Trinity University of Asia - St.

Luke’s College of Nursing Batch 2026 - Luminaris

MC_103: MICROBIOLOGY AND PARASITOLOGY

LECTURE 03: BACTERIA & ARCHAEA
AY 2022-2023 | MID-YEAR SEMESTER | Dr.Olivia Mae Ramos | Adapted from: Book/Lecture PPT

○ Certain genetic sequences are only found

in their rRNA that is why they are classified
LEARNING OBJECTIVES as a different group of microorganism
● At the end of this lecture, the students must be ○ Unique method of DNA compaction
able to: ○ Unique membrane lipids, cell wall
- Differentiate prokaryotes from composition, and pilin proteins
eukaryotes. ○ They even lack peptidoglycan
- Differentiate bacteria from archaea. ■ Wherein the peptidoglycan is part
- Identify the structure bacteria of the cell wall of bacteria (major
possess. difference)
- Describe the morphology of different
types of bacteria including shapes
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ARCHAEA
and arrangements.
- Describe the functions of the bacterial
structures.
- Explain the process and importance
of Gram staining,
- Identify some medically relevant
bacteria.

BACTERIA AND ARCHAEA

Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes (Bacteria and Archaea)

vs (Plant and Animal cells) ● Unusual and chemically distinct cell wall that lacks
true peptidoglycan
● Live in habitats that are similar to the extremes
Prokaryote Eukaryote found anciently—heat, salt, acid, pH, pressure,
atmosphere
Package of DNA Nuclear material DNA can be ● Compared to bacteria, they can easily die when
(DNA) is floating free found in the DNA they get exposed to high or low heat, high or low
in the cytoplasm. pressure
● Group into:
Internal No membrane-bound Membrane-bound ○ Methane producers, hyperthermophiles,
Structures organelles organelles extreme halophiles, and sulfur reducers.

● Bacteria and archaea are cells with NO TRUE METHANOGENS

NUCLEUS
● Prokaryotic DNA - Circular and single stranded
DNA
● Eukaryotic DNA - Linear Molecules and the DNA is
compressed in a way that forms lines. They can be
found inside or within the nucleus
● A classification of archaea
● Capable to produce methane gas
● Convert CO2 and H2 into methane gas (CH4)
● Common inhabitants of anaerobic swamp mud,
bottom sediments of lakes and oceans, and the
digestive systems of animals living in those bodies
of water
● Gas produced in swamps may become a source of
fuel since they release methane gas which can also
be used as biofuel
● May contribute to greenhouse gasses contributing
to ozone layer of our planet and global warming
EXTREME HALOPHILES

THE ARCHAEA
● More closely related to Domain Eukarya than to
Bacteria
○ Share ribosomal RNA sequences not
found in bacteria
○ Protein synthesis and ribosomal subunit ● Requires salt ot grow
structures are similar ● They can thrive and multiply in as high as 36%
● Differences from other cell types: NaCl composition of that body of water

CHUA, D. J., CHUA, L. R., CLAVERIA, CONCEPCION, CORNILLEZ, CRUZ, C. D., CRUZ, M. K., DE CASTRO, DE CHAVEZ, DE JESUS, DE VILLA, DEL
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 ○ Bacteria exposed to this high of NaCl will ■ Shape
just die immediately because the cells will ■ Arrangement
undergo lysis ■ Growth characteristics
● They can survive in very salty area ■ Habitat
● They used a red pigment to synthesize ATP in the ○ Recent years
presence of sunlight ■ Biochemistry
■ Genetics
PSYCHROPHILES AND HYPERTHERMOPHILES ■ Molecular traits
● This is why the bacteria and archaea are
reclassified as different group of microorganisms

TAXONOMIC SCHEME

● Psychrophiles
○ Grow at very low temperature (very cold
places)

- Bergeys’s Manual Of Determinative Bacteriology

-It is manual wherein all the names of species
like bacteria and archaea are included.
● Four major divisions:
- Gracilicutes
-Gram-negative cell walls,thin-skinned
- Firmicutes
- Gram-positive cell walls, thick and strong
- Tenericutes
-Lack cell wall,soft
● Hyperthermophiles - Mendosicutes
○ Grow at very high temperature and they - Archaea
are also salt and acid tolerant
○ Can thrive to highly salt and acidic places DIAGNOSTIC SCHEME

CLASSIFYING BACTERIA AND ARCHAEA

● Classification systems serve both practical and Divisions:

academic purposes - Gram-positive
○ Differentiating and identifying unknown - Gram negative
species - Bacteria without cell walls
○ Studying the relationships and origins of Subgroups:
microbes - Cell shape
- Arrangement
EVOLUTIONARY RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN - Oxygen usage:
BACTERIA AND ARCHAEA -Aerobic:use oxygen in metabolism
● Bacteria and archaea belong to the same kingdom - Anaerobic: do not use oxygen in metabolism
because morphologically they both share the same - Facultative: may or may not use oxygen
characteristics
● Characteristics used to trace the origins and
evolutionary relationships NOTE
○ Early years - Diagnostic Scheme is important to us nurses

CHUA, D. J., CHUA, L. R., CLAVERIA, CONCEPCION, CORNILLEZ, CRUZ, C. D., CRUZ, M. K., DE CASTRO, DE CHAVEZ, DE JESUS, DE VILLA, C., DEL
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 clinically because microorganisms, particularly
bacteria, are classified whether it's gram-positive,
gram-negative or bacteria without a cell wall and
they are more subdivided based on their
shape,arrangement, and oxygen usage.

COMPARISON OF THE THREE CELLULAR DOMAINS

Considerable variety in size, shape, and colonial

arrangement
● Average size: 1µm
● Nanobacteria:0.05 to 0.2µm

- The most important part in the table above is the

presence of peptidoglycan in the cell wall, so as you
can see only the bacteria seems to have
peptidoglycan. In short, they are the ones who only
have cell walls. While,archaea and eukarya does
not have cell walls.
ACTIVITIES OF BACTERIA
● Bacteria can also act as a group (Communities)
- Colonies
- Biofilms Thiomargarita Namibiensis : 100 to 750 µm
(Largest Bacterium)
● Reproduction
● Metabolism
● Nutrient Processing

Bacterial Shapes and Arrangements

● Coccus

Major Groups of Microorganisms

Micrococcus luteus

● Bacillus

Bacterial Size

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 Streptobacillus sp

● Curved

COCCI
Vibrio cholera
● Diplococci: pairs
○ Example:
■ Neisseria species - could cause
gonorrhea or meningitis in
humans
■ Streptococcus pneumoniae -
could cause respiratory disease
(pneumonia)
● Tetrads: groups of four
● Staphylococci and micrococci: irregular clusters
● Streptococci: chains of a few to hundreds of cells
● Sarcina: cubical packet of 8, 16, or more cells

BACILLI
● Diplobacilli: pairs of cells with their ends attached
○ Examples:
■ Klebsiella species
■ Moraxella
■ Coxiella burnetii
● Streptobacilli: chains of cells
○ Examples:
■ Streptobacillus moniliformis -
responsible for rat bite fever
(present in the saliva of the rats)
● Coccobacilli: short and stumpy
○ Examples:
■ Chlamydia trachomatis -
sexually transmitted infection
■ Haemophilus influenzae - can
cause respiratory disease
especially among children
■ Gardenerella vaginallis - can
cause bacterial vaginosis among
women
● Palisades: cells of a chain remain partially attached
and fold back, creating a side-by-side row of cells
○ Examples:
■ Corynebacterium diphtheriae -
causes respiratory disease

(25:01-30:00 Delgado, Stef Vlad) DONE

CHUA, D. J., CHUA, L. R., CLAVERIA, CONCEPCION, CORNILLEZ, CRUZ, C. D., CRUZ, M. K., DE CASTRO, DE CHAVEZ, DE JESUS, DE VILLA, C., DEL
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 CURVED ● Falls under bacteria without cell walls
○ Therefore, they do now have definite
VIBRIO
shape, their size and hape varies
● Curved rods
● Comma shaped
● Examples:
○ Vibrio cholerae
■ can cause cholera
■ Form of Gastrointestinal problem
■ Causes diarrhea among children
○ Vibrio parahaemolyticus
■ Cause shellfish poisoning
■ Commonly found as “red tide” in
the Philippines
● People who still eat
tahong with this bacteria MYCOPLASMA (SPECIES)
present, will experience ● Display extreme variations in shape due to lack of
diarrhea and eventually cell walls
will die because of ○ They can alter their size and shape since
dehydration and their cell walls are more soft compared to
poisoning other bacterial species
○ Vibrio vulnificus
■ Cause tissue necrosis
■ Like a flesh-eating bacteria

BACTERIAL CELL STRUCTURE

SPIRILLIUM
● Helical shape and fairly rigid bodies.
● Examples:
○ Helicobacter pylori
■ Can cause ulcer either gastric or
duodenal ulcer
○ Campylobacter jejuni
■ Can cause acute gastroenteritis

SPIROCHETE
● Helical shape and flexible bodies.
● Examples
○ Leptospira interrogans
■ Can cause leptospirosis EXTERNAL STRUCTURES
○ Treponema pallidum ● Two major groups of appendages:
■ Cause syphilis ○ Appendages are like the arms and legs of
● A sexually transmitted the bacteria
infection ■ But take note that these
appendages are not present in all
species
■ There are certain bacterial
species that don’t have these
appendages to move
Flagella and axial filaments
● provide motility

PHLEOMORPHIC Fimbriae, pili, and nanowires

● variation in size and shape among cells of a single ● provide attachment points or channels
species

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FLAGELLA
● Primary function is to confer motility or self
propulsion
○ Which is the capacity of the cell to swim
into aqueous habitat
■ Meaning they only use flagella to
swim in aqueous habitat like in
secretions, with waters etc.
● Filaments
○ This is the one that propels the bacteria to
move
■ Yung maliliit na pale violet sa
specimen below
○ Filament is attached to the hook and the
hook is attached to the basal body in the
cell wall
■ They have rings and rod that is
anchored to the cell wall/ cell
body of the bacteria
FLAGELLAR ARRANGEMENT
● Polar: flagella attached at one or both ends of the
cell
○ Monotrichous: single flagellum
○ Lopotrichous: small bunches or tufts
○ Amphitrichous: flagella at both poles of
the cell
● Peritrichous: flagella are dispersed randomly over
the surface of the cell
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PERIPLASMIC FLAGELLA
● For spirochetes (corkscrew-shaped bacteria) - they
have a special/different form of flagella which is
Periplasmic flagella because their flagella is coiled
within their body.
● It contains several Axial filaments.
● AXIAL FILAMENT
○ Two or more long coiled threads found in
spirochetes
○ Internal flagellum enclosed between the
cell wall and the cytoplasmic membrane
○ Impart a twisting or flexing motion to the
cell (drilling motion)
NOTE:
They are more capable of entering soft tissues like
Leptospira interrogans, they will just swim in the flooded
waters and once they have access or opportunity in an
open wound then they can enter in that wound and infect
that person with Leptospirosis.
BACTERIAL MECHANISMS
CHEMOTAXIS
● movement in response to chemical signals
● Two (2) types:
(1) POSITIVE CHEMOTAXIS
● movement of a cell in the direction of a favorable
chemical stimulus
○ Meaning there is food in there, that’s why
the bacteria would swim towards that area
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 (2) NEGATIVE CHEMOTAXIS
● movement of a cell away from a repellant or SUGAR COATING
potentially harmful compound S LAYER
○ Since they might die, when they get
● Thousands of copies of a single protein linked
exposed to that chemical stimulus, they
together
will swim away from that area
● Provides protection from environmental conditions
● Only produced in hostile environments
PHOTOTAXIS
● Movement toward light GLYCOCALYX
● Repeating polysaccharide units (sugar) that may or
RUN VS. TUMBLE may not include protein
● RUN/SWIM (1) SLIME LAYER
○ Flagella move in a counterclockwise ● Forms loosely around the cell
rotation ● Protects the cell from loss of water and nutrients
○ This is when bacteria are moving in a (2) CAPSULE
positive chemotaxis, swimming in a ● More tightly bound to a cell than a slime layer
smooth, linear direction ● Denser and thicker than a slime layer
● TUMBLE
○ When exposed to harmful particles, SLIME LAYER CAPSULE
flagella move in a clockwise rotation
○ This stops the momentum of bacteria,
allowing it to change directions easily

NOTE
- Slime layers can be easily penetrated by
substances because of the bases (refer to the
APPENDAGES FOR ATTACHMENT OR CHANNEL encircled parts of the slime layer from the image
FORMATION above). Which means bacteria with slime layer
can easily be killed compared to those with
bacteria with capsule or encapsulated bacteria.
Attachment can enhance pathogenicity in some bacteria

(1) Pilus (Plural: pili) BACTERIA CONTAINING CAPSULE

● Provide adhesion but not locomotion

(2) Fimbria (Plural: fimbriae)

● Provide adhesion but not locomotion.

(3) Flagellum (Plural: flagella)

● Can also be used for attachment in some
species.

FIMBRIAE
● When bacteria join or combine together they form a
● Small, bristle-like structures sprouting off the sticky substance forming a biofilm.
surfaces of certain bacteria
○ These are very sticky, it can stick to other
bacteria, creating biofilms that could
harbor colonies of bacteria and potentially
be a threat to humans
○ Escherichia coli use these structures to
adhere to intestinal epithelial cells

PILI
● Long, rigid, tubular structure made of pilin protein.
● Only found in gram-negative bacteria.
● Used in conjugation
Conjugation - Partial transfer of DNA from one cell
to another, somehow like sharing genetic
information to one another, not considered as a
means of reproduction
SPECIALIZED FUNCTIONS OF THE GLYCOCALYX
● Production of pili is controlled genetically.
NOTE
- Image above shows bacteria joined together
forming a biofilm.
- Bacteria without capsule appears to be dry (left
image). While bacteria with capsule (right image)
appears to be moist/slimy.

CHUA, D. J., CHUA, L. R., CLAVERIA, CONCEPCION, CORNILLEZ, CRUZ, C. D., CRUZ, M. K., DE CASTRO, DE CHAVEZ, DE JESUS, DE VILLA, C., DEL
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 CAPSULES
● Formed by many pathogenic bacteria
● Protect bacteria against phagocytic white blood
cells.
NOTE
- Encapsulated bacteria can evade our immune
system, therefore they are more difficult to keep.

BIOFILMS
● Example: Plaque on teeth protect bacteria
● Infect long-term indwelling artificial devices
○ Ex: IV, Intravenous catheter, IV cannula,
NGT tube, etc.
● Invisible to the naked eye.

CELL ENVELOPE
● Composed of two or three basic layers:
1) Cell wall
2) Cytoplasmic membrane
3) Outer membrane (in some bacteria)

Function:
● Act as a single protective unit

BIOFILM FORMATION

● Biofilms are microbial habitats with access to food,

water, atmosphere, and other environmental factors
that are beneficial to each type of organism living
there.
● The colonizing organisms secrete substances to
attract other microbes to grow together and secrete
extracellular matrices.

NOTE
- Biofilm formation is a process where bacteria
will colonize a specific area and then after some
time they will start to multiply into thousands of
bacteria then eventually they will secrete a
capsule to create biofilm and inside a biofilm has
many different bacterial species.

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 COMPARISON OF GRAM-POSITIVE AND ○ NAG = N-acetyl glucosamine
GRAM-NEGATIVE CELL ENVELOPES ○ NAM = N-acetyl muramic acid

THE GRAM-POSITIVE CELL WALL

● Gram-positive
○ It has a very thick layer of cell wall or
peptidoglycan
● Gram-negative
○ It has a very thin layer of peptidoglycan.
○ Has an outer or extra layer called outer
membrane layer.
● Both of them have cytoplasmic membrane ● Other structures in the cell wall of gram-positive
bacteria are teichoic acid and lipoteichoic acid.
CELL WALL ○ Function as cell wall maintenance and for
● Characteristics of the cell wall: providing acidic charge on the cell surface
○ Helps determine the shape of a bacterium to repel unwanted substances that could
○ Provides strong structural support to keep possibly cause harm on the bacteria.
the cell from bursting or collapsing due to
osmotic pressure THE GRAM-NEGATIVE CELL WALL

● Has single thin sheet of peptidoglycan

PEPTIDOGLYCAN: ● adahdgwhadhabbawydaba
● Found in the cell walls of most bacteria ● They have an outer membrane as an added
● Unique macromolecule composed of glycan chains protection.
cross-linked with short peptide fragments
● Provides a strong but flexible support framework GRAM-NEGATIVE & GRAM-POSITIVE

Gram-negative
● Single layer of peptidoglycan
Gram-positive
● Several layers of peptidoglycan

NON TYPICAL CELL WALLS

● Lack cell wall structure of gram-positive or
gram-negative bacteria.
● Might have a different form or composition of cell
wall
● Bulk of the cell walls of Mycobacterium and
● NAGNAM
Nocardia is composed of unique lipids.
○ Alternating chains of proteins and sugars
MYCOLIC ACID (CORD FACTOR)

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 ● Present in Mycobacterium ● Special carrier mechanisms exist for passage of
● Very-long-chain fatty acid most molecules
● Contributes to pathogenicity of these organisms SECRETION:
● Provides stronger protection ● Discharge of metabolic products into the
● Makes them resistant to certain chemicals and dyes extracellular environment.
● Acid-fast stain used to diagnose tuberculosis and
leprosy (M. leprae)

NOTE: GRAM-NEGATIVE OUTER MEMBRANE

- Patients with Mycobacterium infection like ● Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
Mycobacterium tuberculosis, different sets ○ Polysaccharide chains function as cell
of antibiotics are given because the typical markers and receptors
antibiotics used to treat gram-positive or ○ Endotoxins – stimulates fever and shock
gram-negative bacteria are not effective reactions
against M. tuberculosis since they have ○ Lipoproteins – anchor the outer
different cell wall structure. membrane to peptidoglycan
○ Contains these structures:
■ O-polysaccharide
MYCOPLASMAS ■ Core polysaccharide
● Naturally lack cell wall ■ Lipid A
● Usual gram staining can’t be applied for this ● Once LPS has been
species. disrupted, Lipid A
● Membrane is stabilized by sterols and is resistant releases endotoxins
to lysis. ● Will cause fever and
● Pleomorphic shape, range from 0.1 to 0.5 µm, shock like symptoms
ranging from filamentous to coccus or ● Porin proteins
doughnut-shaped. ○ Completely span the outer membrane
○ Only allow relatively small molecules to
penetrate
○ Size can be altered to block the entrance
of harmful chemicals
○ Act as a defense against certain antibiotics
■ There are certain antibiotics that
are not effective against gram
negative bacteria
DIFFERENCES IN CELL ENVELOPE STRUCTURE
● Outer membrane in Gram-negative bacteria
○ Makes them resistant to some
antimicrobial chemicals
○ More difficult to inhibit or kill than
Gram-positive bacteria
○ Infections with Gram-positive bacteria are
treated differently than infections with
CYTOPLASMIC MEMBRANE gram-negative bacteria
● 5 to 10 nm flexible sheet molded completely around
the cytoplasm. BACTERIAL INTERNAL STRUCTURES
● Lipid bilayer embedded with proteins:
○ 30 to 40% phospholipids CYTOPLASM:
○ 60 to 70% proteins
● Mycoplasmas contain high amounts of sterols.
○ Gelatinous solution contained by the
● Archaea contain unique branched hydrocarbons
cytoplasmic membrane
rather than fatty acids.
○ Prominent site for the cell’s biochemical
FUNCTIONS:
and synthetic activities
● Energy reactions ○ 70% to 80% water
● Nutrient processing ○ Complex mixtures of sugars, amino acids,
● Synthesis and salts
● Regulate transport: ○ Also contains chromatin body, ribosomes,
○ Passage of nutrient into the cell granules, and fibers that act as a
○ Discharge of wastes out of the cell. cytoskeleton
SELECTIVE PERMEABILITY: ○ Function
● Water and small uncharged molecules diffuse freely ■ Maintain the shape of the cell

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 ■ Hold organelles together
ENDOSPORES:

○ Added protective unit of certain bacterial

species
○ Withstand hostile conditions and facilitate
survival
○ Two- phase life cycle:
■ Vegetative cell- metabolically
active
BACTERIAL CHROMOSOME: ■ Endospore- inert, resting
conditions
○ Sporulation is the process of
○ Single circular strand of DNA
transformation from vegetation cell or
○ Aggregated in a dense area called the
active cell to endospore
nucleoid
○ Germination is the opposite process from
○ DNA is tightly coiled around basic protein
endospore to vegetative cell
molecules to fit into the cell compartment

PLASMID:

○ Nonessential pieces of DNA

○ Separate, double-stranded circles of DNA
○ Duplicated and passed on to offspring
during replication
○ Confer protective traits
○ Important agent in genetic engineering

TYPICAL SPORULATION CYCLE IN BACILLUS SPECIES

RIBOSOME:

○ Made of RNA and protein (protein

synthesis)
○ Dispersed throughout the cytoplasm, often
found in chains
○ Svedberg (S) units:
■ Measurement of the relative size
of cell parts through
sedimentation during
centrifugation - It is stimulated by exposure to a harmful
○ Bacterial ribosomes: 70S environment because spores are an inactive form of
○ Eukaryotic ribosomes: 80S bacteria and they don’t need nutrients to survive.
They are just dirt suspended anywhere. It could be
INCLUSION BODIES: surfaces: surfaces of table, soil, finger, instruments,
and so on. But it will not cause any disease
○ Storage sites for nutrients during periods because again they are inactive. However, these
of abundance spores reach a favorable environment. For
○ Vary in size, number, and content example, spores entered our body, they will become
active bacteria and that will already cause a disease
CYTOSKELETON: to humans.
ENDOSPORES
○ Long polymers of proteins similar to Germination begins when favorable condition arise;
eukaryotic actin - Exposure to water and a germination agent.
○ Arranged in helical ribbons around the cell - Germination agent stimulates formation of hydrolytic
just under the cytoplasmic membrane enzymes that break down the cortex.
○ Contribute to cell shape - Core rehydrates and takes up nutrients and
○ Potential target for antibiotic development bacterium grows out of the endospore coats.

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 - Once initiated,proceeds to completion in 1.5 hours.

DISEASES RELATED TO SPORE PERSISTENCE

-Some diseases related to spore persistence, the first one is
Bacillus anthracis-are capable of spore relation. Usually, this
is naturally occurring in the environment and it's not common
to find in the environment because it is capable of releasing
Anthrax. Anthrax is a serious disease wherein the Bacillus
anthracis is a choice for normal health issues so the famous
event that occurred before was during the 911 Attack when
some terrorists invaded the US. So before the 911 Attack
random letters were sent to VIP people like
politicians,soldiers, and so forth. And, these people receiving
letters and opening letters they did not know that they
contain Bacillus anthracis spores. These spores are very
small and invisible to the naked eye so they develop anthrax.
● restriction of the range of motion of the jaw.
● Clostridium tetani bacteria is responsible for
causing Tetanus (lockjaw) or in medical term
Trismus.
NOTE
- Bacteria Clostridium tetani cause spastic
paralysis which means the muscle is constantly
contracted and cannot relax because the facial
muscle is paralyzed.
Opisthotonus

● The overarching of the back

● Caused by the bacteria Clostridium tetani

NOTE
Two types of Anthrax: - The back muscles are contracted and cannot
- Cutaneous Anthrax- is a spore that has reached relax.
the skin. They become activated in this area hence - This is irreversible, once this happens doctors
they eat up the nutrients of the skin causing gangli wait for the patient to die.
or tissue necrosis.
- The more severe is when the spores are being
Clostridium perfringens
inhaled or called Inhalational Anthrax. Once the
spores have reached the respiratory tract, the active
form of bacteria destroys the tissue of the
respiratory tract. Hence, it will lead to acute
respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and
eventually the patient will die because of difficulty
breathing.

DISEASES RELATED TO SPORE PERSISTENCE

Clostridium tetani
● Bacteria Clostridium tetani destroys the nerves of
the skeletal muscle.
● This bacteria causes tetanus such as Trismus & NOTE
Opisthotonus. - This bacteria causes gas gangrene or infection
of wounds especially if surgical instruments are
Trismus (Lockjaw) poorly sterilized and it is being used to suture
wounds.
- If the wound has been infected, the wound will
eventually be showing symptoms of gangrenous
wounds which may also cause tissue death,
purulent discharge and infection inside the
wounds.

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 Clostridium botulinum ○ Involved in acne
● Corynebacterium
○ Diphtheria
● Mycobacterium
○ Tuberculosis, leprosy

NOTE
- This bacteria causes Botulism
- Botulism is a form of paralysis however it is the
opposite of tetanus (instead of spastic, it is
flaccid) meaning the muscles are always relaxed
and it cannot contract.
- This bacteria is also the one being used for botox
injection, however this is safe because the effect
of the botox injected is usually localized only in MEDICALLY IMPORTANT GRAM NEGATIVE
the face while in botulism a huge part of the body BACTERIA
is affected. II. BACTERIA WITH GRAM-NEGATIVE CELL
- This bacteria can usually be found in infected or WALL STRUCTURE
contaminated cans or jars.
Aerobic cocci
● Neisseria
MEDICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF ENDOSPORES ○ Gonorrhea, meningitis
● Endospores are constant intruders where sterility ● Moraxella
and cleanliness are important:
○ Resist ordinary cleaning methods: Aerobic coccobacilli
boiling water, soaps, and disinfectants. ● Moraxella, Acinetobacter
○ Frequently contaminates cultures and
media. Anaerobic cocci
○ Hospitals must protect against endospores ● Veillonella
in wounds. ○ dental disease
○ Destruction of endospores important in the
food-canning industry. Aerobic rods
● Pseudomonas
○ pneumonia, burn infection
NOTE ● Legionella
- Hospitals use a special machine called the ○ Legionnaires’ disease
Autoclave machine to sterilize all surgical
instruments, it uses high temperature and Facultative or anaerobic rods and vibrios
pressure so that the endospores can be killed. ● Escherichia, Edwardsiella, Citrobacter,
Salmonella (typhoid fever), Shigella (dysentery),
MEDICALLY IMPORTANT GRAM POSITIVE Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Serratia, Proteus,
BACTERIA Yersinia (one species causes plaque), Vibrio
(cholera, food infection), Campylobacter, Aeroma
I. BACTERIA WITH GRAM-POSITIVE CELL
WALL STRUCTURE

Cocci in clusters or packets

● Staphylococcus
○ Members cause boils, skin infections,
sepsis.

Cocci in pairs and chains

● Streptococcus
○ Species cause strep throat, dental caries,
pneumonia

Anaerobic cocci
● Peptococcus, Peptostreptococcus
○ Involved in wound infections

Endospore-forming rods
● Lactobacillus, Listeria, Erysipelothrix
○ Erysipeloid
● Propionibacterium

CHUA, D. J., CHUA, L. R., CLAVERIA, CONCEPCION, CORNILLEZ, CRUZ, C. D., CRUZ, M. K., DE CASTRO, DE CHAVEZ, DE JESUS, DE VILLA, C., DEL
CASTILLO, DELGADO, S. V., DIMAANO, H. V., DOLIENTE, DONAIRE, G. A.| 1NU04
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