1168f
nutrition, 1169 1170
oral contraceptives, 1168
smoking, 1169
screening and diagnosis
integration of primary and secondary
prevention, 1185 1186, 1186f
overview, 528 530, 1183t
Papanicolau test
classification system, 1179t
cytology, 1178f
slide preparation, 1180f
technique, 1177f
secondary prevention with human
papillomavirus screening,
1180 1182
test parameters, 1176
vaccination in prevention, see Human
papilloma virus
Cervical cap, contraception, 214 215
Cervicitis, see Gonorrhea; Mucopurulent
cervicitis
Cesarean section, 336 337
CFS, see Chronic fatigue syndrome
CHEK2, breast cancer studies, 1116
Chemical odor intolerance, see Multiple
chemical sensitivity
Chewing tobacco, see Smokeless tobacco
CHHP, see Chicago Housing for Health
Partnership
Chicago Housing for Health Partnership
(CHHP), 738 739, 744 745
Chlamydia
complications, 450
control
male screening, 454
partner services, 454
programs, 454
screening frequency, 454 455
diagnosis
cervical specimens, 452
cost-effectiveness, 455
liquid Pap specimens, 452 453
sensitivity and specificity of tests, 452t
urine specimens, 453
vaginal specimens, 453
epidemiology
adolescents, 445 448
age-specific prevalence, 446f
overview, 445, 446f
race effects, 447
trends, 447f

gonorrhea co-infection management,
436 437
human immunodeficiency virus
transmission risks, 451
management regimens, 453 454, 453t
microbiology, 451 453
natural history, 448
overview, 445
screening, 448 449, 454 455
sequelae
ectopic pregnancy and infertility, 451
neonatal transmission, 451
overview, 450 451
syndromes
mucopurulent cervicitis, 449
pelvic inflammatory disease, 449 450
urethritis, 449
transmission, 448
Cholesterol, see Dyslipidemia
Chronic diseases with structural pathology
(CDSP), central sensitization,
1334 1335
Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS)
clinical features, 1323
diagnostic criteria, 1321, 1322t
epidemiology, 1322 1323
pathophysiology
neuroendocrine system, 1324
neuropsychological function, 1324 1325
psychiatric and psychosocial factors,
1325
virus immune response, 1323 1324
prognosis, 1323
treatment, 1326 1327
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
(COPD), smoking risks, 709
Chronic pain, see also specific conditions
elderly women, 1407
Chronic pelvic pain (CPP)
definition, 535 536
diagnosis, 536, 544 545
epidemiological study design, 545
global issues, 546
infertility, 536 541
overview, 535 536
pelvic inflammatory disease association,
535, 537 541, 538t
prevention and self-care, 545 546
prospects for study, 546
risk factors, 541 542
susceptibility/exposure markers, 542
treatment, 544 545
trends, 536
Cigarettes, see Smoking
Citrullinated peptide (CCP), antibodies in
rheumatoid arthritis, 776
Clinical breast examination (CBE), breast
cancer screening efficacy, 1130
Clinical trial
blinding, 99
data analysis, 99 100
human immunodeficiency virus trials
with women, 512
inclusion of women, 112 113
phases, 99
INDEX
placebo, 99
randomization, 98 99
Clonidine, vasomotor symptom
management, 905 906
Cochlear implant, 1459, 1459f
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)
addiction management, 1307
anxiety management, 1263 1264
chronic fatigue syndrome management,
1326
kleptomania management, 1310
premenstrual syndrome management,
188
schizophrenia management, 1289
sex differences in treatment response,
1253
Cognitive function, see also Alzheimer’s
disease; Dementia
hormone replacement therapy studies,
1495 1497, 1496f
overview, 1489
physical activity benefits, 1494
successful aging cognitive stimulation,
1547 1548
Colorectal cancer (CRC)
adenomas and polyps, 1214 1215
epidemiological study design, 1216
incidence
global, 1210
time trends, 1210
United States, 1209 1210
mortality and survival, 1209 1214
nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug
protection, 1213
prospects for study, 1216
risk factors
diabetes, 1210 1211
diet
alcohol use, 1211 1212
calcium protection, 1212
fiber protection, 1212
folic acid, 1211 1212
meat, 1211
vitamin D protection, 1212 1213
genetic susceptibility, 1278
inflammatory bowel disease, 1214
obesity, 1210 1211
physical inactivity, 1210 1211
reproductive factors, 1213 1214
smoking, 1213
screening, 1215 1216
sex differences in survival, 1095
treatment, 1215
vitamin D supplementation studies,
920 921
Combination oral contraceptives, see Oral
contraceptives
Community Health Marriage Initiative, 742
Comparative effectiveness research (CER),
health care, 39
Complementary and alternative medicine
(CAM)
anxiety disorder management, 66
biological markers of response
neuroimaging markers, 70 71
1565
physiological and genomic markers,
69 70
psychological markers, 70
definition, 57
depression management
mind-body modalities, 67
natural products, 67
fibromyalgia management
integrative approach, 65
mind-body and manipulative
modalities, 64 65
natural products, 65
irritable bowel syndrome management
mind-body and manipulative
modalities, 65
natural products, 65 66
overview, 1360 1361
menstrual disorder management
mind-body and manipulative
modalities, 68
natural products, 68
overview, 67 68
modalities in women
demographics of use, 58 61, 59t
63f
health behaviors and self-efficacy,
63 64
overview, 57
perceptions of use, 61 63
reasons for use, 60t, 61, 62t
prospects for study, 72
public health impact, 71 72
research trends, 58, 58f, 71 72
rheumatoid arthritis management, 781
vasomotor symptoms
mind-body and manipulative
modalities, 68 69
natural products, 69
Compulsive buying disorder (CBD)
clinical course, 1312
diagnosis, 1311 1312
epidemiology, 1312
etiology, 1312
psychiatric comorbidity, 1312
treatment, 1312
Condom
female, 213 214
male, 212 213
Congestive heart failure, see Heart failure
Conjunctivitis, gonorrhea, 431
Constipation, end of life care, 1534, 1534t
Contraception, see also specific forms
cervical cap, 214 215
condom
female, 213 214
male, 212 213
costs, 210, 214f
effectiveness, 209 210, 213t
eligibility criteria, 210 212, 213t
emergency contraception, 227, 227t
injections
depo-medroxyprogesterone acetate
adverse effects, 224 225
endometrial changes, 224
fertility return, 224, 224f
1566
Contraception (Continued)
formulations, 223 225
health benefits, 225, 225t
ovulatory suppression, 224
pharmacokinetics, 224
norethindrone enanthate, 226
progestin-estrogen monthly injections,
226
intrauterine device
adverse effects, 228 230
contraindications, 230
effectiveness, 227 228, 227t
fertility after removal, 228, 228t
mechanism of action, 228
safety, 230
types, 227 230
natural methods, 215
pill, see Oral contraceptives
spermicides, 212
sponge, 215
sterilization
effectiveness, 231
overview, 230 231
techniques, 230 231
subdermal implants
effectiveness, 226
eligibility criteria, 227
mechanism of action, 226
side effects, 226, 226t
trends in use by type, 209 210, 210t
211t
COPD, see Chronic obstructive pulmonary
disease
Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG),
984
Coronary computed tomography
angiography (CCTA), coronary
heart disease diagnosis, 981
Coronary flow reserve, measurement with
ultrasound, 981 982, 983f
Coronary heart disease, see Cardiovascular
disease; Myocardial infarction
Corticosteroids, see Glucocorticoids
CPP, see Chronic pelvic pain
C-reactive protein (CRP)
atrial fibrillation association, 1024 1025
cardiovascular disease biomarker, 959,
959f
CRC, see Colorectal cancer
Cretinism, iodine deficiency, 885 886
Cross-sectional study, design, 102 103
CRP, see C-reactive protein
CVD, see Cardiovascular disease
Cyclosporine A, rheumatoid arthritis
management, 779
Cystatin C, cardiovascular disease
biomarker, 960
Cystitis, see Urinary tract infection
D diabetes mellitus
D-dimer, cardiovascular disease biomarker,
960
DDT
fecundability effects, 199
menstrual cycle effects, 171
INDEX
precocious puberty induction, 157 158
Deafness, see Hearing loss
Deep vein thrombosis (DVT), see also Venous
thromboembolism
combination oral contraceptive risks, 218,
219t
overview, 1021
Well’s clinical prediction rule, 1022t
Deficit Reduction Act (DRA), 741
Delirium, end of life care, 1534
Delivery, see Labor
Dementia, see also Alzheimer’s disease;
Cognitive function
elderly women, 1407 1408
overview, 1489 1490
prospects for study, 1498
race/ethnicity effects, 1490 1492
risk factors
depression, 1494 1495, 1495f
diabetes, 1494
dyslipidemia, 1492 1493
metabolic syndrome, 1492
obesity, 1493 1494, 1493f
overview, 1492 1495, 1492t
sex differences in incidence and
prevalence, 1490, 1491f
Dental care, see Oral health
Depo-medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA)
adverse effects, 224 225
endometrial changes, 224
fertility return, 224, 224f
formulations, 223 225
health benefits, 225, 225t
ovulatory suppression, 224
pharmacokinetics, 224
uterine leiomyomata studies, 294 295
venous thromboembolism risks, 1029
Depression, see also Mood disorders
cardiovascular disease impact
coronary heart disease, 992, 994 995
established patient studies, 994 996
heart failure, 992, 995
stroke, 992 993, 995 996
complementary and alternative medicine
mind-body modalities, 67
natural products, 67
dementia risks, 1494 1495, 1495f
diabetes association, 888
menopause, 374 375
menopause, 910
pathophysiology, 66 67
pharmacotherapy, 66 67
smoking relationship, 702
stroke risks, 1007
vitamin D supplementation studies,
922 923
DES, see Diethylstilbestrol
DGI, see Disseminated gonococcal infection
Diabetes mellitus, see also Gestational
blood lipids, 969
classification, 883 884
colorectal cancer risks, 1210 1211
coronary heart disease risks, 886 888,
955 956, 955f, 978
dementia risks, 1494
diagnostic criteria, 885t
endometrial cancer risks, 1152
epidemiology, 883 884
health consequences
type 1 disease, 885 895
type 2 disease
coronary heart disease, 886 888
depression, 888
mortality, 887
quality of life, 888
stroke, 887
oral health relationship, 1484
osteoporosis risks, 937 939
pregnancy considerations, 889
prevention, 891
prospects for study, 891 894
risk factors
type 1 disease, 884 885
type 2 disease, 884 885
stroke risks, 1007
treatment, 890 891
venous thromboembolism risks, 1031
vitamin D supplementation studies in
type 2 disease, 919
Diabetic retinopathy, vision loss, 1467 1468
Diet, see Nutrition
Diethylstilbestrol (DES)
breast cancer risks, 1106
fecundability effects, 198
uterine leiomyomata studies, 295
Digoxin, heart failure management,
1064 1065
Dilatation and evacuation, abortion
induction, 235
Dioxin
endometriosis studies, 277
uterine leiomyomata studies, 296
Disease Steps Scale (DS), multiple sclerosis
evaluation, 790t
Disseminated gonococcal infection (DGI)
clinical features, 433
treatment, 439
DMPA, see Depo-medroxyprogesterone
acetate
DNA adducts, environmental exposure/
cancer susceptibility markers,
657 658
DRA, see Deficit Reduction Act
Drinking water, cancer from exposures,
649 650
Drug-induced lupus, 812 813
Dry eye syndrome, sex differences, 1469
DS, see Disease Steps Scale
DUB, see Dysfunctional uterine bleeding
DVT, see Deep vein thrombosis
Dysfunctional uterine bleeding (DUB),
167 168
Dyslipidemia
cardiovascular disease risks and
prevention, 953 954, 954f, 967,
969 971, 969t, 970f
dementia risks, 1492 1493
epidemiology, 168
factors affecting blood lipids

diabetes, 969
hormone replacement therapy, 969
lactation, 968 969
menopause, 969
menstruation, 968
obesity, 969
oral contraceptives, 968
polycystic ovary syndrome, 969
pregnancy, 968 969
ischemic heart disease risks, 977 978
lipid metabolism, 965 967
pharmacotherapy mechanisms of action,
966 967, 966t
prospects for study, 971
stroke risks, 1007
trends in lipid levels, 967
venous thromboembolism risks,
1031
Dyspareunia, 351 352
Dyspnea, end of life care, 1533 1534
Dystocia, 339
E imminently dying patient, 1534 1535
Eating disorders
assessment
medical complications, 1298 1299
overview, 1297
self-reports, 1298
structured interviews, 1297 1298
diagnostic criteria, 1293 1294
ethnic differences, 1295
gender ratio, 1294 1295
prevalence, 1294
prospects for study, 1300
risk factors
genetics, 1296 1297
life events, 1296
personality traits, 1296
sociocultural factors, 1295 1296
treatment, 1299 1300
types, 1295
ECHRS, see European Community
Respiratory Health Survey
Ecological study, design, 103 104
Ectopic pregnancy, see Pregnancy
EDCs, see Endocrine-disrupting chemicals
Education
health impact, 671 672
trends for women, 674, 674f
EFM, see Electronic fetal monitoring
Elderly, see Aging
Electromagnetic fields
cancer risk studies, 651
reproductive hazards from exposure,
602 603
Electronic fetal monitoring (EFM), 338 339
Emergency contraception, 227, 227t
Employee Retirement and Income Security
Act (ERISA), 46
Employment, see Occupational health;
Socioeconomic status
ENCODE, see Encyclopedia of DNA
Elements
Encyclopedia of DNA Elements (ENCODE),
134
INDEX 1567
Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs), see alcohol use, 276
also specific chemicals contraceptives
adolescent growth and maturation impact, intrauterine device, 275
157 158 oral contraceptives, 275
endometriosis studies, 276 278 endocrine-disrupting chemicals,
infertility induction, 257 276 278
End of life care gravidity and parity, 274 275
epidemiology of dying, 1527 1528, 1528f gynecological history, 275
ethics menstrual history, 274
euthanasia, 1531 nutrition, 276
palliative sedation, 1532 physical activity, 275 276
physician-assisted suicide, 1531 1532 smoking, 276
principles, 1531 study design, 271 272
health care policies, 1535 treatment
hospice care, 1529 1531 medical treatment, 278 279
medical decision-making, 1532 1533 surgery, 279 280
overview, 1527 ENG, see Etongestrel
palliative care, 1528 1529, 1529f, 1530f Environmental exposure, see specific diseases
symptoms and management and exposures
constipation, 1534, 1534t Environmental tobacco smoke, see Smoking
delirium, 1534 Epidemiologic study, see also specific diseases
dyspnea, 1533 1534 and study types
analytic variables and period of
pain, 1533, 1533t observation, 96
Endometrial cancer cohort study, design, 100
diagnosis, 1147 1148 epidemiology definition, 95
epidemiology error sources, 104 105
geographic distribution, 1148f measures of association, 97 98, 97f, 98t
prospects for study, 1154 measures of occurrence, 97, 97f, 98t
race/ethnicity, 1149 study population
rates, 1149f, 1150f open versus closed, 96f
genetics, 1152 overview, 95 96
Human Development Index correlation, Epidural analgesia, labor, 339 340
1092 1093 Epigenetics, overview, 132
management, 1153 1154 Eplerenone, heart failure management, 1065
markers, 1153 ERISA, see Employee Retirement and
mortality, 1149f, 1150f Income Security Act
oral contraceptive risks, 220, 221f, 1237 Estrogen replacement, see Hormone
pathology, 1147 1148 replacement therapy
prevention and self-care, 1154 Ethnicity, see Race/ethnicity
risk factors Ethylene oxide, reproductive hazards from
alcohol use, 1152 exposure, 601
diabetes, 1152 Etongestrel (ENG)
hormone replacement therapy, 1151 effectiveness, 226
nutrition, 1152 eligibility criteria, 227
obesity, 1150 1151 mechanism of action, 226
physical activity, 1151 1152 side effects, 226, 226t
reproductive factors, 1151 venous thromboembolism risks, 1029
smoking, 1152 European Community Respiratory Health
Endometriosis Survey (ECHRS), 839 842
demographics Euthanasia, ethics, 1531
race/ethnicity, 273 274 Exercise, see Physical activity
socioeconomic status, 274 Exercise electrocardiography, coronary heart
diagnosis, 271 272 disease diagnosis, 980
genetic markers of susceptibility, 278 Exposures, see Occupational health
incidence, 272, 273f
infertility, 256 F
ovarian cancer risks, 1140 Familial hypercholesterolemia, 969
overview, 271 Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA), 572
pathogenesis, 273 Fecal incontinence (FI)
prevalence, 272 273 assessment
risk factors ancillary evaluations, 1440 1441
abortion history, 1438 1439, 1440t
induced, 274 laboratory testing, 1439 1440
spontaneous, 274 overview, 1438 1441, 1440f
1568 INDEX

Fecal incontinence (FI) (Continued) chronic diseases with structural prevention

physical exam, 1439 pathology, 1334 1335 transmission, 498
comorbidity in elderly, 1437t contributing factors, 1335 vaccination, 497
costs, 1431, 1433 1434 disorders, 1332f resources for patients, 498
definitions, 1431 1432, 1432t evidence in fibromyalgia, 1335 Genital warts, see also Human papilloma
epidemiology, 398 399, 1432 1433 overview, 1332 1333 virus
etiology, 1434 1435, 1435f, 1436t pathophysiology, 1333 1334 treatment, 530, 530t
global issues, 1433 peripheral nociception role, 1334 vaccines in prevention, 530 531
management, 1442 1445, 1443t, 1444f, clinical manifestations, 1335 Genome-wide association study (GWAS)
1445f complementary and alternative medicine breast cancer, 137, 1118
prevention, 1443 integrative approach, 65 principles, 137
prospects for study, 1445 1446 mind-body and manipulative prospects, 137 138
1446t modalities, 64 65 Genomics
risk factors, 399 natural products, 65 clinical and public health implications,
screening, 1435 1437 diagnosis, 1335 1337, 1336t 139 140
treatment, 399 management Encyclopedia of DNA Elements, 134
Fecundability, see also Pregnancy non-pharmacological, 1337 1339, 1337t HapMap, 134
estimation, 194 195, 195t overview, 1337 1339 Human Genome Project, 134
factors affecting pharmacotherapy, 1338t, 1339 Internet resources, 133b
age, 195 196, 196t multiple chemical sensitivity overlap, 1380 1000 Genomes Project, 135
environmental exposures, 198 201 nomenclature, 1331 1332 sequencing, 135, 138
intercourse frequency and timing, 195, prevalence, 1331 Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM)
196f prospects for study, 1339 cardiovascular disease risks, 324
medications, 198 Final menstrual period, see Menopause definition, 322
nutrition, 197 Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome, see Perihepatitis diabetes type 2 progression risks, 324, 327
obesity, 202 FMLA, see Family and Medical Leave Act epidemiology, 323
occupational exposures, 200 Folic acid, colorectal cancer risks, 1211 1212 management, 323 324, 327
reproductive tract infection, 196 197 Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), outcomes, 889
smoking, 199 menopause transition, 372 pathophysiology, 323
stress, 197, 199 200 Fracture, see Osteoporosis screening recommendations, 323t
multiple sclerosis impact, 794 795 FRAX, fracture risk assessment, 936 937, Gestational thyrotoxicosis, 884
overview, 193 194, 194f, 216f 938t GH, see Growth hormone
prospects for study, 202 FSDS, see Female Sexual Distress Scale Ghrelin
study design, 201 202 FSFI, see Female Sexual Function Index obesity studies, 866
Female Sexual Distress Scale (FSDS), FSH, see Follicle-stimulating hormone puberty role, 152
355 Fuchs corneal dystrophy, vision loss, 1469 Glaucoma, vision loss, 1466 1467
Female sexual function Glucocorticoids
assessment, 355 G multiple sclerosis management, 787 791
cancer and treatment impact, 352 355 GABA, see γ-Aminobutyric acid rheumatoid arthritis management, 778
female sexual dysfunction Gabapentin, vasomotor symptom Goiter, iodine deficiency, 885 886
anatomy, 400, 400f management, 905 906 Gonorrhea
causes, 350 Gambling, see Pathological gambling clinical presentation
classification, 349 350 Gastric cancer, trends in developed and anorectal infection, 431
decreased libido, arousal, and orgasm, developing countries, 653 asymptomatic infection, 428 430
350 351 GDM, see Gestational diabetes mellitus bartholinitis, 430 431
frequency, 400 Generalized anxiety disorder, see Anxiety cervicitis, 430
pain disorders disorders conjunctivitis, 431
dyspareunia, 351 352 Generations of Hope Communities, 1522 disseminated gonococcal infection, 433
infection, 352 Genetic variation, types, 132 133, 134t pelvic inflammatory disease, 431 432,
vaginismus, 351 Genital herpes 432t
vestibulodynia, 352 frequency, 485 486, 487t perihepatitis, 432 433
risk factors, 400 401 herpes simplex virus-2 pharyngitis, 431
treatment, 401 human immunodeficiency virus skenitis, 431
Interactive Biopsychosocial Model, infection risks, 491 urethritis, 430
347 348 infection correlates, 486, 490f diagnosis
normal function and response, 348 349 spectrum of disease, 492 amplification tests, 435
sexuality through life course, 347 transmission, 486 490 culture, 434
Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI), 353, clinical manifestations, 492 493 Gram stain, 434, 435t
355 herpes simplex virus-1 infection, 491 non-amplification tests, 435
Fertility, see Fecundability; Infertility; atypical genital herpes, 493 specimen collection, 435 436
Occupational health; Reproduction viral shedding, 493 494, 495f epidemiology, 428, 429f
FI, see Fecal incontinence natural history, 494 human immunodeficiency virus co-
Fibroids, see Uterine leiomyomata neonatal herpes, 494 496 infection, 434
Fibromyalgia diagnosis, 496 497 microbiology, 427 428
central sensitization treatment, 497 overview, 427
 INDEX
pregnancy, 433 434 status by sex and poverty status, 36, 37f
prevention and control, 440 uninsured women, 45, 45f, 52f
reporting, 440 infertile patient access and use, 254 255
sex partner management, 440 information technology and Internet
treatment impact, 38 39
chlamydia co-infection, 436 437 multidisciplinary approach, 38
disseminated gonococcal infection, 439 paradigm shift in women’s health, 33 36
follow-up, 440 parturition providers, 337
ideal agent characteristics, 437 439 patient-centered care, 40
pelvic inflammatory disease, 437 439 Primary Care Medical Home model,
regimens, 438t 37 38
resistance, 439 440, 439f sex differences in needs, 34
uncomplicated infection sexual minority women and access
cervix, urethra, or rectum, 437 best practices, 88
pharynx, 437 financial barriers, 87
Gout, rheumatoid arthritis differential personal and cultural barriers, 87 88
diagnosis, 777 structural barriers, 87
Growth hormone (GH), puberty role, women’s interactions with health care
151 152 system, 36, 36t
Gulf War syndrome, multiple chemical women-specific data analysis, 39 40
sensitivity overlap, 1380 Head Start, health impact, 742 743
GWAS, see Genome-wide association study Hearing loss
cochlear structure and function,
H 1449 1450, 1450f
Hair-pulling, see Trichotillomania impact in adults
HapMap, 134 causal pathways
HDI, see Human Development Index cognition and cognitive load, 1456,
Headache, see also Migraine 1457f
diagnostic criteria communication impairment and
migraine, 1342t social isolation, 1456
overview, 1341 cognitive load effects, 1457 1458
tension-type headache, 1343t conceptual model, 1456
incidence, 1341 1344 social isolation effects, 1457
Health care measurement, 1451 1452, 1452f, 1453f
active stakeholding in care, 40 41 presbycusis mechanisms, 1451, 1451f
comparative effectiveness research, 39 prevalence, 1452 1454, 1454t
conditions affecting women poorly prospects for study, 1455 1456, 1460
understood, 34 35 risk factors, 1454 1455, 1455f
gender issues impacting services, 35 36 treatment
health care quality disparities, 36 assistive listening devices, 1458 1459
health insurance aural rehabilitation, 1459
Affordable Care Act, 43 44, 46 47, cochlear implant, 1459, 1459f
49 50, 53 54 hearing aids, 1458
assistance, 53 54, 54f overview, 1458
costs and barriers to care, 51, 52f Heart attack, see Cardiovascular disease
coverage types in United States women, Heart failure
44f ascertainment, 1057 1058, 1062
employer-based insurance, 43 44, cardiomyopathy, 1056 1057, 1057f
571 572 clinical presentation, 1056
impact on services definition, 1055 1056
abortion, 49 50 depression and anxiety impact, 992, 995
chronic illness, 50 51 diagnostic criteria, 1056t
family planning, 47 49 incidence, 1058 1059, 1058f
infertility treatment, 49 management
maternity care, 49, 50f angiotensin receptor blockers, 1064
mental health, 51 angiotensin-converting enzyme
preventive and primary care, 46 47, inhibitors, 1064
47f, 48t asymptomatic left ventricular
Medicaid, 44 dysfunction, 1065
Medicare, 45 beta-blockers, 1062 1064
older women, 52 53, 53f digoxin, 1064 1065
private market individual insurance, 44 eplerenone, 1065
regulation overview, 1062, 1063t
federal, 46 preserved ejection fraction patients,
state, 46 1065
1569
markers
biological markers, 1061 1062
genetic markers, 1062
mortality, 1059 1060, 1059f, 1060f
pathophysiology, 1055 1056
prevalence, 1060 1061
prospects for study, 1065 1066
risk factors, 1061
HELLP syndrome, preeclampsia association,
325 326
Hepatitis C, rheumatoid arthritis differential
diagnosis, 777
Hepatocellular carcinoma
environmental exposures, 648t
oral contraceptive risks, 221
trends in developed and developing
countries, 653
Herpes simplex virus (HSV)
genital herpes, see Genital herpes
types, 485
HGP, see Human Genome Project
Hispanics, see Race/ethnicity
Hormone replacement therapy (HRT)
blood lipids, 969
cognitive function studies, 1495 1497,
1496f
endometrial cancer risks, 1151
migraine studies, 1349 1350
osteoarthritis studies, 379
stroke risks, 1012
uterine leiomyomata studies, 295
vasomotor symptom management
bioidentical hormone therapy, 908 909
cessation considerations, 909
low-dose therapy, 907
progestogens, 907 908, 908f
risks, 906 907, 906t, 907f
tibolone, 908
tissue-selective estrogen complex, 908
transdermal therapy, 907
venous thromboembolism risks,
1025 1027, 1028t
Hospice care, end of life care, 1529 1531
Hot flashes, see Vasomotor symptoms
Housing subsidy, health impact, 737 739
HPV, see Human papilloma virus
HRT, see Hormone replacement therapy
Human Development Index (HDI), cancer
correlation
breast cancer, 1094 1096
cervical cancer, 1092
countries in index, 1097
endometrial cancer, 1092 1093
incidence, 1087t, 1088 1089, 1089f, 1091f
mortality, 1089 1090, 1089f, 1090f
ovarian cancer, 1092
overview, 1086
prospects for study, 1096
Human Genome Project (HGP), 134
Human immunodeficiency virus,
see Acquired immunodeficiency
syndrome
Human papilloma virus (HPV), see also
Cervical cancer; Genital warts
cervical cancer risks
1570 INDEX

Human papilloma virus (HPV) (Continued) symptoms and signs, 887, 888t nutrition, 258
infection, 1163 1164 treatment, 888 obesity, 257 258
virus types, 1164 1166, 1168f Hysterectomy physical activity, 259 260
epidemiology, 525 526 alternatives, 415 417, 415t smoking, 258
historical perspective, 523 clinical guidelines, 417 Inflammatory bowel disease, colorectal
natural history, 1162 1163 costs, 414 415 cancer risks, 1214
oncogenic mechanisms, 524 elective bilateral oophorectomy, 413 Inheritance, overview, 131 132, 139b
pathogenesis, 524 factors affecting rates Institute of Medicine Committee on
prevalence, 1159 age, 409, 410f, 410t Women’s Health Research, 18t
risk factors, 527 528 education, 411, 412t Instrumental activities of daily living
screening and diagnosis, 528 530, geographic region, 411t (IADLs), 1404, 1516
1180 1182 geography, 409, 411t, 412t Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1)
spectrum of disease, 1170, 1170f pregnancy-related factors, 411 puberty role, 151 152
transmission, 526 527 race, 409 410, 410t uterine leiomyomata studies, 293 294
vaccination historical perspective, 405 406 Insurance, see Health care
capsid vaccines, 1184f hospital stay duration, 414 Interactive Biopsychosocial Model (IBM),
overview, 530 531, 1182 1185 incidence, 406 409, 407t, 408t, 409f, 415t sexuality and health, 347 348
vaccine types, 1182 1183, 1185t indications, 411 412 International Labour Office (ILO), 575 576
virology, 523 524 overview, 405 International Study of Asthma and Allergies
Hydroxychloroquine, rheumatoid arthritis patient centered outcomes, 414 in Childhood (ISAAC), 841 842
management, 779 prevalence, 409 Interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT), sex
Hyperlipidemia, see Dyslipidemia prospects for study, 417 418 differences in treatment response,
Hypertension, see also Preeclampsia types and surgical routes, 412 413 1253
age- and race-dependence in United States 413t Intimate partner violence (IPV)
women, 23 24, 24f, 25f challenges for study, 730 731
ascertainment, 1069 1070 I posttraumatic stress disorder, 1275
atrial fibrillation risks, 1040, 1042f IADLs, see Instrumental activities of daily prevalence, 725 726, 726f
cardiovascular disease risks, 952 953, 953f living risk factors, 726 730, 727f, 728t
classification, 1070t IBM, see Interactive Biopsychosocial Model Intrauterine device (IUD)
definition, 1069 IBS, see Irritable bowel syndrome adverse effects, 228 230
ischemic heart disease risks, 976 977, 997f IGF-1, see Insulin-like growth factor-1 contraindications, 230
management ILO, see International Labour Office effectiveness, 227 228, 227t
control achievement, 1072 Implanon, see Etongestrel endometriosis studies, 275
elderly women, 1077 Incontinence, see Fecal incontinence; Urinary fertility after removal, 228, 228t
lifestyle modification incontinence mechanism of action, 228
diet, 1073 1074, 1074t Index rate, case-control study, 100 safety, 230
exercise, 1074 Induced abortion, see Abortion types, 227 230
weight loss, 1073 Induction period, 96 venous thromboembolism risks, 1029
pharmacotherapy, 1074 1077, 1075t Infertility, see also Assisted reproductive In vitro fertilization, see Assisted
pregnancy, 1076 1077 technologies reproductive technologies
young women, 1076 clinical presentation Iodine
menopause, 1072 endometriosis, 256 deficiency, 885 886
overview, 1069 oocyte production disorders, 255 256 intake recommendations, 885t
pregnancy, 1071, 1071t, 1076 1077 sperm dysfunction, 257 Ionizing radiation, see Radiation
risk factors tubal disease, 256 IPT, see Interpersonal psychotherapy
genetics, 1072 1073 unexplained causes, 257 IPV, see Intimate partner violence
nutrition, 1072, 1073t uterine and cervical abnormalities, 256 Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
obesity, 1072 definition, 251 definition, 1353 1354
sex and age differences, 11f diagnosis and screening, 260 261 diagnostic criteria, 1353 1354, 1354t, 1359
stroke risks, 1006 emotional impact, 261 262 epidemiological study design, 1355 1356
trends, 1070 epidemiological studies health care seeking, 1356
uterine leiomyomata studies, 296 data sources, 262 263 history of study, 1354
venous thromboembolism risks, 1030 design, 262 263 prevalence, 1354 1355, 1355f
young women, 1070 exposure assessment, 264 265 public health issues, 1361
Hyperthyroidism sample selection, 263 264 risk factors
diagnosis, 889 890, 890t epidemiology, 307, 308f colonic flora, 1357 1358
epidemiology, 888 891 health care access and use, 254 255 early life trauma, 1357
etiology, 889, 889t historical evolution and trends, 251 252, genetics, 1358
symptoms and signs, 889, 889t 252f inflammation, 1357
treatment, 890 891 prevalence, 252 254, 253f lifestyle factors, 1358
Hypothyroidism prospects for study, 265 nutrition, 1358
diagnosis, 888 risk factors stress, 1356 1357
epidemiology, 886 888, 886f, 888f alcohol use, 258 259 susceptibility markers, 1358
etiology, 887, 888t caffeine, 259 symptom subgroups, 1355
risk factors, 887t environmental exposures, 257 treatment
 INDEX 1571
complementary and alternative rheumatoid arthritis impact, 773 Lung cancer, see also Smoking
medicine Lead, reproductive hazards from exposure, air pollution exposure, 648 649, 649t,
mind-body and manipulative 598 1198 1200, 1201t
modalities, 65 Lefluonomide, rheumatoid arthritis environmental exposures, 648t
natural products, 65 66 management, 779 family history, 1196 1197
overview, 1360 1361 Leptin genetic susceptibility, 1197
diet, 1359 obesity studies, 865 geographic trends
general measures, 1359 puberty role, 152 Asia, 1193 1195
medications Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender, international variation, 1191 1195,
bowel disturbance, 1360 see Sexual minority women 1192t
intractable symptoms, 1360 Leukemia, occupational health, 633 634 United States, 1191 1193
pain, 1360 LH, see Luteinizing hormone host determinants, 648, 655 656
psychotherapy, 1360 Life course epidemiology mortality, 706 709, 707f
ISAAC, see International Study of Asthma behavioral and lifestyle risk factors, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug
and Allergies in Childhood 122 studies, 1200 1202
Ischemic heart disease, see Cardiovascular growth nutrition as risk factor, 1198 1199
disease postnataal body size, 121 obesity studies, 1202
prenatal, 121 occupational health, 633, 1200
models, 120 121 oral contraceptive risks, 1202 1203
J
IUD, see Intrauterine device overview, 119 120 physical activity studies, 1202
Jobs, see Occupational health prevention and policy, 126 127 pulmonary disease as risk factor, 1198
psychosocial processes, 122 123 screening, 658 659
Justice, ethics, 1531
reproductive health sex differences
menarche, menstruation, and epidemiology from environmental
K pregnancy, 123 124 exposures, 654
Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS), human reproductive aging, 124 non-smoking lung cancer, 1195
immunodeficiency virus social inequalities, 121 122 survival, 1095 1096
association, 512 statistical analysis, 126 smoking
Kleptomania study design, 125 126 active smokers, 1195 1196
clinical course, 1310 vasomotor symptoms, 124 125 environmental tobacco smoke, 648 651,
diagnosis, 1309 Life expectancy, see also Aging 1196
epidemiology, 1310 acquired immunodeficiency syndrome history of smoking studies, 651 654,
etiology, 1310 impact on women, 23 805f
psychiatric comorbidity, 1309 active life expectancy, 1405 sex differences in risk, 1194t
treatment, 1310 high poverty, high mortality countries, 22, Luteal phase defect, definition, 167
KS, see Kaposi’s sarcoma 22t Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Kurtzke Expanded Disability Status Scale, industrialized countries, 22, 22t menopause transition, 372
multiple sclerosis evaluation, 789t overview, 1404 1405, 1405f uterine leiomyomata studies, 293
race/ethnicity impact, 7f, 8f Lymphoma, occupational health,
L sex differences, 7f, 21 24, 22t 634
Labor United States variability among women,
Active Management of Labor, 339, 340f 23 24, 24f, 25f M
breech delivery, 340 341 weathering, stressors, allostatic load, and Magnesium, sudden cardiac death
care providers, 337 accelerated aging, 25 26, 26f prevention, 1048
cesarean section, 336 337 Life Satisfaction Inventory-version A (LSIA), Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), safety in
dystocia, 339 1546 pregnancy, 602
electronic fetal monitoring, 338 339 Linkage disequilibrium, 131, 132f Mammogram
epidural analgesia, 339 340 Lipids, see Dyslipidemia breast cancer screening efficacy,
induction, 337 338 Liver cancer, see Hepatocellular carcinoma 1129 1130
morbidity Long-term care density and breast cancer risks, 1107
overview, 334 335 age-gender structure, 1516 1518, 1517f Marriage
postpartum hemorrhage, 335 caregiving outcomes, 1518 1519 Community Health Marriage Initiative,
risk factors, 335 336 creative alternatives to traditional settings, 742
sepsis, 335 336 1522 1524, 1523f health impact, 673 674
mortality definition, 1516 stress, 686
child, 338t environmental determinants of quality of Supporting Healthy Marriages, 742
mother, 333 334 care, 1521 1522, 1521f trends for women, 674 675
prospects for study, 343 institutional care, 1520 Mastery Scale (MS), 1546
public health policy, 342 343 prospects for study, 1524 Matching, case-control study, 102
vaginal birth after cesarean, 342 women as caregivers MCS, see Multiple chemical sensitivity
Lactation informal caregiving, 1518 Medicaid, coverage of women, 44, 50f
blood lipids, 968 969 institutional caregiving, 1520 1521 Medicare, coverage of women, 45
breast cancer risks, 1102 Love addiction, see Pathological love Melanoma
cardiovascular disease prevention, Low-density lipoprotein, see Dyslipidemia diagnosis and treatment, 1227
327 328 LSIA, see Life Satisfaction Inventory-version A history of study, 1221
1572
Melanoma (Continued)
incidence and prevalence, 1221 1223,
1222t
mortality and survival, 1222 1223, 1222t
oral contraceptive risks, 221
ozone depletion impact, 1227
prevention, 1226 1227
prevention, 1235
risk factors
genetics, 1223, 1224t
immunosuppressants, 1225
multiple factors in risk prediction,
1225 1226
nutrition, 1225
reproductive factors, 1225
skin type, 1223
ultraviolet radiation
biomarkers of exposure, 1225
solar, 1223 1225
tanning bed, 1225
sex differences in survival, 1095
Melatonin, breast cancer studies, 1100
Menarche, age at
age and breast cancer risks, 1101
overview, 153 154
Menopause
age and duration, 373
blood lipids, 969
bone mineral density studies, 375 376
breast cancer risks with age, 1102
cardiovascular disease risks, 377 378
conceptual models, 379
definition, 371 372, 901
depression, 374 375, 910
estrogen replacement, see Hormone
replacement therapy
history of study, 111, 899 901
hormonal events in transition, 359 360
hypertension, 1072
joint pain, 910
menstruation irregularity management
oral contraceptives, 903
overview, 902 903
obesity effects, 376 377
oral health impact, 1473 1478, 1474f,
1475f
osteoarthritis studies, 378 379
prospects for study, 379 380, 910
rheumatoid arthritis studies, 378
schizophrenia management, 1288
sleep disorders, 910
social/physical context, 373
stages, 901 910, 902f
urinary incontinence, 375
vaginal symptoms
management
estrogens, 910
over-the-counter remedies, 909 910
prospects, 910
overview, 909 910
vasomotor symptoms, see Vasomotor
symptoms
Menstruation
bleeding duration and flow amount, 165
blood lipids, 968
INDEX
cycle length by age, 163 165
164t
disorders, see also specific disorders
bleeding disorders, 167 168
cycle length disorders, 167
dysmenorrhea, 168
epidemiological issues in study, 172 173
ethnic variability, 168 169
final menstrual period, see Menopause
follicular and luteal phase length, 165
geographical variability, 168 169
menopause irregularities, see Menopause
migraine, 1346 1347, 1347t
nutrition effects, 170
obesity effects, 169
occupational and environmental exposure
effects, 170 172
ovulation and anovulation, factors
affecting, 165 167, 166t
physical activity effects, 170
prospects for study, 173
socioeconomic variability, 168 169
stress effects, 170
synchronization of cycles, 172
Mental health, see also specific conditions
alcohol-related morbidity and mortality,
720
insurance coverage, 51
neighborhood built environment impact,
757 758
sexual minority women, 84 85
Mercury, reproductive hazards from
exposure, 598
Metabolic syndrome, dementia risks,
1492
Metabolomics, overview, 139b
Methotrexate, rheumatoid arthritis
management, 779
Metronidazole
bacterial vaginosis management, 479
trichomoniasis management, 477
Mifepristone (RU-486)
abortion induction, 236
complications, 244
Migraine, see also Headache
costs, 1341
diagnostic criteria, 1342t
hormone replacement therapy studies,
1349 1350
incidence, 1341 1344
menstrual migraine, 1346 1347
1347t
oral contraceptive studies, 1347 1349,
1348t
pregnancy association, 1349
prevalence
age effects, 1344, 1344f, 1345f
overview, 1344 1346
race/ethnicity, 1344 1346
sex differences, 1344
socioeconomic status, 1346
stroke association, 1007 1008
Minorities, see Race/ethnicity; Sexual
minority women
Misoprostol
abortion induction, 236
complications, 244
Mood disorders, see also specific disorders
age-of-onset, 1251
ascertainment, 1247 1248
cardiovascular disease impact, 1251
comorbidity, 1250 1251
course, 1251
epidemiology
historical trends, 1248 1249
prevalence, 1249 1250
risk factors, 1252
markers of susceptibility and exposure,
1252 1253
overview, 1247
prospects for study, 1254
sex differences
help-seeking, 1253
treatment response, 1253
social role impact in women, 1251 1252
symptom profiles, 1250
Motor vehicle accidents
alcohol use, 718 720, 719t
neighborhood built environment impact,
757
Moving to Opportunity program (MTO),
737 738, 743 746
MPC, see Mucopurulent cervicitis
MRI, see Magnetic resonance imaging
MS, see Mastery Scale; Multiple sclerosis
MTO, see Moving to Opportunity program
Mucopurulent cervicitis (MPC), chlamydia,
449
Multiple chemical sensitivity (MCS)
bias in prevalence studies, 1389
chemical odor intolerance
cardinal symptom, 1379 1380
differential diagnosis, 1382 1383
1382t
electroencephalography, 1383
lifestyle changes and cognitive task
skills, 1383
trait shyness, 1383
chronic fatigue syndrome overlap, 1380
controls for patient categories, 1388 1389
definition, 1379
demographic variables, 1380
diagnosis, 1382 1383, 1382t, 1387
false-negative outcome reduction, 1388
fibromyalgia overlap, 1380
Gulf War syndrome overlap, 1380
health care provider education, 1387
health profiles, 1380 1381
pathophysiology
inflammation, 1385
neural sensitization, 1383 1385
prospects for study, 1387 1388
quantitative electroencephalography,
1388
sick building syndrome differentiation,
1380
skepticism, 1385 1386
study design, 1389
susceptibility risk factors, 1381, 1381t
treatment, 1386 1387

Multiple sclerosis (MS)
classification, 788t, 791, 794t
clinical features, 791 793, 792t
definition, 785
diagnosis
ancillary testing, 788 791
criteria, 794t
history and physical examination,
787 788
environmental determinants, 786 787
epidemiology, 785 786, 787t
genetic susceptibility, 786
instruments
Ambulation Index, 790t
Disease Steps Scale, 790t
Kurtzke Expanded Disability Status
Scale, 789t
monitoring, 795 796
pathophysiology, 787
prognosis, 793 794
prospects for study, 798
reproduction impact, 794 795
treatment
immunomodulation, 796
immunosuppressants, 796 797
novel therapies, 798
overview, 791 793, 793t
Mycophenolate mofetil, rheumatoid arthritis
management, 779
Myocardial infarction, see Cardiovascular
disease
Myocardial perfusion imaging, coronary
heart disease diagnosis, 981
N calcium protection, 1212
National Evaluation of Welfare-to-Work
Strategies (NEWWS), 740, 745
NDWS, see Notre Dame Widowhood Study
Neighborhood built environment
air pollution, 755
disparities of health outcomes across
groups, 758 759
mental health and social capital impact,
757 758
motor vehicle accidents, 757
nutrition impact, 755 757
obesity impact, 755 757
overview, 753 754
physical activity impact, 755 757
research of health impact
needs, 759 760
prospects, 760 761
study design, 754
sprawl and transportation, 754 755
Neisseria gonorrhoeae, see Gonorrhea
NET-EN, see Norethindrone enanthate
New Hope Project, 740 741
NEWWS, see National Evaluation of
Welfare-to-Work Strategies
Nexplanon, see Etongestrel
NHL, see Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma
NHS, see Nurse’s Health Study
Niacin, mechanism of lipid-lowering
activity, 966 967
Nicotine dependence, see Smoking
INDEX
Night sweats, see Vasomotor symptoms
Noise, reproductive hazards from exposure,
603
Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL), human
immunodeficiency virus
association, 512
Non-maleficence, ethics, 1531
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
(NSAIDs)
breast cancer risk reduction, 1108
colorectal cancer protection, 1213
lung cancer studies, 1200 1202
ovarian cancer protection, 1141
rheumatoid arthritis management,
777 778
Norethindrone enanthate (MET-EN),
contraception, 226
Notre Dame Widowhood Study (NDWS),
1506 1507, 1506f
NSAIDs, see Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory
drugs
Nurse’s Health Study (NHS), 110 111
Nursing home, see Long-term care
Nutrigenomics, overview, 139b
Nutrition
asthma risks, 845 846
atrial fibrillation risks, 1042
breast cancer risks, 1104
cancer prevention, 1233 1234
cardiovascular disease interactions,
957 959, 957t, 958t
cervical cancer risks, 1169 1170
colorectal cancer risks
alcohol use, 1211 1212
fiber protection, 1212
folic acid, 1211 1212
meat, 1211
smoking, 1213
vitamin D protection, 1212 1213
endometrial cancer risks, 1152
endometriosis studies, 276
fecundability studies, 197
hypertension
management, 1073 1074, 1074t
risks, 1072, 1073t
infertility studies, 258
irritable bowel syndrome
risks, 1358
treatment, 1359
lung cancer risk factor, 1198 1199
melanoma risks, 1225
menstruation effects, 170
neighborhood built environment impact,
755 757
oral health factors, 1483t, 1484 1485
osteoarthritis risks, 1423
premenstrual syndrome studies, 183 184,
184f, 185f
puberty effects, 156
rheumatoid arthritis impact, 774
stroke risks, 1005 1006
sudden cardiac death risk modification,
1047 1048
uterine leiomyomata studies, 293
1573
venous thromboembolism risks,
1030 1031
NuvaRing, contraception, 223
O
OA, see Osteoarthritis
Obesity
adolescent growth and maturation impact,
157
asthma risks, 845
atrial fibrillation risks, 1040 1041
blood lipids, 969
body fat distribution, 863 864
breast cancer risks, 1102 1103
brown adipose tissue, 864
cancer prevention with weight control,
1231 1233
cardiac fat, 865
cardiovascular disease risks, 956 957, 958f
classification by body mass index, 855,
856t
colorectal cancer risks, 1210 1211
dementia risks, 1493 1494, 1493f
ectopic fat, 864 865
elderly women, 866, 1407
endometrial cancer risks, 1150 1151
epidemic and trends, 856 858, 856f, 857f,
858f
etiology in United States, 858 860
fecundability effects, 202
genetics, 860
history of study, 855 856
hormone regulation
adipokines, 865 866
gastrointestinal hormones, 866
hypertension
risks, 1072
weight loss for management, 1073
infertility studies, 257 258
lung cancer studies, 1202
management
bariatric surgery, 867
drugs, 867
weight loss trials, 866 867
menopause effects, 376 377
menstrual cycle effects, 169
mortality
cancer, 863, 863f
pregnancy outcomes, 861 862, 862t
total mortality, 860 861, 861f, 862f
muscle fat, 865
neighborhood built environment impact,
755 757
osteoarthritis risks, 1422 1423
ovarian cancer risks studies, 1141
premenstrual syndrome risks, 184 185,
185f
sex and age differences, 12f
sexual minority women, 86
smoking and weight control, 703 704
stroke risks, 1005
sudden cardiac death risks, 1046
uterine leiomyomata studies, 292 293
venous thromboembolism risks, 1024
weight regain in women, 860
1574
Occupational health
asthma, 846
cancer
carcinogen exposure by industry
agriculture industry, 632
healthcare industry, 630
hospitality industry, 630 631
manufacturing industry, 631 632
overview, 631t
service industry, 630
epidemiologic studies
exposure assessment, 635 636
physiological differences, 636
work patterns and international
research, 636 637
overview, 629
prospects for study, 637 638
sites
bladder cancer, 633
breast cancer, 634
leukemia, 633 634
lung cancer, 633
lymphoma, 634
ovarian cancer, 634 635
thyroid cancer, 635
employment of women in United States
age distribution, 569, 569f
education levels, 569
family income contributions, 571
health impact, 672 673
health insurance coverage, 571 572,
573f
historical perspective, 567
hours of work, 568 569, 568f
industry distribution, 570, 571f, 572t
maternity leave, 572
multiple job holders, 569, 569f
numbers, 567 572, 568f
occupation distribution, 569 570, 570t
poverty among working women,
570 571
self-employment, 570 571
sex differences in earnings and benefits,
571, 572f, 572t
trends, 675f
equality and health conflict, 589
exposures to invisible workplace health
determinants, 585 586
family-work balancing, 588 589
fatal injuries and illnesses, 573
fecundability and occupational exposures,
200
injuries in women, 572 573
international perspective
developed/developing split, 576, 577f
diseases, 580t
documentation, 582 583
economic and social responses to
women in workforce, 581 582
hazards in areas of high female
unemployment, 578 581, 579t, 580t
informal sector, 577 578
overview, 575
traditional unpaid employment,
576 577
INDEX
violence as hazard, 581
menstruation and exposure effects,
170 172
musculoskeletal disorders
economic and social burdens, 613 615
endocrine factors, 617 618
interpretation of sex differences
double exposure at work and home,
622 623
exposures, 621 622
interaction between exposure and
gender, 622
overview, 620 624
pain reporting and medical care
seeking, 623
physiological factors, 624
psychosocial environment, 622
mechanisms, 615 616
muscle and connective tissue strength
and physiology, 614t, 617
occupations at risk, 618f, 619, 619f
pregnancy, 618 619
prospects for study, 624
types, 613 616, 614t
physical strain, 603 604
prolonged standing hazards, 586
regulatory agencies, 573
reproductive hazards from exposures
air pollutants, 601
anesthetic gases, 599 600
biological agents, 603
chemotherapy agents, 600
electromagnetic fields, 602 603
environmental tobacco smoke, 600
ethylene oxide, 601
heavy metals, 598
noise, 603
organic solvents, 596 601
overview, 595 596, 597t, 602t
pesticides, 598 599
phthalates, 601
polychlorinated biphenyls, 601
prospects for study, 606 607
radiation, 601 602
ribavirin, 601
risk assessment, communication, and
prevention, 605 606
shift work and circadian disruption, 603
stress hazards, 587 588, 604
study design
exposure assessment, 589 590
reproductive hazards, 604 605
virus infection, 846 847
osteoarthritis risks, 1423
OCPs, see Organochlorine pesticides
OCs, see Oral contraceptives
Office of Research on Women’s Heath
(ORWH), 109 110, 112, 114 115
OHSS, see Ovarian hyperstimulation
syndrome
Oligomenorrhea, definition, 167
1000 Genomes Project, 135
Oral contraceptives (OCs)
blood lipids, 968
breast cancer risks, 1105 1106
cancer risk studies
breast cancer, 1236 1237
endometrial cancer, 1237
ovarian cancer, 1237
cervical cancer risks, 1168
combination oral contraceptives
benefits
antiestrogenic action, 222
long-term fertility, 221 222, 223f
ovarian cyst reduction, 222, 223t
contraindications, 221
drug interactions, 221
effectiveness, 216 217
mechanism of action, 216
pharmacology, 215 216, 216f, 217f
side effects
breast cancer, 219, 220t
carbohydrate metabolism, 218
cardiovascular disease, 218 219, 219f
cervical cancer, 219 220, 220f
endometrial cancer, 220, 221f
hepatocellular carcinoma, 221
liver proteins and coagulation,
217 218, 217f, 218f, 218t, 219t
melanoma, 221
ovarian cancer, 220 221, 222f
pituitary adenoma, 221
emergency contraception, 227, 227t
endometriosis studies, 275
fecundability effects, 198
lung cancer risks, 1202 1203
menstruation irregularity management in
menopause, 903
migraine studies, 1347 1349, 1348t
NuvaRing, 223
OrthoEvra, 223
premenstrual syndrome management,
187 188
rheumatoid arthritis impact, 773 774
stroke risks, 1011 1012
uterine leiomyomata studies, 294
venous thromboembolism risks,
1027 1028
vulvodynia association, 361 362
Oral health
caries, 1480
hormonal effects in women
dental bone changes in aging, 1477
microflora, 1477 1478
oral mucosa changes, 1476 1477
saliva
flow, 1473 1474
quality, 1474 1475
xerostomia, 1475 1476
inflammation, 1480 1482
nutrition factors, 1483t, 1484 1485
periodontal disease and tooth loss,
1478 1479, 1479t, 1480t, 1481f,
1482t
prospects for study, 1485
self-care recommendations, 1476, 1477t
systemic disease relationship
diabetes mellitus, 1484
osteoporosis, 1482 1484
Sjögren’s syndrome, 1482

Organic solvents, reproductive hazards from
exposure, 596 601
Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs),
endometriosis studies, 277
OrthoEvra, contraception, 223
ORWH, see Office of Research on Women’s
Heath
Osteoarthritis (OA)
clinical features
general symptoms and signs, 1418
hands, 1418
hips, 1419
knees, 1418 1419
miscellaneous joints, 1419
spine, 1419
demographic factors, 1420 1421
diagnosis
imaging, 1419 1420
laboratory testing, 1419
geographic distribution, 1421
incidence, 1420, 1421f
management, 1425 1426, 1425t, 1426f
menopause studies, 378 379
morbidity, 1415, 1416f
mortality, 1421
polyarticular osteoarthritis, 1418
prevalence, 1420
primary osteoarthritis, 1417
radiographic criteria
overview, 1417t
quantitative methods, 1416
semi-quantitative methods, 1416
risk factors
genetics, 1424
joint alignment, 1424
joint injury, 1423
joint laxity, 1424
limb length inequality, 1423 1424
muscle weakness, 1424
nutrition, 1423
obesity, 1422 1423
occupation, 1423
overview, 1421 1424, 1422t
physical activity in prevention, 1423
secondary osteoarthritis, 1418
time trends, 1421
Osteoporosis
bone loss
bone mineral density and age, 931f
rates and patterns, 931 933, 932f
successful aging, 933
definition, 929 930
fracture
rates, 933 934, 933t
risk factors
diabetes, 937 939
FRAX in risk assessment, 936 937,
938t
genetics, 84
overview, 935 937, 936f, 937f, 938f
vitamin D insufficiency, 939
secular changes, 934, 935f
genetic association studies, 136 137
mortality, 930t
oral health relationship, 1482 1484
INDEX
pathophysiology, 929 930, 930f
prevalence, 934 935, 935f
prospects for study, 939
public health impact, 930 931
vitamin D supplementation studies,
917 918
Ovarian cancer
assisted reproductive technology risks,
317 318
genetic susceptibility
cancer syndromes, 1138
family history, 1138
mutations, 1138 1139, 1138t
global rates, 1137 1138, 1137f
Human Development Index correlation,
1092
hysterectomy and elective bilateral
oophorectomy, 413
nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in
protection, 1141
occupational health, 634 635
oral contraceptive risk studies, 220 221,
222f, 1237
prospects for study, 1142
risk factors
asbestos, 1140 1141
endometriosis, 1140
hormones
endogenous, 1139
exogenous, 1139
obesity studies, 1141
overview, 1140t
pelvic inflammatory disease, 1140
polycystic ovary syndrome, 1140
reproductive factors, 1139
smoking, 1141
screening, 1141 1142
types and frequencies, 1135 1137, 1136t
Ovarian cyst, oral contraceptive reduction,
222, 223t
Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome
(OHSS), assisted reproductive
technology risks, 316 317
Ovulation, factors affecting, 165 167, 166t
Oxytocin, Active Management of Labor, 339,
340f
P prevention and self-care, 545 546
p53
breast cancer studies, 1116
environmental exposure/cancer
susceptibility marker, 657
PACE, see Program of All-Inclusive Care for
Elders
Pain
chronic pain in elderly women, 1407
end of life care, 1533, 1533t
Palliative care, end of life care, 1528 1529,
1529f, 1530f, 1532
Panic disorder, see Anxiety disorders
Papanicolau test
classification system, 1179t
cytology, 1178f
slide preparation, 1180f
technique, 1177f
1575
Paracetamol, asthma risks in offspring, 847
Parturition, see Labor
Parvovirus, rheumatoid arthritis differential
diagnosis, 777
PAS, see Physician-assisted suicide
Pathological gambling (PG)
clinical course, 1308
diagnosis, 1308
epidemiology, 1308
etiology, 1309
psychiatric comorbidity, 1308
treatment, 1309
Pathological love (PL)
clinical course, 1313
diagnosis, 1312 1313
epidemiology, 1313
etiology, 1313
psychiatric comorbidity, 1313
treatment, 1313
Patient Self-Determination Act (PSDA), 1532
PCBs, see Polychlorinated biphenyls
PCI, see Percutaneous coronary intervention
PCMH, see Primary Care Medical Home
PCOS, see Polycystic ovary syndrome
PD, see Primary dysmenorrhea
PE, see Pulmonary embolism
Pelvic floor disorders, see Anal incontinence;
Female sexual function; Pelvic
organ prolapse; Urinary
incontinence
Pelvic Floor Disorders Network (PFDN), 401
Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
chlamydia, 449 450
chronic pelvic pain association, 535,
537 541, 538t
complications, 433t
diagnosis, 536, 543
diagnostic criteria, 432t, 450t
economic impact, 427
ectopic pregnancy association, 537 541
epidemiological study design, 545
epidemiology, 537
global issues, 546
infertility, 256
intrauterine device risks, 229 230
ovarian cancer risks, 1140
overview, 535 536
prospects for study, 546
risk factors, 541
susceptibility/exposure markers, 542
treatment, 543 544
trends, 536
Pelvic organ prolapse (POP)
anatomy and physiology, 389 390, 390f,
391f
bladder dysfunction relationship, 397
frequency, 389
risk factors, 390 392
staging, 390, 391f, 392t
surveys for assessment, 394t
treatment, 392 397, 393f
Penicillamine, rheumatoid arthritis
management, 779
Peptide YY (PYY), obesity studies, 866
1576 INDEX

Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), Polymenorrhea, definition, 167 parturition, see Labor
983 984, 983f, 985f POP, see Pelvic organ prolapse pelvic inflammatory disease and ectopic
Perihepatitis, gonorrhea, 432 433 Postpartum hemorrhage (PPH), 335 pregnancy association, 537 541
Periodontal disease, see Oral health Postpartum thyroiditis, 894 895 posttraumatic stress disorder in perinatal
Pesticides, reproductive hazards from Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) period, 1274 1275
exposure, 598 599 assessment, 1277 precocious puberty consequences
PFDN, see Pelvic Floor Disorders Network diagnostic criteria, 1271 1275, 1272t intercourse, 158
PG, see Pathological gambling etiology, 1275 1276 maternal growth stunting in pregnancy,
Pharmacogenomics, overview, 139b history of study, 1271 158 159
Pharyngitis, gonorrhea phenomenology, 1276 1277 preterm infants, 158
clinical presentation, 431 sex differences, 1274 rheumatoid arthritis impact, 773
treatment, 437 special female populations schizophrenia management, 1288
Phobia, see Anxiety disorders elderly, 1275 Sjögren’s syndrome effects, 830, 830f
Phthalates human immunodeficiency virus, 1275 smoking cessation, 700
endometriosis studies, 277 incarcerated women, 1274 stroke
reproductive hazards from exposure, 601 intimate partner violence, 1275 coagulation disturbances, 1011
uterine leiomyomata studies, 296 mothers of cancer survivors, 1275 epidemiology and risk factors, 1005f,
Physical activity perinatal, 1274 1275 1008 1010, 1009t
atrial fibrillation risks with exercise, 1041 study design, 1277 1278 preeclampsia, 1010 1011
breast cancer risks, 1103 1104 trauma exposure prevalence, 1273 1274, treatment, 1013
cancer prevention, 1234 1273t syphilis, 469 470
cardiovascular disease prevention, treatment, 1278 systemic lupus erythematosus impact,
954 955, 955f Poverty, see Socioeconomic status 809 810
cognitive function benefits, 1494 PPH, see Postpartum hemorrhage thyroid
colorectal cancer studies, 1210 1211 Preeclampsia diseases, 894 895
endometrial cancer risks, 1151 1152 definition, 324 325 physiology, 884
endometriosis studies, 275 276 epidemiology, 325 urinary tract infection, 555
hypertension management with exercise, management, 326 327 venous thromboembolism
1074 outcomes, 336 overview, 1024 1025
infertility studies, 259 260 pathophysiology, 325 327 prevention, 1025
lung cancer studies, 1202 risks of future disease risk factors, 1025
menstruation effects, 170 cardiovascular disease, 326 327 vitamin D supplementation and outcomes,
neighborhood built environment impact, chronic kidney disease, 326 923
755 757 hypertension, 326 weight management, 327
osteoarthritis prevention, 1423 interventions, 327 work-related musculoskeletal disorders,
premenstrual syndrome studies, 185 186 stroke risks, 1010 1011 618 619
puberty effects, 156 157 Pregabalin, vasomotor symptom workplace hazards, see Occupational
stroke risk reduction, 1005 management, 905 906 health
successful aging exercise guidelines, 1547 Pregnancy, see also Fecundability; Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD)
sudden cardiac death risks, 1046 1047 Preeclampsia epidemiology, 67 68
uterine leiomyomata studies, 293 asthma, 839, 840t complementary and alternative medicine
vitamin D supplementation and physical bacterial vaginosis, 480 mind-body and manipulative
performance, 921 922 blood lipids, 968 969 modalities, 68
Physician-assisted suicide (PAS), ethics, breast cancer risk-related factors, natural products, 68
1531 1532 1101 1102, 1108 definition, 179
PID, see Pelvic inflammatory disease cardiometabolic changes, 321 322, 322f diagnostic criteria, 181t
PILT, see Purpose in Life Test cardiomyopathy in peripartum period, epidemiology, 180 181
Pituitary adenoma, oral contraceptive risks, 1056 1057, 1057f treatment, 187 188
221 chlamydia sequelae Premenstrual syndrome (PMS)
PL, see Pathological love ectopic pregnancy and infertility, 451 complementary and alternative medicine
Placebo, clinical trial, 99 neonatal transmission, 451 mind-body and manipulative
PMDD, see Premenstrual dysphoric disorder overview, 450 451 modalities, 68
PMS, see Premenstrual syndrome diabetes, see Gestational diabetes mellitus natural products, 68, 188
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) diabetic women, 865 diagnostic criteria, 179 180, 180f, 180t
endometriosis studies, 277 endometriosis, gravidity, and parity, definition, 179 180
fecundability effects, 199 201 274 275 epidemiology, 67 68, 180 181, 182f
menstrual cycle effects, 171 172 gonorrhea, 433 434 pathophysiology
precocious puberty induction, 157 158 human immunodeficiency virus infection hormones, 181 183
reproductive hazards from exposure, 601 and fertility, 512 neurotransmitters, 182 183
uterine leiomyomata studies, 296 hypertension, 1071, 1071t, 1076 1077 pharmacotherapy, 187 188
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) intrauterine device complications, 229 prospects for study, 188
blood lipids, 969 migraine association, 1349 psychological therapy, 188
menstrual disturbances, 172 multiple sclerosis impact, 794 795 risk modulation
ovarian cancer risks, 1140 neonatal herpes, 494 496 body composition, 184 185, 185f
uterine leiomyomata studies, 294 obesity and outcomes, 861 862, 862t genetics, 187

nutrition, 183 184, 184f, 185f
physical activity, 185 186
smoking, 186f
substance abuse, 186
Primary Care Medical Home (PCMH), 37 38
Primary dysmenorrhea (PD)
complementary and alternative medicine
mind-body and manipulative
modalities, 68
natural products, 68
epidemiology, 67 68
Progesterone replacement, see Hormone
replacement therapy
Program of All-Inclusive Care for Elders
(PACE), 1522 1523
Proteomics, overview, 139b
PSDA, see Patient Self-Determination Act
Psychosis, see also Schizophrenia
history of study in women, 1284 1285
sex differences in frequency, 1283 1284,
1284t, 1286
PTEN, breast cancer studies, 1115 1116
PTSD, see Posttraumatic stress disorder
Puberty
body composition changes, 155
chlamydia in adolescents, 445 448
factors affecting growth and maturation
endocrine disrupting chemicals,
157 158
ethnicity, 155 156
family size, 157
nutrition, 156
obesity, 157
physical activity, 156 157
socioeconomic status, 157
standard of living, 156
stress, 157
hormonal control
ghrelin, 152
growth hormone-insulin-like growth
factor-1 axis, 151 152
hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis,
151 152
leptin, 152
linear growth changes, 154 155, 155f
maturity indicators
age at menarche, 153 154
relationship among indicators, 154
skeletal age, 154
Tanner stages, 152 154, 153f
precocious puberty consequences
long-term consequences, 159
maternal growth stunting in pregnancy,
158 159
pregnancy, 158
preterm infants, 158
Pulmonary embolism (PE), see also Venous
thromboembolism
combination oral contraceptive risks, 213t,
218
overview, 1021 1023
Well’s clinical prediction rule, 1022t
Purpose in Life Test (PILT), 1546
Pyelonephritis, see Urinary tract infection
PYY, see Peptide YY
INDEX 1577
R factors affecting
RA, see Rheumatoid arthritis lactation, 773
Race/ethnicity nutrition, 774
abortion demographics, 239 242, 241t, oral contraceptives, 773 774
242f pregnancy, 773
adolescent growth and maturation impact, smoking, 774
155 156 socioeconomic status, 774
cardiovascular disease, 949 950, 951t imaging, 776
chlamydia effects, 447 laboratory testing, 776
dementia effects, 1490 1492 menopause studies, 378
eating disorder epidemiology, 1295 outcome assessment, 776
elderly women health disparities, 1411 overview, 771
endometriosis studies, 273 274 pathogenesis, 771 772
history of black women’s health studies, prognosis and outcomes, 781 782
111 112 prospects for study, 782
hysterectomy rates, 409 410, 410t, 411t, sex differences in manifestations, 773 774
412t treatment
life expectancy impact in United States azathioprine, 779
women, 7f, 8f, 23 24, 24f, 25f biological agents, 780
menstrual cycle variability, 168 169 complementary and alternative
migraine effects, 1344 1346 medicine, 781
neighborhood built environment and cyclosporine A, 779
disparities of health outcomes glucocorticoids, 778
across groups, 758 759 gold compounds, 778 779
osteoporosis risk factors, 935 937, 936f hydroxychloroquine, 779
smoking initiation effects, 703 lefluonomide, 779
stress impact, 690 691 methotrexate, 779
stroke rates, 1004, 1005f mycophenolate mofetil, 779
successful aging effects nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs,
Alaskan natives, 1541 777 778
blacks, 1541 novel medical therapies, 780 781
Japanese, 1541 overview, 777 781, 778t
overview, 1540 1541 penicillamine, 779
temperomandibular joint disorder impact, physical therapy, 780
1371 sulfasalazine, 779
weathering surgery, 781
global application, 29 30 tacrolimus, 779
non-poor black women, 26 27, 27t Rhythm method, contraception, 215
Radiation, see also Ultraviolet radiation Ribavirin, reproductive hazards from
breast cancer risks, 1107 exposure, 601
cancer risks RU-486, see Mifepristone
ionizing radiation, 650 651
non-ionizing radiation, 651 S
history of skin cancer studies, 653 SAI, see Successful Aging Inventory
reproductive hazards from exposure, Saliva, menopause effects
601 602 flow, 1473 1474
Randomization, clinical trial, 98 99 quality, 1474 1475
Randomized trial, see Clinical trial Salpingitis, see Pelvic inflammatory disease
Refractive error, vision loss, 1465 1466, SAQ, see Sexual Activity Questionnaire
1466t SBS, see Sick building syndrome
Reproduction, see Assisted reproductive SCD, see Sudden cardiac death
technologies; Fecundability; Female Schizophrenia, see also Psychosis
sexual function; Infertility; diagnostic criteria, 1283
Pregnancy prospects for study, 1289
Research grants, women investigators, 113 sex differences
Resistin, obesity studies, 866 childhood factors, 1287
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) epidemiology, 1283 1284, 1284t, 1286
classification, 774 775 estrogen protection hypothesis, 1287
clinical presentation, 775 776 social factors, 1287 1288
differential diagnosis, 776 777 symptoms, 1287
epidemiology treatment
geographic variation, 772 historical perspective, 1285 1286
incidence trends, 772 773 medications, 1288 1289
rates, 772 menopause, 1288
etiology, 771 772 pregnancy, 1288
1578
Schizophrenia (Continued)
psychotherapy, 1289
Second hand smoke, see Smoking
Sedentary lifestyle, see Physical activity
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
(SSRIs)
premenstrual syndrome management, 187
vasomotor symptom management, 905
Sepsis, maternal, 335 336
SES, see Socioeconomic status
Sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG),
combination oral contraceptive
effects, 217, 217f
Sexual Activity Questionnaire (SAQ), 355
Sexual minority women (SMW)
cancer risks and screening, 84
cardiovascular disease risks, 84
definition, 77 82
health care access
best practices, 88
financial barriers, 87
personal and cultural barriers, 87 88
structural barriers, 87
health
conceptual frameworks, 80 82
history of study, 82 83, 83f
importance of study, 77
prospects for study, 88
research barriers and challenges, 83
life course trajectories, 79 80
mental health issues, 84 85
obesity, 86
population estimates, 78 79, 79t
sexual and reproductive health, 85 86
sexual orientation and gender identity, 78t
stress, 690 691
substance abuse, 86
SHBG, see Sex hormone binding globulin
SHM, see Supporting Healthy Marriages
Shopping, compulsive, see Compulsive
buying disorder
Sick building syndrome (SBS), multiple
chemical sensitivity differentiation,
1380
Sjögren’s syndrome
clinical manifestations
classification wheel, 827f
fatigue, 829 830
gastrointestinal and pancreatic disease,
827 828
malignancy, 830 831, 831f
neurological disease, 828 829, 829f
pulmonary disease, 828, 829f
renal disease, 828
thyroid disease, 828
diagnosis
autoantibodies, 824, 831
criteria, 822 823, 822t
glandular function, 823
importance, 832
pathology, 823 824, 824f
environmental factors, 826 827
epidemiology, 825
genetic susceptibility, 825 826
history of study, 821
INDEX
management
local treatment, 832 833
long-term follow-up, 833
patient education, 832
systemic treatment, 833
markers
autoantibodies, 824, 831
glandular abnormalities, 831 832
malignancy, 832
mortality, 825
oral health relationship, 1482
pregnancy effects, 830, 830f
primary versus secondary, 821 822
prognosis, 825
prospects for study, 833
sex hormone modulation, 826
Skenitis, gonorrhea, 431
Skin cancer, see also Melanoma
environmental exposures, 648t
history of sun exposure studies, 653
host determinants, 654
prevention, 1226
sex differences in epidemiology from
environmental exposures, 654
SLE, see Systemic lupus erythematosus
Sleep disorders, menopause, 910
Smokeless tobacco, use by women, 700 701
Smoking, see also Lung cancer
asthma risks, 846
breast cancer risks, 1105
cancer
mortality, 706 709, 707f
prevention with cessation, 1234 1235
carcinogens, 649t
cardiovascular disease risks, 708 709,
951 952, 952f
cervical cancer risks, 1169
cessation behavior
girls, 700
pregnant women, 700
women, 699 700, 700f
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,
709
cigars, 700
colorectal cancer risks, 1213
determinants in women
depression, 702
nicotine dependence, 701 703
socioeconomic status, 702
weight control, 703
endometrial cancer risks, 1152
endometriosis studies, 276
environmental tobacco smoke
lung cancer, 648 651
overview of health effects, 709 710
reproductive hazards, 600
history of lung cancer studies, 651 654,
805f
infertility studies, 258
initiation
determinants for girls
behavioral factors, 704
nicotine dependence, 706
personal factors, 703 704
race/ethnicity, 703
social and environmental influences,
704 706
socioeconomic status, 703
weight control, 704
overview, 699
international data, 701
ischemic heart disease risks, 708 709,
951 952, 952f
lung cancer
active smokers, 1195 1196
environmental tobacco smoke, 648 651,
1196
history of smoking studies, 651 654,
805f
sex differences in risk, 1194t
ovarian cancer risks, 1141
pipes, 701
premenstrual syndrome risks, 186f
reproductive outcomes, 709
rheumatoid arthritis impact, 774
sex and age differences, 11f, 656 657
698f
trends in females
girls, 698, 699f
heavy smoking
girls, 698
women, 698
women, 697 698, 698f
uterine leiomyomata studies, 293
venous thromboembolism risks,
1029 1030
SMW, see Sexual minority women
Social phobia, see Anxiety disorders
Social policy, health impact
gender segregation implications for
program components, 744 745
Head Start, 742 743
health outcome incorporation into policy
evaluation, 745 748
housing subsidies, 737 739
literature review, 736 737
overview, 735 736
prospects for study, 605 606, 743 748
subgroup analysis, 747
transparency improvement, 746 747
welfare
family strengthening initiatives,
741 742
wage subsidies, 739 741
Socioeconomic status (SES), see also
Occupational health
elderly women, 1401 1402, 1402f
endometriosis studies, 274
health impact
education, 671 672
marriage, 673 674
prospects for study, 678 680
work, 672 673
health insurance coverage studies,
see Health care
menstruation effects, 168 169
migraine effects, 1346
puberty studies, 157
rheumatoid arthritis impact, 774
smoking relationship, 702 703
 INDEX 1579
temperomandibular joint disorder impact, race/ethnicity, 1004, 1005f Japanese, 1541
1372 trends, 1004 overview, 1540 1541
trends for women genetics, 1012 1013 resilience, 1542 1543, 1542t
education, 674, 674f pregnancy Successful Aging Inventory (SAI), 1543 1545
employment, 675f coagulation disturbances, 1011 Sudden cardiac death (SCD)
impact on health, 677 678, 678f, 679f epidemiology and risk factors, 1005f, biomarkers, 1048
marriage, 674 675 1008 1010, 1009t genetics, 1048 1049
Spermicides, contraception, 212 preeclampsia, 1010 1011 overview, 1044 1049
Sponge, contraception, 215 treatment, 1013 prospects for study, 1049
SSRIs, see Selective serotonin reuptake prevention public health impact, 1049
inhibitors guidelines, 1015t risk factors
Statins primary versus secondary prevention, alcohol use, 1047, 1049f
familial hypercholesterolemia 1014 1015 coronary heart disease, 1046
management, 969 public health impact, 1015 nutrition, 1047 1048
mechanisms of action, 966 967 sex differences obesity, 1046
trends in use, 968f aspirin response, 1014 physical activity, 1046 1047
Stealing, see Kleptomania carotid endarterectomy outcomes, psychosocial factors, 1048
Sterilization, female 1014 1015 structural heart disease, 1046
effectiveness, 231 prospects for study, 1015 study design, 1045
overview, 230 231 risk factors trends in women, 1045, 1047f
techniques, 230 231 alcohol use, 1006 ventricular fibrillation, 1046
STK11/LKB1, breast cancer studies, 1116 atrial fibrillation, 1006 1007 Sulfasalazine, rheumatoid arthritis
Stress depression, 1007 management, 779
adolescent growth and maturation impact, diabetes, 1007 Supporting Healthy Marriages (SHM), 742
157 dyslipidemia, 1007 SWAN, see Study of Women’s Health Across
asthma risks, 847 hormone replacement therapy, 1012 the Nation
beneficial effects of social environment, hypertension, 1006 Syphilis
689 690 migraine, 1007 1008 clinical manifestations, 465 467, 465f, 466f
coronary heart disease diagnosis, nutrition, 1005 1006 control, 464 465
980 981, 980f obesity, 1005 diagnosis, 467, 467f, 468t
eating disorders, 1296 oral contraceptives, 1011 1012 epidemiology
fecundability effects, 197, 199 200 overall risk estimation, 1008 global, 462 463
irritable bowel syndrome risks, 1356 1357 overview, 1006t United States, 463 465, 463f, 464f
menstrual cycle effects, 170 physical inactivity, 1005 historical perspective, 461 462
occupational health, 587 588, 604 Study of Women’s Health Across the Nation human immunodeficiency virus impact on
prospects for study, 691 692 (SWAN), 111 syphilis, 469
race impact, 690 691 Study population natural history, 465 467
sex differences, 691 open versus closed, 96f pregnancy, 469 470
sexual minority women, 690 691 overview, 95 96 transmission, 465
social stress model, 685 686 Substance abuse, see also Addiction treatment, 467 469
sources for women premenstrual syndrome risks, 186 Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
aging, 689 sexual minority women, 86 autoantibody types, 804t
relationships Successful aging biomarkers, 815
children, 688 behavioral factors, 1542 classification, 807t
informal caregiving, 688 689 bone loss, 933 clinical manifestations
marriage and intimate relationships, definition, 1539 1540 cutaneous lupus, 810
686 interventions drug-induced lupus, 812 813
telomere shortening and aging, 28 29 cognitive stimulation, 1547 1548 musculoskeletal involvement, 810
uterine leiomyomata studies, 294 exercise guidelines, 1547 neuropsychiatric lupus, 813 814
weathering, stressors, allostatic load, and motivation strengthening, 1548 1549, renal disease, 812 813
accelerated aging, 25 26, 26f 1549t serositis, 810 812
Stroke overview, 1546 1547 definition, 804 805
atrial fibrillation purpose in life importance, 1548 diagnosis, 810
prevention, 1043 1044 measures environmental risk factors, 808 809
risks, 1006 1007, 1043t Life Satisfaction Inventory, 1546 genetic susceptibility, 809
classification, 1003 1004 Mastery Scale, 1546 history of study, 803
definition, 1003 overview, 1543 1546, 1544t incidence and prevalence, 805 806, 808f
depression and anxiety impact, 992 993, Purpose in Life Test, 1546 management, 814 815
995 996 Successful Aging Inventory, 1543 1545 morbidity, 806
diabetes association, 887 motivation, 1543 mortality, 806 808, 811t, 813f
diagnosis, 1003 1004, 1013 prevalence, 1540 pregnancy and hormone effects, 809 810
epidemiology prospects for study, 1550 prevention, 815 816
incidence, 1004, 1004f race/ethnicity effects prospects for study, 815 816
mortality, 1004 1005 Alaskan natives, 1541 rheumatoid arthritis differential diagnosis,
prevalence, 1004 blacks, 1541 777
1580 INDEX

T TMD, see Temperomandibular joint bacteria virulence factors, 560 561

Tacrolimus, rheumatoid arthritis disorders bacteriuria, 554
management, 779 TMJ, see Temperomandibular joint disorders cranberry and vitamin C effects, 559
TANF, see Temporary Assistance for Needy Tobacco, see Smokeless tobacco; Smoking cystitis, 554
Families tPA, see Tissue plasminogen activator epidemiological study design, 561 562
Tanner stage, 152 154, 153f Trachoma, vision loss, 1468 1469 incidence, 555 556
TeamSTEPPS program, 38 Transcriptomics, overview, 139b nosocomial infection, 555
Teeth, see Oral health Transgender, see Sexual minority women overview, 553 554
Telomere shortening, aging and stress, Transient hyperthyroidism of hypermesis pregnancy, 555
28 29 gravidarum, 884 prevalence, 555
Temperomandibular joint disorders (TMD) Translational research model, 18f prevention, 561
age distribution, 1370 Trauma, see Posttraumatic stress disorder probiotic studies, 559
anatomy, 1368f Treponema pallidum, see Syphilis prospects for study, 562
case definition, 1368 1369 Trichomoniasis pyelonephritis, 554 555
definition, 1367 1368 diagnosis, 476 477 reservoir, 556
diagnostic criteria, 1373 1374 epidemiology, 476 risk factors
epidemiological study design, 1374 1375 treatment, 477 anatomical variations, 558
genetics, 1371 1372 Trichotillomania antibiotic use, 559
geographic variation, 1371 clinical course, 1311 intrinsic susceptibility, 559 560
historical perspective, 1369 diagnosis, 1310 1311 miscellaneous factors, 559
incidence and duration, 1370 epidemiology, 1311 oral contraceptives, 558
markers, 1373 etiology, 1311 physical manipulation, 558
morbidity, 1370 1371 psychiatric comorbidity, 1311 sexual activity, 558
overview, 1367 treatment, 1311 urination habits, 558
prevalence Trihalomethanes, drinking water and cancer, seasonal variation, 556
measures, 1369 650 transmission
women, 1369 1370 TSH, see Thyroid-stimulating hormone animal reservoir evidence, 557
prospects for study, 1375 sexual, 556 557
race/ethnicity impact, 1371 U treatment, 561
risk factors, 1372 1373 UI, see Urinary incontinence Uterine cancer, see Endometrial cancer
severity, 1369 UL, see Uterine leiomyomata Uterine leiomyomata (UL)
sex differences, 1371 Ultraviolet radiation, see also Radiation overview, 285
social roles, 1372 history of skin cancer studies, 653 histopathology, 285 286
socioeconomic status impact, 1372 melanoma risks epidemiological studies
treatment, 1374 biomarkers of exposure, 1225 design, 286 288
Temporary Assistance for Needy Families solar, 1223 1225 diagnosis, 286
(TANF), 739 740, 744 745 tanning bed, 1225 types and characteristics, 291t
Thyroid Urethritis epidemiology
autoantibodies, 885 chlamydia, 449 age, 288, 289f
diseases, see Cretinism; Goiter; gonorrhea race, 288 289
Hyperthyroidism; Hypothyroidism; clinical presentation, 430 rates, 288 289, 288t
Thyroid cancer treatment, 437 time trends, 289
nodules Urinary incontinence (UI) pathogenesis, 289 290
epidemiology, 891 assessment risk factors
evaluation, 892 893 ancillary evaluations, 1440 1441 alcohol use, 293
physiology, 883 884 history, 1438 1439, 1440t caffeine, 293
pregnancy laboratory testing, 1439 1440 depot medroxyprogesterone acetate,
diseases, 894 895 overview, 1438 1441, 1440f 294 295
effects, 884 physical exam, 1439 diethylstilbestrol, 295
Thyroid cancer comorbidity in elderly, 1437t environmental exposures, 296
diagnosis, 892 893, 893t costs, 1431, 1433 1434 genetic susceptibility, 295 296
environmental exposures, 648t definitions, 1431 1432, 1432t hormone replacement therapy,
epidemiology, 891 894, 891f drug induction, 1439t 295
892f epidemiology, 389, 397, 1432 1433 hypertension, 296
occupational health, 635 etiology, 1434 1435, 1435f, 1436t inflammation, 295
treatment, 893 894 global issues, 1433 insulin-like growth factor-1, 293 294
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) management, 1441 1445, 1444f, 1445f luteinizing hormone, 293
measurement, 884 885 menopause, 375 nutrition, 293
median levels, 887f pelvic organ prolapse relationship, 397 obesity, 292 293
physiology, 883 884 prevention, 1443 oral contraceptives, 294
Tibolone, vasomotor symptom management, prospects for study, 1445 1446, 1446t overview, 290 296
908 risk factors, 397 398, 398t physical activity, 293
Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), antigen screening, 1435 1437 polycystic ovary syndrome, 294
as cardiovascular disease treatment, 398 reproductive history, 292 294
biomarker, 951 Urinary tract infection (UTI) smoking, 293

stress, 294
treatment, 296 297
prospects for study, 297 298
UTI, see Urinary tract infection
V smoking, 1029 1030
Vagina, ecosystem, 473 474
Vaginal birth after cesarean (VBAC), 342
Vaginismus, 351
Vaginitis, see also specific diseases
diagnostic workup, 474
laboratory features by type, 475t
Vasomotor symptoms (VMS)
life course epidemiology, 124 125
management
clonidine, 905 906
complementary and alternative
medicine
mind-body and manipulative
modalities, 68 69, 904
natural products, 69, 904 905
gabapentin, 905 906
hormone replacement therapy
bioidentical hormone therapy,
908 909
cessation considerations, 909
low-dose therapy, 907
progestogens, 907 908, 908f
risks, 906 907, 906t, 907f
tibolone, 908
tissue-selective estrogen complex, 908
transdermal therapy, 907
lifestyle modification, 904
pregabalin, 905 906
selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors,
905
stepwise approach, 904f
overview of characteristics, 374, 903 909
VBAC, see Vaginal birth after cesarean
VDT, see Video display terminal
Venous thromboembolism (VTE), see also
Deep vein thrombosis; Pulmonary
embolism
aspirin in prevention, 1030
asymptomatic disease, 1023
diagnostic testing, 1022 1023
epidemiology, 1023 1024, 1023f
overview, 1021
pregnancy
overview, 1024 1025
prevention, 1025
risk factors, 1025
public health considerations, 1032 1033
recurrence, 1031 1032
risk factors
air travel, 1029
alcohol use, 1030
diabetes, 1031
dyslipidemia, 1031
genetics, 1024
hormone replacement therapy,
1025 1027, 1028t
INDEX
hypertension, 1030
non-oral contraception, 1028 1029
nutrition, 1030 1031
obesity, 1024
oral contraceptives, 1027 1028
Virchow’s triad, 1023t
study design, 1022 1023
Ventricular fibrillation, see Sudden cardiac
death
Vestibulodynia, 352
Veterans, social policy and health impact,
738
Video display terminal (VDT), occupational
safety, 602
Village to Village Network, 1523 1524
Violence, see Alcohol use; Intimate partner
violence; Occupational health
Visual impairment
causes
age-related macular degeneration, 1467
cataract, 1464 1465
diabetic retinopathy, 1467 1468
Fuchs corneal dystrophy, 1469
glaucoma, 1466 1467
overview, 1463 1469, 1465t
refractive error, 1465 1466, 1466t
trachoma, 1468 1469
measurement, 1463, 1465f
prevalence of blindness, 1464f
rehabilitation, 1469
Vitamin D
clinical recommendations, 924
colorectal cancer protection, 1212 1213
insufficiency prevalence and risk factors,
916
intake guidelines, 915 916, 916t
metabolism, 915
osteoporosis risks with insufficiency, 939
status in premenstrual syndrome,
183 184, 184f
supplementation
all-cause mortality impact, 923 924
autoimmune disease studies, 923
bone health studies, 917 918
cancer studies
breast cancer, 921
colorectal cancer, 920 921
risks, 921
total incidence, 917t, 920 921, 920t
cardiovascular disease studies, 918 919
cognition studies, 922
depression studies, 922 923
diabetes type 2 studies, 919
infection studies, 923
mechanisms of action, 918f
physical performance studies, 921 922
pregnancy outcomes, 923
prospects for study, 924
study design, 916 917
VMS, see Vasomotor symptoms
VTE, see Venous thromboembolism
1581
Vulvodynia (VVD)
causes
childhood abuse, 364
environmental exposures, 363
genetic susceptibility, 364
infection, 362 363
oral contraceptives, 361 362
overview, 375
psychological factors, 363 364
classification, 360t
definition, 359
diagnosis, 364 365
health seeking behavior, 360 361
history of study, 359 360
natural history, 360
prevalence, 360
prospects for study, 366 367
treatment
injections, 366
nerve block, 366
oral medications, 365
pelvic floor exercises, 365 366
surgery, 366
topical medications, 365
Vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC), clinical
features and treatment,
474 476
VVD, see Vulvodynia
VVD, see Vulvovaginal candidiasis
W
Weathering, see Aging
Welfare, health impact
family strengthening initiatives, 741 742
wage subsidies, 739 741
WHI, see Women’s Health Initiative
Widowhood
coping
dual process model, 1505 1506
patterns, 1504 1505
epidemiology, 1503 1504, 1503f
Notre Dame Widowhood Study,
1506 1507, 1506f
prospects for study, 1511 1512
social support and health, 1509 1511,
1510f
Women’s Health Initiative findings,
1507 1508, 1508t
Women’s Health Initiative (WHI), 111,
899 901, 900f, 908f, 1507 1508,
1508t
Work, see Occupational health;
Socioeconomic status
Work-related musculoskeletal disorders,
see Occupational health
Workplace hazards, see Occupational
health
X
Xerostomia, see Oral health