2 Marks:

1. Social inequality refers to the unequal distribution of resources, opportunities,

and privileges in society based on factors like income, education, gender, and
ethnicity.
2. Inequality and exclusion are social because they result from societal structures,
norms, and biases that create disparities among individuals or groups.
3. Prejudices influence behavior by shaping our attitudes and perceptions,
leading to discriminatory actions or thoughts.
4. Discrimination is the unfair treatment of individuals or groups based on
characteristics like race, gender, or religion.
5. Prolonged discriminatory experiences often lead excluded groups to form
solidarity, advocate for rights, or engage in protests as a reaction.
6. Social status and economic status were more correlated in the past, whereas
contemporary times show greater diversification due to changes in education
and employment opportunities.
7. The term "Dalit" signifies a historically oppressed and marginalized group in
India, formerly known as "Untouchables."
8. OBCs (Other Backward Classes) and Dalits are both marginalized groups in
India, but they differ in historical background, social status, and government
policies.
9. Disability and poverty are linked because individuals with disabilities often
face barriers to education and employment, increasing their vulnerability to
poverty.
4 Marks:

1. Prejudices are often governed by stereotypes, which are oversimplified and

generalized beliefs about individuals or groups based on their characteristics.
Stereotypes can lead to biased perceptions and discriminatory actions. For
example, if a person holds a stereotype that all members of a particular ethnic
group are lazy, they may discriminate against individuals from that group by
not hiring them for a job, even if they are qualified. These prejudiced beliefs
can be deeply ingrained in society and influence how people interact with one
another, often perpetuating inequality and exclusion.
2. Social exclusion is a multifaceted concept that refers to the marginalization of
individuals or groups from participating fully in society. It is involuntary
because it is primarily a result of societal structures, norms, and biases that
create barriers for certain people. For instance, a person with a disability may
experience social exclusion when they encounter physical or attitudinal
barriers that prevent them from accessing public spaces, education, or
employment opportunities. This exclusion is involuntary because it is not a
choice made by the individual but is imposed by a society that fails to
accommodate their needs.
 3. Public exclusion involves the denial of access to public services, spaces, or
opportunities based on an individual's social identity. For example, in many
societies, marginalized groups such as ethnic minorities or low-income
individuals may face public exclusion when they are systematically denied
access to quality healthcare, education, or housing due to their social status.
This form of exclusion perpetuates inequality and limits the ability of these
groups to improve their social and economic well-being.
4. Other Backward Classes (OBCs) are a much more diverse group than the
Dalits. This diversity arises from the fact that OBCs encompass a wide range of
castes and communities that have historically faced social and economic
disadvantages. While the term "Dalit" specifically refers to those historically
considered "Untouchables" and is associated with a particular set of social and
economic challenges, OBCs include a broader spectrum of communities with
varying degrees of disadvantage. Therefore, addressing the needs of OBCs
requires a more nuanced and diverse approach, as policies and interventions
must account for the unique circumstances of each OBC community.

6 Marks:

1. Social stratification is a complex system that features several key

characteristics. Firstly, it involves the division of society into layers or strata,
each with varying degrees of access to resources, opportunities, and
privileges. These layers are typically determined by factors such as class, caste,
race, or gender. Secondly, social stratification is characterized by hierarchy,
with certain groups enjoying more power, prestige, and wealth than others.
Finally, social stratification is marked by inequality, as it results in disparities in
income, education, healthcare, and social mobility. These features collectively
shape the life experiences and opportunities of individuals within different
strata of society.
2. Social exclusion is not merely a matter of personal choice; rather, it is a
consequence of the structural features of society. It occurs when individuals or
groups are marginalized and prevented from fully participating in social,
economic, and political life due to systemic factors such as discrimination,
unequal power dynamics, and societal norms. For example, women may
experience social exclusion due to gender-based discrimination, which
restricts their access to education, employment, and leadership roles. This
exclusion is rooted in societal structures and biases that perpetuate gender
inequality.
3. Untouchability in India has taken various forms throughout history, with
different dimensions of discrimination. For instance, Dalits have been
subjected to segregation, being physically separated from higher-caste
individuals in public spaces. They have also faced the denial of access to basic
amenities like water sources or temples. Additionally, Dalits have endured
 unequal treatment, such as being assigned menial and degrading tasks in
society, solely because of their caste. Furthermore, the social stigma
associated with untouchability has led to psychological and emotional
suffering, as Dalits have been devalued and dehumanized by the broader
society.
4. Initiatives addressing caste and tribe discrimination in India encompass a
range of state and non-state efforts. Government policies such as affirmative
action provide reserved quotas in education and employment for
marginalized groups, including Dalits and Tribes. Additionally, various non-
governmental organizations (NGOs) and civil society groups work to raise
awareness about caste discrimination, promote social justice, and provide
support to individuals facing discrimination. These initiatives aim to challenge
deeply ingrained biases, uplift marginalized communities, and create a more
equitable society.
5. While there are common features of disability worldwide, such as physical or
mental impairments, the view of disability varies culturally. Some societies
view disability as a medical issue, focusing on individual impairments and
medical interventions. However, this perspective tends to overlook the societal
and environmental barriers that people with disabilities often face. In contrast,
a social model of disability emphasizes that disability is not solely an
individual's impairment but results from societal barriers and attitudes that
restrict their full participation. Recognizing the social model highlights the
importance of inclusive policies, accessible environments, and changing
societal perceptions to address disability-related challenges effectively.
6. Social reformers have played a pivotal role in uplifting the status of women in
India. They have advocated for women's rights, including the right to
education, property, and suffrage. Prominent figures like Raja Ram Mohan
Roy, Jyotirao Phule, and Dr. B.R. Ambedkar championed social reforms that
challenged oppressive practices such as child marriage, widowhood, and the
caste system. Their efforts paved the way for legal changes and societal shifts
that gradually improved women's status, increased their access to education
and employment, and reduced gender-based discrimination. These reformers
were instrumental in advancing gender equality and empowering women in
Indian society.