pa 8 aa @ Maxwell?» Dirptacement cunrent and origin of EM waver ficcerding. te fwpere’» curcuital Laur fb = mex pe 8 When thin in applied te an e . + ehicbric ceccuit Comtaining 2 Capaites an ene of Cbrcuit a element, , the Saux appeared toe e dnemmintent . Hence R Maxwell introduce the Concept of olinplacernent cwveent. Let ws Conmider that charged purcaltel “plate capaci tee by nade $8) olincharnge though & buster Ro The cworent T Leaves the Aeft peck of plate P of the Capacitor, flow» through the Conducting Wee and then enter the ought face of phate & of Capacitor . Ths in called Conoluc tien Cwoent , Ao the cwoent can not flow through the space Hetween the two plates , ne current exctats “Ageteoten “the, tie piator, Haotrer , checbirie, field € exists in Sybace between “the. piaten: : To explain” the discontinuity -6f cuucent tretucen the platen , Maxwell vvoumed that thee 4s diplacement cupucent belween the plater. Mectified frmpere cbccuital daw Bedk = He (Ee tT) Ty = G ate At ov fBdl = Me (Te + Gite) Hew I, =1y; fo : : - oF | 4 The cmduction cwurent prreduces one be pee motion , whuwar the irptacement cwurent prwelucer magnetic field clue te the time ute of change of ekectric field At any Jnvtant , the sativ of the | amplitudes of electric and magnetic fielel ae always Cenatent ond it in equal to speed of EM | Waved, eee dee ! B Mobo Thr the origin of EM. waver in connected te the Concept of oispRaceme nt cuvuunt, Ce ae ee The average electric energy ole ynity of rm. Waves an vacuum in given by 7 Uee GE = by & Ex)" = L GES 2. Te Yy £ Average magnetic enuyy of em. ware Yiven by 2 2 A ple tio ett Bo fp) df be” 8 DM Lf i) =H) Nre £,=cCg, = Be Jive, : =) Us = Ug Now RVUCATe energy, ole vunity of erm, Waves Ue He tug = 2Ug = 2Ug ou = Lee,” = Be ait the energy in electromagnetic wares 0 Aiviced equally between the constituting electric £ magnetic fietdo, ‘+" G | Proved Equations wee Oe | | © trawr'y Laur iw electrmrtaticn : 4t ntates that the tetal electric flax theeugh | Ory Closet nweface is always equal te + times the net charge encterel by the rweface. “5 > f Eds = y € AO) Eras Ul Faas anlage ' dt states that the net magnetic fluc coessing, My Clase Dwrface Us olisayry Zeros § 8.48 =o @ Foracay’y Lew of ehecburraag netic Inoluction 4é rtater that the inducecl em-f. prwoluced in O Grewit in rurmerically equal te time Jute of Change of Yragnetie fluc through it. cade = f Pll ott @ Maxwell’>-Ampeure crcuital tau {4 sotates that the tine integral of ynag netic fpielel akong a clesd path in equal te He times the total Covent (Te tIp) thiuacing the sowiface beuncled bY Unat chered beth. Get = Ma (Ze + dte) Hectz’s experiment LwducTion Col > Metak Plates eam Fy » 12 5, S$, 2 Metak Shhews Dintance between RFR Pe wer boom £ 5 £5, war fo DETECTOR Lem, Detect. war clialer Ex] Col with shheu ¢! £5); Cy Boa. high potential olifference” avr the : metal plates ioniner the ain ybetween the Plater and Sphewr 6, 2S, and allow» @ Path for discharge of platen which precduces Dpok. Since the twe metal Plater act a» a capacitor of Yor nimall capacitance C and the Connecting wires offer vou tows inductance L, the sesenant fry. of the worangement ix given by f Seige (% 5 xo He] Thin sells Un -the . rcéllations of. Cheeper , Due to this , orcilhating erebac oma magnetic fields wil be set ub Which constitute em. waver of Preren Peypuency GKloTHe) and these wares wee ~ Sodiated though apo gap. Wavelength \ = fos 6m Y Powpection ef erm. Weaver © Etecbur- magnetic waves ari brannvevse in netue, @© Thay. wu “pswclucedl. by a cceloratedl charger. @ dn’ fur’ space , speed of Err loaves 4 given by Cz Le = 3x10" mJ/s ao L dw maternal medium , theix rpced +6 Csusctl é BM 7 @ Tre sefractive index of ynaterdal medium eo M= & 2 TRE es No He © = [RE = (PaksO VY -seyr sfecbuire > Main ~pants of eco magnetic Dpegbam we. @ xX = Seay @ Viribte tight ® Ulbu-vieket 2p? © dn fe aruba SLY @ Ractis- waves ‘Osciladoas of electrons © micro Wave 1 Ra wee ise 5 rem carmel [9 Sams 19 rr | molecoles (@) Kiystron, Magnetron G@ Waves guide tubes Tawar vans | eat mae wot @ se rm CEE ge [OR YO Sache @ P @) Plames (@ Photocell £ | eo sa i) Phexofiin FE Uhraviojet rays | gig fsa @ Carbon a. 1) Photocall finner shells == ca oadegcete |e Riveceme |.) == iy Sox Ga) Phovofin 6 Xerays TBombarding targets with Koray wube 1) Geiger tube ve ft Ge |e nn tats aa xt rr gatas | Cake aa | Ferm @) Cyclotronee Radio waves | 03 m 10°60 m Gugtielno puciles ina conducting} Marcon wire or changing eletsic current : scwiy Z| Merona: [OT mT am | 10 Hrwi0? He ‘Gughizino Marconi 3. | tata red waves) 1 mim 2 700 mm | 10" Hew 10" He Witiam Herschel | Viste ign [400 nm wo 720mm, | 4x10" Hiro Tumping of eeazoa | > 7.x 10! ftom higher orbit to tower omit of : | \_|anatom 5 | Gavioe [38am 60Gma | 10H “The sun, welding | River waves ; ot, sc, bigh volage 28 ioharge tbe. 6 Wem i0*am | 10" Few He |Past moving Prot electrons sviking | Romigen target of high tome suber 7 | rms 1 melo m | 10 Hw iH | Radimetive Hei decay of mule and | Boequrel : ucts reactions + Pec te Woven * | | we. | ibe orm, Vole oo \ m0 som 5 som } Yetow ome | com | be \ ww bet a bo i to 5 4 om * r= j ° fw 58)7 HypLications of Bm ever oO Ratio - waver 9 They. are mainky wed in sunolio &£ television communication ryote. @ Mice - waver > They are ust in RADAR dYystems , atomic & molecular rerrewech ,cefluter. cbhmin , micwwave evens Oe @ Infra-red Waver > They ane ured in eacth natellites, treatment of muscular brainy, vaveaking the weout writing on ancient walls, Samete cbuly of Ceetemic olevices, @ Viowble Light + 4b in ust in photopeafhy , EoEEers optical mic copy , antemory , we Cont ee anything without vinible Aight. iG) Wb - Violet Waven 9 They qe ured in preserving food rtuff , wtlkiging the nurgical Jnntuoments , oetecting finger farints , ipreena of vnokecules , in LASIK oye Pie © X ps They cow. “vapedd dn Arcadiiny frdctore. _ dn bined j curing Johin clineahen , Cancers ele dn oletecting geld | ailver ete. by oletective qyencien. @ Grarnma = Juv > They ant ured in buatment of cancer , cetecting Dtructwral -flaurs, dn food prwrervation and te get valuabte dnfeomation abeut Sbuctwe of atemic nuclei.Communicatin Systems Elements ot Coramuniation pystem . 1 information | Communica User source 2 | grams fon | aReceiver [ mot | [Tawrducer | 4 Channel ( on | | | 2 te | Seer aes - | 1 Nore i Txamrmittor + The electrical’ rignals couresponcling te the information axe’ frcocessed » Mootule tect, arnpLified and fed te the dink ( Commu nication channel) or radiated through antenna. Communication Channel > The beanmmitter svendls the aignel te the seceiver. though | the communication channel. ep. Lranrmission Lines, Liu» cables, opticah -fibred or ain. © feceivr > A sucever amplifies , pillow anol drmedulates’ the seceived rignal. Moder of mmunication > © Point te Point communi - catin c z There Js only one transtnitter and’ one rubeiver, 4 Telephone communication @ Broadcant (Point to Many peint ) Communica tien Thee id only oe transmitter ond many FACUVEAS, ey Radio breadcart £ Television telecast Signal > In formation Converted te electromag ne tic form ib hnown an dignal @ Analogy rignal @ Digital” -rignakFew dmpatant terms il - 6!) oO Encoding 2 The prucess of Converting-an information weet inte analog ox oligitel signal , @ Teamrclucer > A olevice ushich converts one ferom of energy inte anether feem of enongy. CS a oe oe a veer an ec trical Aignal while travelling through a meoliurn. @ Nese > 4 clintwrubance ot Unwanted element dnterf vung with the olesired information, © Modulation —» The prwecers of placement of Low Pepweney dignal over the high Fe: Wave (Cormier wave). © Vemodulatin + The frucers ef extracting the Pe nen Low pagum oy Dignel from the igh pruquency carrier ‘ware @ Amplification > The process of “Ncrearing the OT sarnfsbitunle Oobreng th ) of the signal.” Range — The masimum olintance between the eet din formation nowrce and the olestinetion, @ Gend-width » The vsidth of the Pequancy spectrum TT of Dignal iy Caltel BW. BW = Vinee ~ Voi ae @ Repeaters > Te imoare the Junge “of tranpminsion Seen of rignals , ne of Un- between sets of suctivorr £ bunrmitted exe stpeatorr.Ge ‘ es a (@) Banduridth of dignels 2 BW = Vinx. © Speech ox voice aignd» > 4 dy cout Breet eq. in telephony, fer nangt dh Soe Hr —ZlooHz , BW=28e0 He ‘ @® Muric dig nal» > 4¢ 3s abeub 20KHe . gtr eee . seange Jy Arm Loe — QoceeHz. @ Radic aignady 9 AM band > fom 952 12— |GeokHe Lem band ts prom BE MH2 — 108 MHz. @ Tv xrignaks > Combined aw of fictwe € Voice niga» ay aout 6MH2 » oy pictwu ign ale hae BW ef UMHe @ collier Mobile Phere 2igmbe > They here Peng ana of BUe MHz te Q35 MHz. © satelite Yreme eee 5-4 te 6M Ghz (uplink). @ digits nignels > Tresreticaly infinite BW ~» puguined fee git iyrals- Bandwidth of Trans mission medium > D Ceresial Cublen @ They, eve Tee 7150 MHz > Foy: pands Vt a7 tr U2 GH @ewm Liv) ame @ optical fires 7 Fruguancy pangs is LTH te loot Hn . Se BW Js wbove tol Ha @ Free 2rpace > Frquency range uy GF 8OKH2 te 65 GH2 . Se BW 4b nearly 65 GHLF erbupain of EN wANt + Tans ae ¢ thre Waypr : OD Ground wave @ Sky wave @ Spacé wave ee Wares travel along the »urface of the Earth. 4% us Limitecl te a frequency below 15 MH2- The minimum Aingth of bunomnitting antema ty about Aly Whee A Jy the wavelength of aignal. Sty Wave prupagation > The racic waver which Papert eeepc TOR SL a seftected back te the Earth by ionophore we known a» hy Waves. The pequancy, sange. 45 SMHe - YoMHe. A : iy sretwen eo te The highest frequency that +» ae the earth by the Convideoud Arye + cf onespherte apter having been rent appa 1 ; to hy Fe = 1 Mane), Mase Jd mae elke clewnity of Aonodphere. Space Wave prupagation High pegneney Wavey SASH @bove Yams) Called “| Space’. waves . can be transymittecl uradiated. NY esos blac J etatewe betel sos ween Senet Simian voice rignale from aiff erent bammmitier get mixed Upiif they arenet superimposed sith oliff Courier rignals. 8: : (65) Medulatin > The precerr of wmounting a Lowe dpugquency. nignal ove high pened dignal js Ruewn 9 modulation . iit Types of nodulation > 0 Amplitucle modulation @ Frequency. modulation Aaplituee adalat af the emplibade of Fe = Cawuier Ware Vudieds an accercdance with the amptitude of vou Aow Joy wave (rigneh) then Gt arnphituole modulation. £e t € ‘m Ae c 7 Cavern Wave : Modulating wave Arnplituce Modula teat Wave t pagum eatin > 44 te denveng of. e peered Caueier wave var o> dn ace, with the Per of VOE dour fey. Wave then ut Wy -Puqunay wmodulation- : SAAN ‘ il vv ae t v IN t Corder WAVE 7 Modulating wave Fouquin cy Modulated 4 waveFW phoe Medukation - Jf the phase of Crier Ware changes in accerolance. with the bhase ef the wuolis, prugmney, Ware then it jin -phoare medulation . AmpLitule raoclulation (Mathematical trtatment ) Let caver Wave 5 rtpruerented by € = Ec SmWct & eae rignal 4 Supsarentest by = Em SINWyt Now ee vpoutated wale to given by LE mSinWwt) SM Wet Eo (it Ent sin Unt) SimWect € = (Ec tem) SmWet = Ec ee = Mow Em. na (wa aiation index) . = 2, (ht a Wit) Smet = E, IMVet +™Mq bc SinWyt Smet 2 Sin ASing = Gy (A BY OE res Ec Sintact + Mabe Lf poe Wnyt ~ Cs bet On)t + 2 Ec Smuzt + Mae GhWe-Wm)t - woe Gy (Lit Wmn)t Corer Shave) ; “(Ls8) *(yse) “BW of anptitucle modulated rignal i» 2; Significance of ‘omplitaas modulation inde IgM Ee ae The variatim im amplitult 7 oe 1 ll et of Carrier Wart ay given by ¢ WE, = Emax ~ Ec if) ie Ee : i Lo Ma Ee = Ee - Emin. Yq = Ec - Emin. Ecy 6? ©) Eg - Ewin. = Eman - Ee > Ee = Emax + Emin, * Me =~ Mm= Emax —Ewi = Mee Fran 7 Emin Evmase + Evin, tf Meso, ne meoletion 44 m= Yn, Emaz ie tut times Emin. : Sf mest, Emin. becomes 2erws Hoomart db ah tvee- moelulation na PoP Merrage wignah wt He : - AAA AR nga Ne mocluhe tion wt via aa oe MOE Soh mostutation € T A ‘i € Signal wainding T Kap. Wng yt Ovee Mecuation L ma = [Emax ~ Emin Ema. + Emin. x JooFF ensduction of Amplitucl Mecutated wave (68) Modulated rignak mt) Jr mounted on Corer rigmal ett) te prooluce wb). Sgure aur ALvi ce Cmverts thir rignak inte an cutput Wren by Yey = A eh +8 2H New 26) °2 EmSinuyt + Ee Sin Wet 2 YE = A EmSinoggt +E Sin it] +B LEmSinwnst He Simtaet) or YR) = AEmSNG Wt TAES Sint +B m+ Ec?) a2 ies Em G2 ~B. EP asruct + BE mE @sem maj — BE mE Gb We tWm) t After parsing through “banol parr filter, we get only We Wet) LW e- Win) PUpuender. EH ‘ al ie —Tnpn Weve = Tyrnarbpvion of Ama mignel aa Tocawemitting : = Amtenna, . Q— > [eblife.} — Reauatea -— Resa pit \Cammier Ware Detection of an Ampditule meoulated Wave a TF ntaye mpl fie eueie nigh Tntec— ae fou, mediate Deme-|_ [rnitex —> oe “ Alm phi fie x he Audie freq. Dignak(a | y | Simple Demodulator cue cuit’ omy ope Rectified nignal Dinah GQ phic Signa ye dahatedt wart modutated Wave tr fed te the fuuimany of bransficmer, The neconcory coil (S) of the trannfermer and: the Variable Copaciter C Cowstitute LC cncuit . This “4d fpowught in derenance with input mm elutatect dignal. Diode D acts ar suctifier . The combination of REC acts ar filter and uning there filters we Can gotain the oesired audio rignal- Sup Bleck ayram of a imple moculator Bdock Layard Op ee @)_. (Bana pon|_fN vere 2» [Batter ai At We (Ewsintoyt) a) ot) [S Nes ‘Omen viel Tea Axe + Bae (Ec Sin Wet) Advantager of Arnp Litudle medulation ci) 44 ts om eony, | : method fer the | tummimion & rnceiving of Speech ignals. : a Ail) din drvtallation cert is vera Less (Fer paint fo many | th) 44 iy fairly efficient »ystem of. modulation. _ Diradvantager of Amplitule meoulatio (i) 44 us ce moe LUhely to nuffer fpom nete. 7 : Gi) Energy, ais in quite Tigh ond dt Himmited te point te Point inkyy. EERE! (70) O dnternet = 44 i, % Yobal network of Computers Linked by high. rpeeot cata Lines and wireless ystems. It cklowr Communication and Pharing of Anformation between OMY twe OX mere Computers Cmnec - tel thrush the vast hetuerhk. Abiteetion of totcenet @ Emel 3 44 4h &@ merrage sent anol FUL Ceivect thrush a Computer netwerhk. Emailing olLowr exchange of text /graphic | material baring, email aoftware. Ito varuowy Advantages ane: fart olelivery at Aor Cart , Cany Set corel. maintenance 4) wHeluc tien of the Wwartage of Paper Abtationeny. te) File tramfer > An FTP (Fil tran for protocol ) permits the trans for of fits OL noft wore from one computer to another Connected te the intecnet. : “) WwW Cwvrld wide web) dt is a net of eae ey that allows UA te acces One olocument. on the Anternet. WWW Lin bateol om centr anol AME, eCOGS rye @ A web weer uy a WWly perver that susponds te the sWquints made by vee browsers. Alweh browser io a Www Cent that navigates treugh the world wide web anol dinplayr wtb pages. A Location on net rerier ry called wth rite. HTTP > Hyper Text Trans fer Pretocof HTML > Hyper Text Markup Language URE > Uniferm Rerowrce -Locater GY E- Commence 3 6 Commerce ris the collec tion en ane practites dnvetving dntexnet technologies that allow a company te Create , maintain anol optimise huriness Ptlations with Conrumers £ other burinesses 14 helbs in online ba nRing ae tivities, ovine »heobping ac tivities sol time Corverina tion “wong. “Perbe with Common intertsds thresh the typed merrages om the net @ Nobile Tele phony > In mobile tele phony E Numersuy Lower power branomitters (bare otation) we net up, each Ceveding a frac tien of Called a cell. that rerrce. areaCL ae PEE Er ree Perret eerie eee cline Fr . Each hae tation in Comnected te a aunt ching office cakledt mobitertekephone Pwit ching office (MTS0) » Which Coberclinates Communication between all the bare »tationy Cells hase station. thin is called thane ever. Mobile te phones operate in the UH F Jange of PUequenciey round 800-450 MHz Peter, (GPS) > The re Bary eof Can be used +t, Accate poritiony ongwhere on the earth Thiy is used for | Camping shibing cet phone Aecatien - Uircrfpt | Navigation wheather fort cor ting etc | Comfmente of Ors Gy Space 2egment > sa Consists of 24 nateltites that are Comtinuourty obi ting the earth at. okt tuoles of ab cut 14000 Ky, n : ot five : UN ma nneedt Meniter. stations ond one Morte conberl tation.‘ip User reament 2 94 Commis ts of the userr £ then PS se ceivenr . The number of nimultanesus wren is Limittess. Hew GPS Werks Ree ears eee i A pant of information rent by a »atellite vehicle Gv) in a time temp, When a GPS Unit Jreceiven the tranrminsion it Compares the time tam fo from the natekite te the time’ it searched the receiver. The lifference between the two, multiph et. by the »peed of the Totene mission rignal provielers the clintance that the nignal travelled SThe receiver -finds peritio by trifelateratio process that User Hntances from atheant theat fanewn Aecationn. The intersection of the three »pheres A Yuadis equal te these three cliatances 44. the pesibhe fi tion By (rin the -peritimah « ave ny Lo 4G LAA Torah SH) ccWracy Can be dmporovned:.C74) Dum. NATURE oF matreR & RADIATION eee act EEE Ue Rte nae WAVE A Dua. Nerure AVE NATORE PARTCLE NATURE Wark function > The minim um energy serquiredl ‘by the fue electrons te just Seave the metal surface is new os the werk function of the metal. Dsfmition 2 one electron volt 2 44 iy the ENeceY acguineol “by an electron when dz Sy acceleratesl threugh a petental oliffertn ce of tv, Phote electric effect > The phenomenon of the eeareannied emission of elecbuny frum pre forbly metal rweacey (may be nen-metaly) exporel te the tight energy of ruitable frtpuency in Rew as bhete- cctric effect. Hertz ehrervationn > He performed an exc perime ee te investigate electromag netic ver tre He Jraoliatio falling on scaciations. ELectremazne og oliff ence the detector induced 2 Pp acres the gap. He cheered spar across the gp. pot , —+- + OT oe) TNPYO, - Se SP“ RECEWVER rR TNDVCTION Pe perecToR Con.| Ci) Hertz Conerved that wrporhy across the gap 5\s,! jumped mere Seaclely when the detector war exposed te ultra-vielet Light, He Concluded thet Light frcilitatel the eristion of rome elictrmy frum metallic rhherey, Hellwach’» and Lenaro’ bbhrervation ee ee Hallwach ehrerved that ultraviolet Light thrown on a nega tively chargtl Zinc phate , Cennected te a getol Hua f electrencepe , decrtarey the divergence of goll Leaver. Thin Unolicater the olecrease rin the negative charge on zinc plate. He concluclecl that a negatively charged Zinc plate when eocpored te ultra -vielet Light emits negatively Chareg col parties (phete - elicbuny ) , Lenond ntrolied the effect sf Aight on a metallic Dunface. He ehnerved when wltra-Vvutelet tight fell on cathe C , electric cwrrent appeared in the crrout Anew % pohote - electric cunmrent. NE effect Wad ehreied When Ultia-wislet Aight war Absent He alye concluclect that Ahew rheuldl be suitable minimum frtyuuney ultra-vielot Light Cie. thresh ool frequency ) for different materials,Ce Exfeument al rn tuoly of phete- tlectric effect > TRANS PARENT pommel, UV LIGHT QUARTZ WINDOW Oy col RE OSTAT bet Bartery 7 KEY end ci) effect of dn tensity of dnciolent Aight on the fetes eA ee es ctu prhetes - electric cwuurnt o> Gs direct ty porurber tional te , the intewsi ty of dnciclent Sadia tions , orvicld the ° > Trrtensity(Z) peyeen cy an gual than the threrhelol pagueny Gi) Effect of potential on phete- electric cwvrent SATURATION CURRENT The yninimum negative PHOTOELEC potential Vo) applied to CURRENT) aneeke fee which the +hote electric Cwrrent arernNe ecemen Lew ~%» calledd aif ald ne Rernapiva = POTENTIAL etentian. OF CoLLecToR p POTENTIAL PLATEFee fixed Pruqueny amd fined dntenvity of incicnt Light , the pheteetectric current Unowares with incrisse in abptied poritive potential of pate A. When all the phete- electron emitted by (athede C teach the fodate A , the phote - electric current han the ynaximum value. This macimum current -» Rnown ab raturetion current. Wp Vina = Ve FV KE ymax, OC Vo Conclusion (iy Satweatin Cwurent lepencls on the intensity of Uncicent sracliation. Gi) Ant ewsi ty, of dnciolent Iraclation devs net affect the topping potential. (il) Maseimum KK-e. 6f emitted Phete- electrons olet> net clepend on Antennity Effect of Pequency of Anciclent Light StepPing potential ib ate douctty -prepertional tr 7 a the py: of dnciolent Light. Satwuctim Ve Pea ay| Guntent T 1 Vo, Yo - + Vo| (18 Cenclurims (i) Value of Saturation current Ast net olefencl om Peywency of Uncibkint eacliation, Gi) Ne Photo - electric eminsim is porridle elu cut-eff puyuny even if the intennity 3 vou, high. Gil) Kinetic ensegy varios in early wrth preegueny. ee ee (b For & Yivn Subntance , there db @ minimum puguency of Ancient Light called thresh ofol fpuqumcey Cy.) below which ne fhete- electric emi taker place , Whatever the Jntenaity of incident hight may be. Gd Rate of Phets -~ekctrmy emimion Ge. Phete- electric current) in obirectly proportional te Ante writy of dinddent Aight ~prreviolect py. wy puater than thushetol fregueny. Gi) Max KE. Unetases with incware tn Paguancy of Incioent Aight (v>%) (V) The process of phete -clecbue emission AS Linytantanceus, (Ar eon Light fl, phete - electrons ae emitted).™ Phote - electric effect ana wave. theory of Light " Phete - electric effect can net be explained on wave e Aight became oe — theo of Light , the electric -fiele Compement of ight Ancrearer with the incrware in the intensity of Hight. When light falls om a mnetal nurface , the force acting om a free electro in the metal surface increares with the dnowone in the imtenrity of Anciclent Light. Se ARinetic ensrpy of emitted electro sshewll A norend vt Antensity but Eiwitem to “pnete- Ckecbuc equation An per Einntein jan inclolent pheten having energy hy ejects electrm from a metal having werk function Go =H and imparts K€. < \y mu te 4, DV = bot Mr bs ohyy = work function ge AY = hy +h, mut, df Ve¥. then Ipyut so 3 ymy™ = AO-w) SF KE CY & KEG YA veritication ef the Qa» f Photoelectric emission D Sf Yew then we us —ye Pith iy not persitle. G) ome phot can emit ony, ome electron »6 no of photo~ electrons emittecl per nec de hirectly pruperctionl te Antennity. Gy KE. = hY-Yo) imbliey ut dncrtarey with $u, WV) Phete - electric Ermission i out te elavtic collisi De precey Lin dmotantanesuy, Determination of Plain convtant and work function oy According tt Einstein ean HY = hy. + hee = hy +€y, 3 eve, = th V- ve) e - de a Ys hv-& je = tae <= sv/ov(et Porticte natwe of light (PHoTo) Pheten jn a packet eof energy ot quantum of energy | ejected at the speed of Light by an emitter. | e=hy Hee fh in Plawk'» Constant. he 663 x1 TS Pocherctien of pheters wy A photon travels witha seed of tight in vaccum, (ii) 44% hows Dew reoyt nar omol ne Charge. | (il) Kinetic energy of toheten is E= mct etme by (iv) Mementum ef Phot p> £ = bY = nh © c A (Vv) Energy of phetom in terms of warelength wr e= ae Cmeanwreed in elecbun vett) Wave nature of matter (Matter waver) The Waves areciatecl with meving material particls ant newn ar be~ Broglie waver matter Waver. Matter waver tie electwmagnetc waves Con travel Un vacuum hence they ane net the yarchanical Waves, Matter waver Ve net the electromagnetic wares becawrt they ve not “produced by accelerareal chargest particles. Ambtitule of the ymatter waves +e wel te yive the porboability of existence ef the -pornticte at a beint © matter wares Ve 5 Cakked prubability Werer.@ “de - anoptic srlation + Enowuy of photon. i» Ue eee ven by E=hv ome alee = mc® ; > PPA ete t Where A Li» ke - broetie wateleng-th. NPA ee ge A ec ismLccey tty A wie” He Fer porticlh moving with velocity wu As he. : mo De- Brogtie wavelength A of an chkectren movin theugh a potental clifference Y 5 - eee Se Se ee ene ee Ke. 2) 2 = mV"= ev (pzy Fe mr yr L Zmev Me = 2Zmev S rare th. HL. h_ wu J2merv J2mE For Fer electron MEG XI MRE £ e=h6 yyoI9 S ye 663x034 JERVIS IX eT Vy c 12:27 pe Papeete yr Heisenberg + un certainty Prinipl: According ty this prinoihle , it ib vporsihte +o meanune Fivaud ta neourly athe position and the memen tum of @ partite accwratly , fas bp Wee to de| Gil) Detector: A mevable detector “ Davinren and Germer Experximerit w vacuum () Etecbum gun: 4t conrinty Ads CHAMBER of a tungyten filament F iy RE eveor on l with tbanum exiole Coating. € : foe ; {i erect Gi) Nichek Crystal ; Atems of Mi orgrtek act an rcatternr. DIFFRACTED BEAM oF ELECTRONS Connected te a »ensitive NICKEL galvanometen te cletect the | “TA Cuerent. Working > A beam of Combaretively slow electrons emitted by the electron Hin in made te fall on Nichel Crystal owt alg cubical axiy at a Particular angle, The arcattered beam of ele detector (mevatle) . The en Clums is receivel ty the electrons can alse be y, Oyy of Anciclent hear of wed “by changing the voltage Davissom ond Crermer plotted the dapbhy etween the antennity of scattoreol beam of electrons at cliff erent anglers of rcattering and at tiff erent accelnatn olt : y voltages . J i L L ) uv Wgv Zu(4) When beam of elections acceleraterl though a Aootentiol of SUV Wan nace te Unciolent on nickel Cupstal , the Antenrity of rncattertel heam was maximum at rcattering anele of So” anol a sbcong. beak wan chtainedl dn thin Care. $+O4+G = 180° | B=50° BD O= 65° @ db called pan cing angke Accrding te De- Broglie hypetherin , wavelength of em 4b Given by A = 12-279 Iv ior a Theoretically , Gragg’ ean. fer Maxima of. the diffraction pattern iy 2 Sine =n) A= O91 A for Nickel Lwnezt > A= 2x04 snes epesan co Tus surulty ce in Close wpeement with each other. Se Davisom £L Germer experiment Arsvicley divact verification of ole -brogtie hy pothests of wave nature of yneving particle. Wave function oc pouwbability avplitle —> The ” Ormplituele sf Wave abseciated with Moving Partick dn fnswn ar wave function. 44 i clensted % : \WI* jn -powloatrility density gives povbabili pox unit volume of finding a particle at a psinb.: Macivetism and Matter | : GEOMETRIC LENGTH —— - Box Magnet fl aR (oR MAGNENC ™ deur in -magnetinn Ea mm : n . He ei = Amm tee He's oT wh] am magnetic pete nbrength ut “(ST unit Arvpew-mebw) Magnetic moment of “OL cwrorent Joop and riagnebic lift mera a MeL ae Cp Me=eRkIA (Hot R=1) > ™ =A Fue Coil @ Leofe) “having n-ne M=nTA a9 oli Magnetic dipole moment : fete (eae savelving elect) Let ws calatete he _ maghétic dipele moment (ry) of an atom “out te. orbital motion of electun, The anqulore momentum — of electron (of maby Me) waving with velocity ve in a chrailur obit of vadiun se dn given by L = MeV moO The orbital metion of electun i» equivalent te a cwvrent I=e(C+) » T= amr Atem an @ magnetic: AL eV, New A=To* € M=TA 3 Me aes “(&) + uning @ oe M=Le.\P (ave din db olue to “Lm, we C e. Aco te Behr “ch (Ye Chanze on ehectoy, } L = Wh oT 4; jms en. § . =(£ - We me Ch 4a ™-Ge)S% = carrie) Ut Tre { Behr Magneten = Ch furrme $ | |en / Mag netic fieta of a bar magnet : \ Zo (setenoia) (Barn magnet)! (Bor magnet an an equivalent nolensid) (Each cwurent Loof SAREE ‘ochaver an megnebt i) ohate ) CP Gauss Aur in magnetinm—— Swifece integral of. magnetic field over & Chesed surface S in eur. $ SE a0 s, Ss : + (ae An Sreleted magnetic pele doer net exert.) Prupertien of ynagnetic field Lines () Magnetic field dines oe Chred continuons Loops. - (i) Cubsile the magnet , field tinen are pum nevth te »6uth. Gi). Tangent -.te magnetic Ffiel diner at any point give the direction of fietol. WY) Ne twe magnetic field times can intervect each other. (@) wi npaced Line seprurent Weak ymagnetic fiett and — coureled. dinen Iwprenrent odreng magnetic fielst.: Magnetic field on equiterial ime of & bar Yagnet Connidec’ @ bar vnagnet of Length. 24. and pole obeength mw, ‘ : 7 Cmariclur a “point 'P om equitorial dine ot wo olintance Je pom center. - At point. P ast => 32 Bequitoriat = By + Bo oO N Tye i— Wail = Ae Gam) #16 - te Ga) UT \ aL B LB, have two Components . B)Sind ancl B,Sin® ane equal £. opposite pe they will cancel each othen ne [Bequitratl = (Bl ae +(B,) ae Bele Me (im_\ coe (Beq\ aT iene Nos Code = _A- \ (2432) vo (6) = te (em) 4 o \Bey) ut Saat) Gea)" La Be) = Me. M Ms mx2d {Bex\ wT Ger4sr) Ie { j = 7 Bey, =the Mm Tu Ge) m For sherk bur magnet: Bey! = 3) Negative ign oharn a Bey, 4w one im epperite olvcectiony,“Ke Magnetic fiell at oy point ole te a short . Yhagmetic olipste Let us connider. a har Ynag met of Aength aL amd ‘pele sbength m Force on each pote ef magnet = me : There two fercer Constitute a torgue anol iby Ynagnitude i given by T=™MBXLN T= MBx2rksing = MBSinO => _ wmyPp Lt & in the olicection T= mM xB of Rx® bed te plang} Petenbiak energy. of bar magnet (werk ole in oteting : Te mesnd ae oo wa though dw = Small werk =tdd = MBSinsole Toth Wek olme W = = [ino sinede UswemMe (cso, - cosa) 4h 0, 240 £ Se then U=meb(-%9) : @ At O=0 ULis min) = —MB aa. ae At 8 = 180 UUs max) = MB| i (40) [et acs ! “Magnetic piel: on aciel Line -of a bar magnet Le cy a 1 bar magnet =e} - So 7 and pele S4 set5 s a | 2 1 Connicler a | pein P at distance Je pete cent of magnet. Baxiat = % + 82 Bye Me Bar eee do eet Se ce A» (8) 7 (82) amd 8, £ by vw opposite op ec Me me ait 2 Baxiek = Gr Gat a Gb . < | aol - Ae [eye oa] i is Mm urts, ~ Me 2M Bexiak he Saat tam a & 8 & 1 rc 5 Pp 3 © um Octet) Foe vou es eae of ban magnet Pent = He (SB ¥ Magnetic fild lure te 2 bor magnet at a point on ity axiah dine ~has the -»ame oixection on that of it magnetic olifprle ynoment vecter.“Earth's Magnetiom £R pad surpended magnet t aligns akong -S- direction \ * Ay between | 7 wmagnetic & geografihic ann in 20° 1 an voctink plane pearing trough the geographic arin iv A Geepuphic meridian. it «A vortical fplene parsing through magnetic aocis vn Ymagnetic moudian. : 4 Cure _of Eanth’n megnetiom @ dt Jr guessed thet ne’, Y Carth’d mas netiom ir oie ous te metten charged ynetallic fluid @ Accwcching, te nome other theory, ince every. sulontarice in made up of chargel particles . rence a nuvortance seotating vbout an aris wilh become mnagnetined . @ re earth’r mmagnetinm dn alse duc to the otation of earth about ity own axis. @ The gares in the atmephou vu in the Jewired tates. The high enou Seacliatien - Coming Sun Uenises the atom, in the Upber pact of atmerphere. Hence due te sotation of earth , wbung. current to £ earth in magnetireel.. Earth's magnetivm is sabe olue te fprenence of magnetic materiaby (4. iron y nickel) in the cou of earth. Dus te ruetation , they get magnetined