I know Jack.

Jack is a noun that serves a subject or an

Jack knows me. object of the verb.

I know that man. That man is a noun phrase that serves as a

That man knows me. subject or an object of the verb. A phrase
is a group of words that does NOT contain
a subject and a verb.

I know. Each sentence is a clause because it has its

Jack is here. own subject and verb. Each clause is an
independent clause because it can stand by
itself.

I know that Jack is here. That Jack is here is a noun clause that
serves as the object of the verb know. A
clause is a group of words containing a
subject and a verb. In the noun clause that
Jack is here, Jack is the subject and is is
the verb of the clause.
That Jack is here is also called a
dependent clause. A dependent clause (or
subordinate clause) is not a complete
sentence. It must be connected to an
independent clause (I know).

I know that Jack is here.
That Jack is here is the question.
I don’t know if/whether Jack is here.
Whether Jack is here remains a
mystery.
I know where Jack is.
Where Jack is remains a mystery.
FN
A noun clause can start with a that, if,
whether, or question word. Like
nouns and noun phrases, a noun clause
can serve as a subject or an object when it
begins with a that, whether, or
question word. It is not common to put
a noun clause starting with if as a subject.

UEG 3rd 240

Add the necessary punctuation and capitalization to the following.
Underline the noun clauses.

1. I couldn’t hear the teacher what did she say.

➔ I couldn’t hear the teacher. What did she say?
2. I couldn’t hear what the teacher said

3. Where did Tom go no one knows

Advanced Grammar | English Literature Program – FBS, UKSW 35

4. No one knows where Tom went

5. Where Tom went is a secret

6. What does Anna want we need to know

7. We need to know what Anna wants

8. What does Alex need do you know

9. Do you know what Alex needs

10. What Alex needs is a new job

11. We talked about what Alex needs

12. What do you need did you talk to your parents about what you need

I think that Mr. Jones is a good teacher. A noun clause can be introduced by
Jill realizes that she should study harder. the word that.

That they are getting a divorce is A that clause can also serve as a
shocking. subject of a sentence. Sometimes, the
The fact that they are getting a divorce phrase the fact precedes a that clause.
is shocking.

It is a pity that they are getting a divorce. A that clause can often be used in the
it + be + adjective construction.

I think Mr. Jones is a good teacher. In spoken English, the word that is
often omitted.

FEG 3rd ed, SB, 414

FEG 3rd ed, SB, 414

Add the word THAT in the appropriate place to mark the beginning of a
noun clause.

1. I think THAT most people have kind hearts.

2. Last night I dreamed I was at my aunt's house.

3. I believe we need to protect endangered species of animals.

4. I know Matt walks to school every day. I assume he doesn't have a bicycle.

5. Did you notice Ji Ming wasn't in class yesterday? I hope he's okay.

6. I trust Linda. I believe what she said. I believe she told the truth.

7. In yesterday's newspaper, I read half of the people in the world have never used a
telephone of any kind in their entire lives.

Advanced Grammar | English Literature Program – FBS, UKSW 36

8. The population of New York City is extraordinarily diverse. Did you know forty
percent of the people who live in New York City are foreign born? Many people
believe these immigrants are revitalizing the city.

9. A: Do you think a monster really exists in Loch Ness in Scotland?

B: I don't know. Look at this story in the newspaper. It says some investigators say
they can prove the Loch Ness Monster exists.

A: You shouldn't always believe what you read in the newspapers.

Bedtime stories p8
Decide whether the highlighted expressions are noun clauses.
Write Yes or No.

THE LONELY DINOSAUR

Henrique Figora

Many years ago dinosaurs were the largest creatures on earth. Some were very
large and others small. They also came in many different colors. The dinosaurs spent the
day in a valley. (1) That valley was behind the fiery mountains.
One sunny day the dinosaurs were playing soccer. A new dinosaur (2) that the
other dinosaurs had not seen before came walking by. He stopped and watched
and then he asked, "Could I play too?" All of the other dinosaurs looked at him.
Together in one giant voice they said (3) that nobody wanted to play with a long-
necked, green dinosaur. They all said (4) that long-necked dinosaur could not
run fast. The new dinosaur was very sad. Slowly he sat down and sadly watched the
others play.
Time went by and then suddenly they all stopped playing
soccer and they all looked up. One of the dinosaurs had
kicked their only ball into a tree. (5) That tree was too
high for them to reach. But it was not too high for (6)
that long-necked, green dinosaur. He walked over and
said to the other dinosaurs, "If I can get (7) that ball
down, will you let me play with you?" The other dinosaurs
decided (8) that it was a good idea. The long-necked,
green dinosaur reached up (9) that tree with his long
neck and he easily got the ball down. Once again they began playing again. They had a
great time playing soccer. The other dinosaurs said (10) that they were sorry for
not letting him play with them. Well, they had all learned a lesson that day. The
lonely dinosaur now had many friends and they played in the valley for many more
years.

Advanced Grammar | English Literature Program – FBS, UKSW 37

Change the first sentence into a noun clause. Use it + any appropriate
expression from the list. Then, give the equivalent sentence by using a that-
clause as the subject.

a fact obvious surprising unfair a shame

a well-known fact apparent strange too bad a pity
true clear unfortunate

1. Tim hasn't been able to make any friends. I’m so sorry for him.
➔ It is a pity that Tim hasn’t been able to make any friends.
That Tim hasn’t been able to make any friends is a pity.

2. Drug abuse can ruin one's health. Everybody knows that.

3. Some women do not earn equal pay for equal work. This should be changed.

4. The earth revolves around the sun. Even a five-year-old can tell you that.

5. Irene, who is an excellent student, failed her entrance examination. I’m surprised.

6. Smoking can cause cancer. Many studies confirm this.

7. English is the principal language of the business community throughout much of the
world. Many business meetings and documents are always in English.

8. Doctor Moore never does her job well. Everybody knows that.

9. Many girls want to lose their virginity as soon as possible. This is embarrassing.

10. You failed your driving test. That means your father won’t buy you a new car.

A that-clause is frequently used with the fact. Combine the sentences using
"the fact that" to introduce a noun clause.

1. Ann was late. That didn't surprise me.

➔ The fact that Ann was late didn't surprise me.

2. Rosa didn't come. That made me angry.

3. I'm a little tired. I feel fine except for that.

4. Natasha didn't pass the entrance examination. She was not admitted to the
university due to that.

5. Many people in the world live in intolerable poverty. That must concern all of us.

Advanced Grammar | English Literature Program – FBS, UKSW 38

6. Surasuk is frequently absent from class. That indicates his lack of interest in school.

7. I was supposed to bring my passport to the examination for identification. I was not
aware of that.

8. The people of the town were given no warning of the approaching tornado. Due to
that, there were many casualties.

9. Many of the students were not aware of that. The test questions were the same as
their homework questions.

10. All people had been evacuated right before the storm hit the city. Due to that, there
were no casualties.

YES/NO QUESTION CLAUSE When a yes/no

Will she come?
Does he need help?
(a) I don't know whether she question is changed to
will come. a noun clause,
whether or if is used
I don’t know if she will
to introduce the clause.
come.
(Note: Whether is
more acceptable in
(b) I wonder whether he
formal English, but if is
needs help.
quite commonly used,
I wonder if he needs especially in speaking.)
help.

(c) I wonder whether or not In (c) and (d), and (e):

she will come. Notice the patterns
when or not is used.
(d) I wonder whether she will
come or not.
(e) I wonder if she will come
or not.

(f) Whether she comes or In (f): Notice that the

not is unimportant to me. noun clause is in the
subject position.
FN

FEG 3rd ed, SB, 410

Change the yes/no question to a noun clause.

1. Is Susan here today?

➔ Can you tell me if/whether Susan is here today

2. Will Mr. Pips be at the meeting?

➔ Do you know . . . ?

3. Did Paulo go to work yesterday?

➔ I wonder . . .

Advanced Grammar | English Literature Program – FBS, UKSW 39

4. Is Barcelona a coastal town?
➔ I can't remember . . .

5. Do you still have Yung Soo's address?

➔ I don't know . . .

FEG 3rd ed, SB, 410-411

Complete the dialogues by completing the noun clauses. Use if to introduce
the noun clause.

1. A : Are you tired?

B : Why do you want to know if l am tired?
A : You look tired. I'm worried about you.

2. A : Are you going to be in your office later today?

B : What? Sorry. I didn't hear you.
A : I need to know ____________________ in your office later today.

3. A : Do all birds have feathers?

B : Well, I don't really know for sure feathers, but I suppose they do.
A : Did Rosa take my dictionary off my desk?
B : Who?
A : Rosa. I want to know ____________________ my dictionary off my desk.

4. A : Can Uncle Pete babysit tonight?

B : Sorry. I wasn't listening. I was thinking about something else.
A : Have you talked to Uncle Pete?
We need to know ____________________ tonight.

5. A : Does Al have a flashlight in his car?

B : I'll ask him. Hey, Al! Al!
Fred wants to know ____________________ a flashlight in your car.
C : Yeah, I do. Why?

6. A : Should I take my umbrella?

B : How am I supposed to know ____________________ your umbrella?
I’m not a weather forecaster.
A : You’re kind of grumpy today, aren't you?

Structure Practice in Context 2, 74

When Mrs. Bean came home, there was a burglar in her house. She called
the police. Complete her answers with IF or THAT.

Officer : Was he young or old?

Mrs. Bean : I think (1. be) ____________________. a younger man – about 20.

Officer : Did he take any money?

Mrs. Bean : I don’t know (2. take) ____________________ money or not. He

took a watch and my favorite diamond ring.

Advanced Grammar | English Literature Program – FBS, UKSW 40

Officer : Do you know (3. take) ____________________ anything else?

Mrs. Bean : I don’t know.

Officer : Well, what do you know?

Mrs. Bean : I know (4. be) ____________________ in an hurry. He broke a

vase. I know (5. smoke) ____________________ He left a cigarette
burning. I know (6. wear) ____________________ tennis shoes. I
found a footprint.

Officer : All right, Mrs. Bean, we’ll send someone over to investigate.

Mrs. Bean : Thank you.

QUESTION NOUN CLAUSE

Where does she live? (a) I don't know where she lives.
What did he say? (b) I couldn't hear what he said.
When do they arrive? (c) Do you know when they arrive?

In (a): where she lives is the object of the verb know. In a noun clause the subject
precedes the verb. Do not use question word order in a noun clause.

Notice: does, did, and do are used in questions, but not in noun clauses.

S V S V
Who lives there? (d) I don't know who lives there.
What happened? (e) Please tell me what happened.
Who is at the door? (f) I wonder who is at the door.

In (d): The word order is the same in both the question and the noun clause because
who is the subject in both.

V S S V
Who is she? (g) I don't know who she is.
Who are those men? (h) I don't know who those men are.
Whose house (i) I wonder whose house that is.
is that?

In (g): she is the subject of the question, so it is placed in front of the verb be in the
noun clause*.

What did she say? (j) What she said surprised me.
What should they say? (k) What they should do is obvious.

In (j): What she said is the subject of the sentence. Notice in (k): A noun clause
subject takes a singular verb (e.g., is).

* COMPARE:
Who is at the door? = who is the subject of the question.
Who are those men? = those men is the subject of the question, so be is plural.

Advanced Grammar | English Literature Program – FBS, UKSW 41

 Structure Practice in Context 2, 76
Mr. Wong has been in an accident and can’t remember anything. Use the
conversation to complete Officer O’Reilly report.

O’ Reilly : (1) What’s your name?

Mr. Wong : I don’t know.
O’ Reilly : (2) Where do you live?
Mr. Wong : I can’t remember.
O’ Reilly : (3) What time did the accident happen?
Mr. Wong : I don’t know.
O’ Reilly : (4) How old are you?
Mr. Wong : I’m not sure.
O’ Reilly : (5) Who was driving the other car?
Mr. Wong : I didn’t see.
O’ Reilly : (6) What do you do for a living?
Mr. Wong : I can’t remember.
O’ Reilly : (7) Whose fault was the accident?
Mr. Wong : I don’t know.

MR. CHENG HO WONG

173 SO. ORANGE AVENUE
SO. ORANGE, NJ 07079

Mr. Wong doesn’t know (1) what his name is.

He can’t remember (2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

He . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

He . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

He . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

He . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (6) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

He . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (7) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

UEG 3rd ed, SB, 405

Complete the dialogues by changing Speaker A's questions to noun clauses.

1. A: Where does Jim go to school?

B: I don't know where Jim goes to school.

2. A: Where did Natasha go yesterday?

B: I don't know. Do you know . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . yesterday?

3. A: Why is Maria laughing?

B: I don't know. Does anybody know . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .?

4. A: Why is fire hot?

B: I don't know . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . hot.

Advanced Grammar | English Literature Program – FBS, UKSW 42

5. A: How much does a new Honda cost?
B: Peter can tell you . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6. A: Why is Mike always late?

B: Don't ask me. I don't understand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . late.

7. A: How long do birds live?

B: I don't know . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

8. A: When was the first wheel invented?

B: I don't know. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

9. A: How many hours does a light bulb burn?

B: I don't know exactly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

10. A: Where did Emily buy her computer?

B: I don't know . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . her computer.

11. A: Who lives next door to Kate?

B: I don't know . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . next door to Kate.

12. A: Whom did Julie talk to?

B: I don't know . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . to.

FEG 3rd ed, SB, 406-407

Complete the sentences with the words in parentheses.

1. A Where (Susan, eat) did Susan eat lunch yesterday?

B I don’t know where (she, eat) she ate lunch yesterday.

2. A Do you know where (Jason, work) ____________________ ?

B Who?
A Jason. Where (he, work) ____________________ ?
B I don't know.

3. A Excuse me.
B Yes. How can I help you?
A How much (that camera, cost) ____________________ ?
B You want to know how much (this camera, cost)
____________________, is that right?
A No, not that one. The one next to it.

4. A How far (you, can run) ____________________ without stopping?

B I have no idea. I don’t know how far (I, can run) ____________________
without stopping. I've never tried.

Advanced Grammar | English Literature Program – FBS, UKSW 43

5. A Where (you, see) ____________________ the ad for the computer sale
last week?
B I don't remember where (I, see) ____________________ it. One of the
local papers, I think.

6. A Ann was out late last night, wasn't she?

When (she, get) ____________________ in?
B Why do you want to how what time (she, get) ____________________
home?
A Just curious.

7. A What time (it, is) ____________________ ?

B I don't how. I'll ask Sara.
Sara, do you how what time (it, is) ____________________ ?
A Almost four-thirty.

8. A (who, invent) ____________________ the first refrigerator?

B I don't know (who, invent) ____________________ the first refrigerator.
Do you?

9. A Mom, why (some people, be) ____________________ cruel to other

people?
B Honey, I don't really understand why (some people, be)
____________________ cruel to others. It's difficult to explain.

10. A I don't care about the future. All I care about is today.
B Oh? Well, answer this question for me. Where (you, spend)
____________________ the rest of your life?
A What do you mean?
B I mean it's important to pay attention to the future. That's where (you, spend)
____________________ the rest of your life.

UEG 3rd ed, SB, 243—244

Use the words in parentheses to complete the sentences. Use any
appropriate verb tense. Some of the completions contain noun clauses, and
some contain questions.

1. A: Where (Ruth, go)___did Ruth go_____? She's not in her room.

B: I don't know. Ask her friend Tina. She might know where (Ruth, go) Ruth
went.__

2. A: Oops! I made a mistake. Where (my eraser, be) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?

Didn’t I lend it to you?
B: I don't have it. Ask Sally where (it, be) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I think I saw her
using it.

Advanced Grammar | English Literature Program – FBS, UKSW 44

 3. A: The door isn't locked! Why (Fred, lock, not) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . before
he left?*
B: Why ask me? How am I supposed to know why (he, lock, not) . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . it. Maybe he just forgot.

4. A: Mr. Lee is a recent immigrant, isn't he? How long (he, be) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . in this country?
B: I have no idea, but I'll be seeing Mr. Lee this afternoon. Would you like me
to ask him how long (he, live). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . here?

5 A: Are you a student here? I'm a student here, too. Tell me what classes (you,
take) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . this term. Maybe we're in some of the same
classes.
B: Math 4, English 2, History 6, and Chemistry 101. What classes (you, take)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .?

6. A: Help! Quick! Look at that road sign! Which road (we, be supposed) . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . to take?
B: You're the driver! Don't look at me! I don't know which road (we, be
supposed) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . to take. I've never been here before in my
entire life.

* Word order in negative questions:

Usual: Why didn’t you call me? (with did + not contracted)
Very formal: Why did you not call me?

FN
Make a question from the given sentence. The words in parentheses should
be the answer to the question you make. Use a question word (who, what,
how, etc.). Then change the question to a noun clause.

1. Tom will be here next week.

QUESTION : _____________When will Tom be here?_____________
NOUN CLAUSE : Please tell me _______when Tom will be here.___________

2. He is coming to visit his grandmother.

QUESTION : _____________________________________________
NOUN CLAUSE : Please tell me ___________________________________

3. He'll be here on Thursday, not Tuesday.

QUESTION : _____________________________________________
NOUN CLAUSE : Please tell me ___________________________________

4. The principal herself is going to meet the students at the airport.

QUESTION : _____________________________________________
NOUN CLAUSE : Please tell me ___________________________________

Advanced Grammar | English Literature Program – FBS, UKSW 45

5. Paula Hunter is her roommate.
QUESTION : _____________________________________________
NOUN CLAUSE : Please tell me ___________________________________

6. Bob’s number is 094869765

QUESTION : _____________________________________________
NOUN CLAUSE : Please tell me ___________________________________

7. He lives on Oxford road.

QUESTION : _____________________________________________
NOUN CLAUSE : Please tell me ___________________________________

8. He bought two new speakers.

QUESTION : _____________________________________________
NOUN CLAUSE : Please tell me ___________________________________

9. He has been waiting for us for two hours.

QUESTION : _____________________________________________
NOUN CLAUSE : Do you know __________________________________ ?

10. He has an HP laptop at home.

QUESTION : _____________________________________________
NOUN CLAUSE : Do you know __________________________________ ?

UEG 3rd ed, SB, 247

Correct the errors.

1. Please tell me what is your name.

➔ Please tell me what your name is.
2. No one seems to know when will Maria arrive.

3. I wonder why was Bob late for class.

4. I don't know what does that word mean.

5. I wonder does the teacher know the answer?

6. What should they do about the hole in their roof is their most pressing problem.

7. I'll ask her would she like some coffee or not.

8. Be sure to tell the doctor where does it hurt.

9. Why am I unhappy is something I can't explain.

10. I wonder does Tom know about the meeting or not.

11. I need to know who is your teacher.

12. My young son wants to know where do the stars go in the daytime?

Advanced Grammar | English Literature Program – FBS, UKSW 46

 (a) I don't know what I should do. Question words (when,
(b) I don't know what to do. where, how, who, whom,
whose, what, which) and
(c) Pam can't decide whether she should go or
whether may be followed by an
stay home.
infinitive.
(d) Pam can't decide whether to go or (to) stay
home. Each pair of sentences in the
(e) Please tell me how I can get to the bus examples has the same
station. meaning. Notice that the
(f) Please tell me how to get to the bus station. meaning expressed by the
(g) Jim told us where we could find it. infinitive is either should or
can/could.
(h) Jim told us where to find it.

Structure Practice in Context 2, 72

Fill in the blanks.
Use the phrase given and WHO, WHERE, HOW, or WHAT.

to bring to get here to ask to type to send them

1. A: Is Mary coming to the party?

B: I’m afraid not. I forgot to tell her how to get here.

2. A: Is Kathy bringing anything to drink?

B: I’m not sure. I didn’t tell her . . . . . . .

3. A: Did Mr. Wilson type those reports?

B: I doubt it. He doesn’t know . . . . . . .

4. A: Did she send out those letters?

B: I don’t think so. I didn’t tell her . . . . . . .

5. A: Are you coming to dance?

B: No, I didn’t know . . . . . . .

Advanced Grammar | English Literature Program – FBS, UKSW 47

 UEG 3rd ed, SB, 247
Create sentences with the same meaning by using infinitives.

1. He told me when I should come.

➔ He told me when to come.

2. The plumber told me how I could fix the leak in the sink.

3. Please tell me where I should meet you.

4. Don had an elaborate excuse for being late for their date, but Sandy didn't know
whether she should believe him or not.

5. Jim found two shirts he liked, but he had trouble deciding which one he should buy.

6. I've done everything I can think of to help Andy get his life straightened out. I don't
know what else I can do.

FN
Change the underlined expressions into noun clauses.

A strange thing happened to me when I was in Italy. A friend of mine

suggested me to explore a different part of Florence. I liked this idea, so I went

alone. I came to an amazing restaurant. The food was excellent and the live

music was wonderful.

The following night I decided to come back and enjoy my last dinner there.

Strangely, I seemed to get lost. I asked the people I met (1) “where was the

restaurant?” Everybody didn’t know (2) “where was it?” I tried to google it but

I didn’t remember (3) “where was the restaurant located?” I remember the

name of the restaurant, La Fonté. Everytime I google it, a box of instant spaghetti

showed up. I asked my friend (4) “Did she know La Fonté?” She said,

“Spaghetti”. She was surprised (5) “why didn’t I know about La Fonté?” It was

a famous food product.

Advanced Grammar | English Literature Program – FBS, UKSW 48

 TOEFL intro rev skills 7-8
Indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or incorrect (I).

1. It doubtful whether he will pass the test or not.

2. The group discussed who he should receive the prize.

3. It is not certain why the class was cancelled:

4. I will do what does it need to be done.

5. We forgot when did the movie start.

6. I would like to ask if you could come over for dinner this weekend.

7. The children knew which the best game to play.

8. The advisor informed her that needed to add another class.

9. He saw who took the money.

10. It is unclear how the window got broken.

Nawal El Saadawi’s Woman at Point Zero 10-11

Read a modified excerpt from Nawal El Saadawi’s Woman at Point Zero.
Decide if the highlighted sentences are CORRECT or INCORRECT. If they
are incorrect, correct them.

My father was a peasant farmer. He could neither read nor write, and he knew very

few things in life. He knew (1) how should he grow crops. He knew (2) how to bow to sell a

buffalo poisoned by his enemy before it died. He definitely knew (3) how should he

exchange his virgin daughter for a dowry when there was still time. He also knew (5) how to

be quicker than his neighbour in stealing from the fields once the crop was ripe. He also

knew (6) how he to bend over the headman's hand and pretend to kiss it, (7) how to beat

his wife and make her bite the dust each night.

Every Friday morning he would put on a clean galabeya and head for the mosque to

attend the weekly prayer. The prayer over, I would see him walking with the other men like

himself as they commented on the Friday sermon. They commented on (8) how convincing

and eloquent had the imam been to a degree that he had surpassed the unsurpassable. (9)

Was it not verily true that stealing was a sin? (10) Was killing a sin? (11) Defaming the

honour of a woman was a sin? (12) Injustice was a sin? (13) And beating another human

being was a sin? Moreover, who could deny that to be obedience was a duty, and to love

one's country too. (14) That fact love of the ruler and love of Allah were one and indivisible.

Allah protects our ruler for many long years and (15) may he remain a source of inspiration

and strength to our country, the Arab Nation and all Mankind.

Advanced Grammar | English Literature Program – FBS, UKSW 49

 TOEFL intro rev skills 7-8
Choose the letter of the word or group of words that best completes the
sentence.

1. Today the true story of . . . . . . . at Little Bighorn remains a mystery.

a) happened c) what happened
b) it happened d) what happening

2. For more than a decade, . . . . . . . . . . . . . that certain species are becoming scarce.
a) the warnings of bird-watchers c) bird-watchers have warned
b) warn the bird-watchers d) a warning for bird-watchers

3. Early in the eighteenth century, Halley accurately predicted when. . . . . . . of 1682

would return.
a) the comet c) the comet was
b) was the comet d) had the comet

4. No single factor explains why . . . . . . . vary so greatly among individuals.

a) aging affects c) aging has an effect
b) the effects of aging d) the aging effect

5. Lack of clarity about . . . . . . . the party in the coming year will be removed at the
party's invention.
a) will lead c) they will lead
b) lead d) who will lead

6. We do not . . . . . . . the bow drill was first developed for woodworking or fire making.
a) whether it c) know whether
b) know whether it d) sure whether

7. Minute Man National Historical Park is a monument to where . . . . . . .

a) the beginning of the c) the Revolutionary War to begin
Revolutionary War d) the Revolutionary War began
b) in the beginning of the
Revolutionary War

8. Tests on the colors of cars were conducted at the University of California to determine .
. . . . . the safest colors for cars were.
a) which c) if
b) which were d) how were

9. The National Institute of Dental Research estimates . . . . . . . in fluoridated areas have

about 25 percent less tooth decay than children elsewhere.
a) for school children c) that school children
b) school children's d) that for school children

10. The process of photosynthesis explains how. . . . . . . able to use the energy in sunlight
to manufacture foods from the simple chemicals in air and water.
a) green plants c) planting greens
b) green plants are d) with green plants are

Advanced Grammar | English Literature Program – FBS, UKSW 50