Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
Regional Office IX, Zamboanga Peninsula

12 Zest for Progress

Z Peal of artnership

Understanding Culture,
Society and Politics
First Semester- Quarter 2: Module 10
Government Programs and Initiatives in
Addressing Social Inequalities e.g. local,
national, global

Name of Learner: ___________________________

Grade & Section: ___________________________
Name of School: ___________________________
 Development Team of the Module
Writer/s: Airene G. Elcamel
Editor: Florence S. Gallemit, Marirose Breto
Evaluators: Perga A. Cadiente
Florence S. Gallemit
Dr. Jephone Yorong
Illustrator: Name of illustrator/Photographer
Layout Artist: Peter Alavanza, Name of layout artist
Management Team: Dr. Isabelita M. Borres, CESO III
Dr. Eugenio B. Penales
Sonia D. Gonzales
Dr. Ella Grace M. Tagupa
Dr. Jephone P. Yorong
Florence S. Gallemit

1
 Target
After going through this module, you are expected to:

 List the government programs and initiatives in addressing social

inequalities
 Identify the different social inequalities
 Describe social inequalities

Review
Get your notebook on UCSP. Multiple Choice. Answer the following questions.
Choose the correct answer. Write the letter of your answer in your notebook.
1. A process wherein the members of the society are ranked in terms of their
superiority
a. Class
b. Stratification
c. Discrimination
d. Differentiation
2. These are mostly professional people like lawyers, doctors, mangers, owners
of small businesses, executive, etc.
a. Upper class
b. Middle class
c. Lower class
d. High class
3. A type of Class System that prohibits social mobility. An example this type
of Class System is Indi’s Caste System
a. Open Class System
b. Closed Class System
c. Irrevocable Class System
d. Social Mobility
4. Those who are socially desirable possess a high level of:
a. Wealth, Influence, Prestige
b. Prestige, Power, Popularity
c. Health, Wealth, Power
d. Wealth, Power, Prestige

2
 5. The three social classes in social stratification
a. Prestige, esteem and power
b. Ascribed status, achieved status and status
c. Social stratification, political stratification and social mobility
d. Upper class, Middle class and Lower class

Lesson
Social Inequalities
10

Discover
People having unequal access to various resources and privileges in society are
social inequality. They may be deprived of economic stability, political influence,
education and many more. They may not receive the same resources and privileges
as other people because of their economic standing, ethnicity and gender.

Social inequality is characterized by three factors: wealth, power, and prestige.

Wealth refers to the amount of material resources a person has access to. Power
refers to the ability of a person to make others follow him/her. Lastly, prestige is a
person’s influence and status in a society. Social inequality also exists in many
areas, these are: gender, sex, race, age, ethnicity, religion and kinship.

There is a wide gap between the rich and poor; poverty and social inequality are
interrelated and they both can have effects on an individual. It was said that
income inequality can cause psychological stress, which can affect the health of a
person. In addition to this, those from deprived communities, which have lower
economic status, experience poorer health compared to those who are well off.
Social inequality can also affect society as a whole; crime rates and violence tends
to increase.

SOCIAL INEQUALITY
The existence of uneven opportunities and rewards for a diverse social positions or
statuses within a group or society is referred to as social inequality. Social
inequality occurs when resources in a given society are distributed unevenly,
generally through norms of allocation, that bring about specific patterns along lines

3
of socially defined categories of persons. Economic inequality, described on the
basis of the unequal distribution of income or wealth, is the most frequently
studied type of social inequality.

Social and natural resources other than purely economic resources are also
unevenly distributed in most societies and, thus, may contribute to social status.
The distribution of rights and privileges, social power, transportation, adequate
housing, access to public goods and services such as education or the judicial
system, credit and financial services such as banking and other social goods and
services can also be affected by the norms of allocation.

Despite the fact that many societies worldwide get hold of their resources and are
distributed on the basis of merit; study shows that the allocation of resources often
follows delineations that differentiate diverse social categories of persons on the
basis of other socially defined characteristics.

For example, social inequality is correlated to racial inequality, gender inequality,

and ethnic inequality as well as other status characteristics.

Social inequality is shaped by a range of structural factors, such as

geographical location or citizenship, and is often underpinned by cultural
discourses and significant identities. For example, whether the poor are ‘deserving’
or ‘undeserving’. In simple societies, those that have few social roles and statuses
occupied by its members, social inequality may be very low. In tribal societies, for
example, a tribal head or chieftain may hold some privileges, use tools, or wear
marks of office to which others do not have access.

The manifestation of social inequality in the society can be seen in many ways. The
following are some examples.
1. Access to capital
Marx described capital as the means of production. It is the main resource
of a person in order to survive. Capital exists in different forms: financial
capital (money), cultural capital (culture), human capital (skills and
knowledge), social capita (networks), and symbolic capita (honor and
prestige).
Scarcity in symbolic capital also causes inequality. For example, everyone is
expected to be treated equally in a voter’s registration. Everyone queues and
follows the procedure. However, when a VIP (e.g., a popular celebrity) joins
the registrants, the staff treats the VIP better than the other registrants, and
lets him/her cut the queue. Inequality happens because of the VIP’s symbolic
capital as a popular celebrity.
2. Gender Inequality
Since the 1990’s the female population among all societies in the worl have
taken leaps toward gender equality. However, they are still far from
achieving complete gender equity. According to the 2015 Human
Development Report of UNDP, females are still discriminated in health,
education, political representation, labor market, and more.
4
 In the Philippines, violence to women is still rampant. In 2013, almost 24
thousand cases of violence against women have been reported (Philippine
Commission on Women, 2014). One reason can be attributed to the large
Christian population of the country.

3. Inequality to cultural minorities

Inequality also manifests in cultural minorities, such as ethnic groups,
sexual minorities, persons with disabilities (PWD), and religious minorities.

Stereotype is the most common basis for inequality against minorities. For
example, many Filipinos think of Bajau people as ill-mannered street dwellers.
Since some of the street dwellers are violent towards people who refuses to
give donations, many urban citizens tend to associate the Bajau people with
violence and rudeness.

For sexual minorities in the country, such as LGBTs, the common stereotype is
that gay men are hairdressers or entertainers, and lesbian women are cross-
dressing butches (Pascual, 2012; Martin, 2013). Gay men are often portrayed
in the mass media as people whose weakness is sex men.

Discrimination also exists in the treatment of persons with disability (PWDs).

Not all overpasses, not just in the country but the world, have ramps which
differently abled can use in crossing roads; same with trains and public
utility vehicles (PUVs). Most entertainment establishment, do not have
facilities for the blind and deaf for them to equally enjoy the establishment.

Another case of inequality can be seen in how religious minorities are treated
in a place dominated by a certain faith.

4. Global Inequality
the financial system of the world have developed unevenly, historically, such
that the entire geographical regions were left stalled in poverty and illness,
while the rest of the world began to reduce poverty illness.

Countries need to embrace/adapt an integral program that looks at the problem

across the social, economic and environment dimensions, as well as access to
education health care and resources to effectively solve inequality. Vital to these
solutions is a host of interventions that promote equitable access to resources and
services, as well as inclusive growth with decent jobs and livelihoods for all people
within society.

The CCT implementation of DSWD in the Philippine is a manifestation of the

government’s effort toward an equitable society. The Pantawid Pamilya Pilipino
Program (4Ps) reaches out to the poorest of the poor by giving them social
assistance and development. In this way, it is hoped that the beneficiaries will
slowly be alleviated from extreme poverty.

5
The gap between the classes widens through time. Because of this, policy makers
and social reformers aim to attain equitable distribution of wealth and income
through various government transfers, like conditional cash transfer (CCT) that
is being implemented by the Department of Social Welfare and Development
(DSWD).

Non-formal education refers to any organized systematic educational activity

carried outside of the framework of the formal system to provide selected types of
learning to a segment of the population.

It offers alternative learning opportunities for the out of school youth and adults
specifically those who are 15 year old above and unable to avail themselves of the
educational services and programs of formal education. It reaches out to citizens of
varied interest, demographic characteristics, and socioeconomic origins and status.
Its primary objectives are to provide literacy programs to eradicate illiteracy.

Special Education (SPED provides distinct services, facilities, curricula, and

instructional materials geared to pupils or students who are significantly higher or
lower than the average or norm. it aims to develop the maximums potential of
the child with the special needs to enable him/her to become self-reliant and take
advantage of the opportunities for a full and happy life.

Implementation of Programs and Services for Persons with Disabilities

in every Province, City and Municipality
Republic Act Number 10070, dated 27 July 2009. PDAO shall be created in every
province, city and municipality. The local chief executive shall appoint a PWD
affairs officer who shall mange and oversee the operations of the office, pursuant to
its mandate under this act.

 Department of the Interior and Local Government Memorandum Circular No.

2010-103, dated 23 September 2010. This contains the implementing rules
and regulations around RA 10070.
Accessible Polling Places Exclusively for Persons with Disabilities and Senior
Citizens
Republic Act Number 10336, dated 23 July 2012. “The State shall ensure that
persons with disabilities and senior citizens are able to exercise their right to
political participation without discrimination or restrictions. Towards this end, the
state shall design systems and procedures that will enable persons with disabilities
and senior citizens to register and vote by them.”

 COMELEC Resolution 9763, dated 30 August 2013. This contains the

implementing rules and regulations around RA 10336.
Equal Opportunity Employment
Republic Act Number 10524, dated 23 July 2012. “At least one percent (1%) of all
positions in all government agencies, offices or corporations shall be reserved for
persons with disability: Provided, that private corporations with more than one
hundred (100) employees are encouraged to reserve at least one percent (1%) of all
positions for persons with disability.
6
Anti-Bullying Act
Republic Act Number 10627, dated 05 June 2013. “Bullying shall refer to any
severe or repeated use by one or more students of a written, verbal or electric
expressions, or a physical act or gesture, or any combination thereof, directed at
another student that has the effect of actually causing or placing the latter in
reasonable fear of physical or emotional harm or damage to his property; creating a
hostile environment at school for the other student; infringing on the rights of the
other student at school; or materially and substantially disrupting the education
process or the orderly operation of the school’.
Other Policies
DEPED Child Protection Policy Dated 14 May 2012. The document outlines the
Philippine Department of Education’s Policies and Guideline on protecting children
in school from violence, exploitation, discrimination, bullying, neglect, abuse,
cruelty and other conditions prejudicial to their development.

Analyze

Directions: Answer the following questions. Write your answer in your notebook or
a separate sheet of paper.

Activity 1

1. What are the factors that characterized by social inequality?

2. Provide examples of social inequality for each.
a. Access to capital
b. Gender inequality
c. Cultural minorities (ethnic groups, LGBTs, PWD, etc.)
d. Global inequality
3. Should the government set up centers or working establishment exclusive
for persons with disability? Why?
4. Should the government encourage business to make it easier for persons
with disability to work? Why?

Activity 2

1. Is the entire world, growing more or less unequal?

2. Do you agree that men and women should be treated the same way?
3. Do you think men and women today have equal opportunities in our society?
Why or why not?
4. How minorities treated by society?
7
Activity 3

1. Name at least 5 government programs in addressing the social inequality.

Enrichment Activity

Activity 1
Directions: Fill in the blanks. Write your answer in your UCSP notebook. Do not
write anything in this module.

1. ________________ is the most common basis for inequality against minorities.

2. The existence of uneven opportunities and rewards for a diverse social
positions or statuses within a group or society is referred to as
______________.
3. Social inequality is characterized by three factors:________________,
4. _________________
5. _________________
6. The implementation of DSWD in the Philippines is a manifestation of the
government’s effort an equitable society. The _________________ reaches out
to the poorest of the poor by giving them social assistance and development.
In this way, it is hoped that the beneficiaries will slowly be alleviated from
extreme poverty.
7. _________________________ provides distinct services, facilities, curricula, and
instructional materials geared to pupils or students who are significantly
higher or lower than the average or norm. it aims to develop the maximums
potential of the child with the special needs to enable him/her to become
self-reliant and take advantage of the opportunities for a full and happy life.
8. _____________________ refers to any organized systematic educational
activity carried outside of the framework of the formal system to provide
selected types of learning to a segment of the population.
9. ___________ in symbolic capital also causes inequality.
10. Social inequality also exists in many areas, these are: ______________,
11. _____________
12. _____________
13. _____________
14. _____________
15. _____________
16. _____________

8
Activity 2
Directions: Multiple Choice. Read the questions carefully. Write the letter of your
answer in your UCSP notebook. Do not write anything in this module.

1. Republic Act Number 10524, dated 23 July 2012. “At least one percent (1%)
of all positions in all government agencies, offices or corporations shall be
reserved for persons with disability: Provided, that private corporations with
more than one
2. hundred (100) employees are encouraged to reserve at least one percent
(1%) of all positions for persons with disability.
a. Anti-bullying act
b. Magna carta for persons with disabilities
c. Equal opportunity employment
d. Disability law
3. Social inequality also exists in many areas, which one is not included?
a. Gender
b. Race
c. Talent
d. Sex
4. Republic Act Number 10336, dated 23 July 2012. “The State shall ensure
that persons with disabilities and senior citizens are able to exercise their
right to political participation without discrimination or restrictions.
Towards this end, the state shall design systems and procedures that will
enable persons with disabilities and senior citizens to register and vote by
them.”
a. Accessible polling places exclusively for persons with disabilities
and senior citizen.
b. Anti-bullying act
c. Equal opportunity
d. Magna carta for persons with disabilities
5. The implementation of DSWD in the Philippines is a manifestation of the
government’s effort an equitable society. The _________________ reaches out
to the poorest of the poor by giving them social assistance and development.
In this way, it is hoped that the beneficiaries will slowly be alleviated from
extreme poverty.
a. Anti-bullying act
b. Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps)
c. Equal opportunity employment
d. Magna carta for persons with disabilities
6. ____________________ refers to any organized systematic educational
activity carried outside of the framework of the formal system to provide
selected types of learning to a segment of the population.

a. Special Education
b. Global Inequality
 c. Non-formal Education
d. Gender Inequality

Activity 3
Directions: Fact or Bluff. Write the word Fact if the statement is correct and the
Bluff if the statement is incorrect. Write your answer in your UCSP notebook. Do
not write anything in this module.

1. Social inequality is characterized by two factors: wealth, power and prestige.

2. Social inequality also exist in many areas, these are: gender, sex, race, age,
ethnicity, religion and kinship.
3. Inequality also manifests in cultural minorities, such as ethnic groups,
sexual minorities, persons with disabilities (PWDs), and religious minorities.
4. Stereotype is the most common basis for inequality against minorities.
5. The manifestation of social inequality in the society can be seen in many
ways. Like for examples, access to capital, gender inequality, inequality to
cultural minorities, global inequality.
6. SPED refers to any organized systematic educational activity carried outside
of the framework of the formal system to provide selected types of learning to
a segment of the population.
7. Special Education (SPED provides distinct services, facilities, curricula, and
instructional materials geared to pupils or students who are significantly
higher or lower than the average or norm. it aims to develop the maximums
potential of the child with the special needs to enable him/her to become
self-reliant and take advantage of the opportunities for a full and happy life.
8. Anti-Bullying Act states that “At least one percent (1%) of all positions in all
government agencies, offices or corporations shall be reserved for persons
with disability: Provided, that private corporations with more than one
hundred (100) employees are encouraged to reserve at least one percent (1%)
of all positions for persons with disability.
9. Social inequality can also affect society as a whole; crime rates and violence
tends to increase.
10. The existence of uneven opportunities and rewards for a diverse social
positions or statuses within a group or society is referred to as social inequality.

10
 Gawain

Directions: Get your notebook, and then answer the following activity. Do not write
anything in this module.

1. List down Famous Personalities who excel in their field of specialization

WOMEN

WHO WHO WHO

EXPERTISE EXPERTISE EXPERTISE

TRANSGENDER

WHO WHO WHO

EXPERTISE EXPERTISE EXPERTISE

2. Give 5 top solutions to income inequality base on your society base on your
priority.

11
 Remember

 Social inequality is characterized by three factors: wealth, power, and

prestige.
 Social inequality also exists in many areas, these are: gender, sex, race, age,
ethnicity, religion and kinship.
 The existence of uneven opportunities and rewards for a diverse social
positions or statuses within a group or society is referred to as social
inequality. Social inequality occurs when resources in a given society are
distributed unevenly, generally through norms of allocation, that bring about
specific patterns along lines of socially defined categories of persons.
 The manifestation of social inequality in the society can be seen in many
ways. Like for examples, access to capital, gender inequality, inequality to
cultural minorities, global inequality.
 Countries need to embrace/adapt an integral program that looks at the
problem across the social, economic and environment dimensions, as well as
access to education health care and resources to effectively solve inequality.
Vital to these solutions is a host of interventions that promote equitable
access to resources and services, as well as inclusive growth with decent
jobs and livelihoods for all people within society.
 The CCT implementation of DSWD in the Philippine is a manifestation of the
government’s effort toward an equitable society. The Pantawid Pamilya
Pilipino Program (4Ps) reaches out to the poorest of the poor by giving
them social assistance and development. In this way, it is hoped that the
beneficiaries will slowly be alleviated from extreme poverty.
 Equal Opportunity Employment Republic Act Number 10524, dated 23
July 2012. “At least one percent (1%) of all positions in all government
agencies, offices or corporations shall be reserved for persons with disability:
Provided, that private corporations with more than one hundred (100)
employees are encouraged to reserve at least one percent (1%) of all positions
for persons with disability.

12
 Evaluation

Directions: Read the questions carefully. Choose the correct answer. Write the
letter of your answer in your notebook.

1. Social inequality is characterized by three factors

a. Wealth, power and prestige.
b. Wealth, inequality and prestige
c. Wealth, power and class
d. Wealth, status and prestige
2. People having unequal access to various resources and privileges in society
is called
a. Gender inequality
b. Social inequality
c. Ethnic minorities
d. Global inequality
3. _________is a person’s influence and status in a society.
a. Wealth
b. Power
c. Prestige
d. Status
4. ___________ refers to the amount of material resources a person has access
to.
a. Wealth
b. Power
c. Prestige
d. Status
5. ___________ refers to the ability of a person to make others follow him/her.
a. Wealth
b. Status
c. Prestige
d. Power
6. Republic Act Number 10524, dated 23 July 2012. “At least one percent (1%)
of all positions in all government agencies, offices or corporations shall be
reserved for persons with disability: Provided, that private corporations with
more than one hundred (100) employees are encouraged to reserve at least
one percent (1%) of all positions for persons with disability.

13
 a. Equal opportunity employment
b. Anti-bullying act
c. Magna carta for persons with disabilities
d. Disability law
7. Social inequality also exists in many areas, which one is not included?
a. Gender
b. Race
c. Talent
d. Sex
8. Republic Act Number 10336, dated 23 July 2012. “The State shall ensure
that persons with disabilities and senior citizens are able to exercise their
right to political participation without discrimination or restrictions.
Towards this end, the state shall design systems and procedures that will
enable persons with disabilities and senior citizens to register and vote by
them.”
a. Anti-bullying act
b. Equal opportunity
c. Magna carta for persons with disabilities
d. Accessible polling places exclusively for persons with disabilities and
senior citizen
9. Republic Act Number 10070, dated 27 July 2009. PDAO shall be created in
every province, city and municipality. The local chief executive shall appoint
a PWD affairs officer who shall mange and oversee the operations of the
office, pursuant to its mandate under this act.
a. Anti-bullying act
b. Equal opportunity
c. Implementation of programs and services for persons with disabilities
in every province, city and municipality.
d. Accessible polling places exclusively for persons with disabilities and
senior citizen.
10. Inequality also manifests in cultural minorities, which one is not included?
a. Ethnic groups
b. Sexual minorities
c. Person with disabilities (PWD)
d. Prestige
11. _____ is the most common basis for inequality against minorities.
a. Stereotype
b. Minorities
c. Inequality
d. Equality
12.The implementation of DSWD in the Philippines is a manifestation of the
government’s effort an equitable society. The _________________ reaches out to
the poorest of the poor by giving them social assistance and development. In
this way, it is hoped that the beneficiaries will slowly be alleviated from extreme
poverty.
14
 a. Anti-bullying act
b. Equal opportunity employment
c. Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps)
d. Magna carta for persons with disabilities
13. The manifestation of social inequality in the society can be seen in many
ways, which one is not included?
a. access to capital
b. gender inequality
c. global inequality
d. social status
14. ___________ in symbolic capital also causes inequality.
a. scarcity
b. inequality
c. status
d. minority
15. ____________________ refers to any organized systematic educational
activity carried outside of the framework of the formal system to provide selected
types of learning to a segment of the population.
a. Special Education
b. Non-formal Education
c. Gender Inequality
d. Global Inequality

15
Answers Key
Evaluation Enrichment Activity Review
1. a Activity 1 1. b
1. stereotype 2. b
2. b 2. social inequality 3. b
3. c 3. wealth 4. d
4. a 4. power 5. d
5. d 5. prestige
6. 4Ps 1.
6. a 7. Special education
7. c 8. Non-formal education
8. d 9. scarcity
10. gender
9. c 11. sex
10. d 12. race
11. a 13. age
14. ethnicity
12. c 15. religion
13. d 16. kinship
14. a *number 3-4 (in any order)
15. b *number 10-16 (in any
order)
Activity 2
1. c
2. c
3. a
4. b
5. c
Activity 3
1. Bluff
2. Fact
3. Fact
4. Fact
5. Fact
6. Bluff
7. Fact
8. Bluff
9. Fact
10. Fact

15
References
Ederlina d. Balena, Dolores M. Lucero, Arnel M. Peralta,Consultant: Adelina A.
Sebastian,Understanding, Culture, Society and Politics for Senior High

Arthur S. Abulencia, Rowel S. Padernal, Social Dynamics, A Worksheet on Understanding Culture

Society and Politics

Myla M. Arcinas, PhD, Project Director: Ronaldo B. Mactal,Understanding Culture, Society and
Politics

16
 Region IX: Zamboanga Peninsula Hymn – Our Eden Land

Here the trees and flowers bloom
Here the breezes gently Blow,
Here the birds sing Merrily,
The liberty forever Stays,
Here the Badjaos roam the seas
Here the Samals live in peace
Here the Tausogs thrive so free
With the Yakans in unity
Gallant men And Ladies fair
Linger with love and care
Golden beams of sunrise and sunset
Are visions you’ll never forget
Oh! That’s Region IX
Hardworking people Abound,
Every valleys and Dale
Zamboangueños, Tagalogs, Bicolanos,
Cebuanos, Ilocanos, Subanons, Boholanos,
Ilongos,
All of them are proud and true
Region IX our Eden Land
Region IX
Our..
Eden...
Land...

The Footprints Prayer Trees by Joyce Kilmer

One night I had a dream. I dreamed I think that I shall never see
that I was walking along the beach A poem lovely as a tree.
with the LORD.
A tree whose hungry mouth is prest
In the beach, there were two (2) sets Against the earth’s sweet flowing
of footprints – one belong to me and breast;
the other to the LORD.
A tree that looks at God all day,
Then, later, after a long walk, I And lifts her leafy arms to pray;
noticed only one set of footprints.
A tree that may in Summer wear
“And I ask the LORD. Why? Why? A nest of robins in her hair;
Why did you leave me when I am sad
and helpless?” Upon whose bosom snow has lain;
Who intimately lives with rain.
And the LORD replied “My son, My
son, I have never left you. There was Poems are made by fools like me,
only one (1) set of footprints in the But only God can make a tree.
sand, because it was then that I
CARRIED YOU!