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Documenting the health benefits of tuna products

Conference Paper · September 2013

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Oihane Erdaide Goienetxe Harkaitz Eguiraun Martinez

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 CANNED TUNA: A HEALTHY AND NUTRITIOUS PRODUCT

DOCUMENTING THE HEALTH BENEFITS OF TUNA

PRODUCTS

Oihane Erdaide1, Harkaitz Eguiraun1,2,*, Gregor Bwye1, Xabier Lekube1

and Iciar Martinez1,3,4*
1Research Center for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotech. (PIE), University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Spain
2 Dept.of Systems Engineering and Automatics, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Spain
3 IKERBASQUE Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
4 NFH, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway

* iciar.martinez@ehu.es

I. Martinez, IV Conferencia Mundial del Atún, 9-10 Sept 2013, Vigo

 Presentation

1. Need to scientifically demonstrate the benefits of the

product
ü Where is the tuna industry?

2. Update on tuna health benefits

3. Our studies:
ü Tuna - Is selenium showing a detoxifying effect?
ü Experiments with small seabass - Application of systems
engineering discriminates healthy from contaminated fish

4. Future prospects

I. Martinez, IV Conferencia Mundial del Atún, 9-10 Sept 2013, Vigo

 Health claims

■ MUST be backed up by scientific evidence

■ Some products have not been allowed to include health

claims in their labels
■ Others are eliminating health claims from their labels

Because the producers have not been able to scientifically

document their claims

I. Martinez, IV Conferencia Mundial del Atún, 9-10 Sept 2013, Vigo

I. Martinez, IV Conferencia Mundial del Atún, 9-10 Sept 2013, Vigo
From US Food and Drug Administration. www.fda.gov

I. Martinez, IV Conferencia Mundial del Atún, 9-10 Sept 2013, Vigo

I. Martinez, IV Conferencia Mundial del Atún, 9-10 Sept 2013, Vigo
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I. Martinez, IV Conferencia Mundial del Atún, 9-10 Sept 2013, Vigo

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I. Martinez, IV Conferencia Mundial del Atún, 9-10 Sept 2013, Vigo

 233

11

I. Martinez, IV Conferencia Mundial del Atún, 9-10 Sept 2013, Vigo

 11 papers “Tuna AND Health benefits”
Different sources of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids affects apparent digestibility, tissue deposition, and tissue
oxidative stability in growing female rats.

n= 5
Oils
Stability of spray-dried tuna oil emulsions encapsulated with two-layered interfacial membranes.



Increasing the oxidative stability of liquid and dried tuna oil-in-water emulsions with electrostatic layer-by-layer deposition
technology.

Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in adolescents: knowledge and consumption.

Health benefits of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)

Regular consumption of n-3 fatty acid-enriched pork modifies cardiovascular risk factors.

n=2
Not fish
Decrease in blood triglycerides associated with the consumption of eggs of hens fed with food supplemented with fish oil.

Determination of toxic elements (mercury, cadmium, lead, tin and arsenic) in fish and shellfish samples. Risk assessment
n=2 for the consumers.

Toxic


Mercury concentrations and omega-3 fatty acids in fish and shrimp: Preferential consumption for maximum health
benefits.

Biomagnification of mercury and its antagonistic interaction with selenium in yellowfin tuna Thunnus albacares in the
n=2 trophic web of Baja California Sur, Mexico.

Positive

Fish consumption and risk of subclinical brain abnormalities on MRI in older adults

I. Martinez, IV Conferencia Mundial del Atún, 9-10 Sept 2013, Vigo

 Selenoneine- update

The dose and form of selenium compounds are critical factors with regard to
cellular responses
The use of a cocktail consisting of selenium, and other vitamins and minerals
appears to be a promising approach to inhibit genetic damage and the
development of cancer

Many foods (grain products, seafood, meat and poultry) are major sources of
selenium. Seafood accounts for approximately 30% of the dietary selenium
intake.

I. Martinez, IV Conferencia Mundial del Atún, 9-10 Sept 2013, Vigo

Efforts to identify anti-carcinogenic activities in plants: garlic, onion and broccoli

From all the human cancer intervention studies that have been completed to date,
the Se trial is one of the most successful

The chemical form of Se and the dose are determinants for its biological activities

I. Martinez, IV Conferencia Mundial del Atún, 9-10 Sept 2013, Vigo

 Selenoneine- update

11th Brazil nuts

I. Martinez, IV Conferencia Mundial del Atún, 9-10 Sept 2013, Vigo

 Ralston & Yamashita´s works

■ Tuna products should be labelled with the amount of

selenium/selenoneine they contain

■ Se:Hg ratios must be taken into consideration in risk-

benefit analysis
ü Only Hg levels is a misleading information

I. Martinez, IV Conferencia Mundial del Atún, 9-10 Sept 2013, Vigo

Yamashita et al.

I. Martinez, IV Conferencia Mundial del Atún, 9-10 Sept 2013, Vigo

Hypothesis for the influence of dietary intake of selenoneine on MeHg accumulation and toxicity:

§ The main dietary source of selenoneine is fish, and it can be biologically synthesized from other
selenium sources

§ Selenoneine plays an important role in selenium redox mechanisms

§ Selenoneine mediates the uptake of MeHg into endosomal and/or lysosomal secretion vesicles
where demethylation occurs

§ MeHg exposure induces oxidative stress owing to the depletion of selenoneine and production of
ROS

I. Martinez, IV Conferencia Mundial del Atún, 9-10 Sept 2013, Vigo

 Yamashita et al. (2013) Mar. Biotechnol., 15: 559-570.

I. Martinez, IV Conferencia Mundial del Atún, 9-10 Sept 2013, Vigo

Zebrafish embryos

Yamashita et al. (2013) Mar. Biotechnol., 15: 559-570.

I. Martinez, IV Conferencia Mundial del Atún, 9-10 Sept 2013, Vigo

 Sampling 2013

Big Eye
Tuna Oihane Erdaide

Yellowfin

Skipjack

I. Martinez, IV Conferencia Mundial del Atún, 9-10 Sept 2013, Vigo

Autometallography with silver enhancement. Black spots are metals precipitated with silver. Oihane Erdaide

Yellowfin Big Eye

Liver

100µm 100µm

Muscle

20µm 20µm

I. Martinez, IV Conferencia Mundial del Atún, 9-10 Sept 2013, Vigo

Relationship between metal volume density and fish weight

t a n d metal con tent

betwe e n w e ig h
§ No direct relationship to ry, d ie t and
ration the li fe h is
§ Neednotonetaine amount
k e in to c o n s id e
sele
v e ry im p o rtant
§ Geogra phic origin ma y b e

I. Martinez, IV Conferencia Mundial del Atún, 9-10 Sept 2013, Vigo

 Seabass experiment – Harkaitz Eguiraun & Gregor Bwye
Control MeHg + Se

Liver

100µm 100µm

Muscle

10µM 10µM
Autometallography with silver enhancement. Oihane Erdaide

I. Martinez, IV Conferencia Mundial del Atún, 9-10 Sept 2013, Vigo

 Seabass experiment - liver

MeHg + Se MeHg

50µM
50µM

Autometallography with silver enhancement. Oihane Erdaide

I. Martinez, IV Conferencia Mundial del Atún, 9-10 Sept 2013, Vigo

 Other results
■ Gregor Bwye has identified differences in the expression of proteins in
the muscle of Me-Hg treated seabass

I. Martinez, IV Conferencia Mundial del Atún, 9-10 Sept 2013, Vigo

 Other results
■ Harkaitz Eguiraun using a systems engineering
approach has created a mathematical model to
differentiate MeHg treated fish according to the
swimming patter of the group

■ Conditions for the method:

ü Results had to be objective and measurable
ü Affordable
ü User friendly
ü Easily adapted to industrial needs

I. Martinez, IV Conferencia Mundial del Atún, 9-10 Sept 2013, Vigo

■ Record the fish swimming in the tank

Estocastic Event

30s 2min30s

1h30min

I. Martinez, IV Conferencia Mundial del Atún, 9-10 Sept 2013, Vigo

 TRAJECTORY EXTRACTION

Frame RGB to B/
extraction W

Video
sequence

Elements
Centre
K-Means
Clustering à
Cluster Centre
Coordinates Y

Random event
Cluster centre Coordinates X
X
trajectory table T2
Random event Y
X T1
Y Random event

X T3
Y

I. Martinez, IV Conferencia Mundial del Atún, 9-10 Sept 2013, Vigo

 Katz-Castiglioni - Fractal Analysis
To capture the dynamics of the system - for each tank & window length
T2-Labelled
T1- Control
T3- Mg-Hg

I. Martinez, IV Conferencia Mundial del Atún, 9-10 Sept 2013, Vigo

 Entropy of the trajectory signal
Measures the disorder in a physical system

Control T1

Labelled T2

Trated with T3
MeHg

Harkaitz Eguiraun
I. Martinez, IV Conferencia Mundial del Atún, 9-10 Sept 2013, Vigo
 Results obtained from the Systems
Engineering approach
§ Objective & measurable differences in the swimming activity of
the school discriminate Me-Hg contaminated fish in vivo in a
non-invasive manner

§ The fractal dimension and entropy of the system have non-

invasive diagnostic value for alive contaminanted fish

§ Implementation of this approach on fishing vessels

may help to identify contaminated or diseased fish as
they are swimming and avoid harvesting low quality of
unsafe fish

I. Martinez, IV Conferencia Mundial del Atún, 9-10 Sept 2013, Vigo

 Conclusions

■ The food industry is extremely competitive

■ Tuna industry lags very much behind. It

competes:
ü As protein: with eggs, chicken, pork (hot dogs), beef
(hamburgers), milk and diary
ü As healthy food: with seafood, oils, nuts, vegetables
and with the pharmaceutical industry

■ Bad reputation extends to all types of tuna and

to all types of fish

I. Martinez, IV Conferencia Mundial del Atún, 9-10 Sept 2013, Vigo

 Facts
■ Public funding is unreliable and insufficient
■ In this arena, the tuna industry competes with
ü the other food groups
fi n a n ce
e e d s to d
ü medical and basic research
u s tr y n fe ty a n
i n d e s a
The tuna
ü pharmaceutical industry
c u nt th
m e c ts
h to d o s p ro d u
a r c
eselosing extremely i ts o f i t
■ Werare b e n e f
talented scientist to competing
industriesheal
th to
h a p p y
b e v e r y e s
u p w i l l a c ti v i ti
■ m y
Only a few researchersg r o in the world a te
are th e
working on
A n d c o o r d i n
selenoneine
i b u te to
■ conhas
Our group
r
t a collaboration with Yamashita´s group and
contact with Ralston´s group

I. Martinez, IV Conferencia Mundial del Atún, 9-10 Sept 2013, Vigo

 Proposed work

■ Strengthen our collaborations – Japan & USA

■ Develop fast industrial methods to be implemented on

board fishing vessels to discriminate healthy from
diseased or contaminated fish
ü as they swim freely in the ocean and prior to capture

■ Develop fast, affordable, objective methods suitable to be

used in an industrial environment to estimate
contaminants (already captured fish)

I. Martinez, IV Conferencia Mundial del Atún, 9-10 Sept 2013, Vigo

 Proposed work

■ Investigate the mechanisms of synthesis and action of

selenoneine

■ Investigate potential benefitial effects of selenoneine on:

ü Alzheimer´s (cooperation already established)
ü Cancer
ü Diabetes-type 2
ü Aging

I. Martinez, IV Conferencia Mundial del Atún, 9-10 Sept 2013, Vigo

 Acknowledgements
■ Financial support
§ University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU) - Zabalduz
§ IKERBASQUE-Basque Foundation for Science
§ SINTEF Fisheries and Aquaculture (PT10210)

§ Etxebastar Fleet

■ Ethical aspects
§ Experiment approved by the Ethical Committee for Animal
Welfare No. CEBA/285/2013/MG

I. Martinez, IV Conferencia Mundial del Atún, 9-10 Sept 2013, Vigo

 Gracias -Thank you

I. Martinez, IV Conferencia Mundial del Atún, 9-10 Sept 2013, Vigo

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