a Wave opticr a wave punt >The Lecur of all the particles — ; the rneclium , ihich at any dnrtant oe vibsating jin the name phase Un calle the wartprent, , Type of Wavefront > © spherical wave punt @ inerical wavefront @ Plane wavefront ity Cb oO = @ Huy en's Principle > () Each peink om EE — «=the Poti wavefront ach an a svéewece of ecanclary. wavelet, rending cut olintwebance in all clvrection». @® the olinturbance (necendary wavelets) travel in all olicection» with the velocity of Hight dn the medium, @ fi cowrface touching there eConolany oavelels tangentially in the focvad direction at vin the new Ware fecont at dnstant yi that instant. y\\ PRoPAGATION Wo OF LIGHT T WAVE a > fs —>A N et To prove the Law» of rceflection Let uo Conrnider a point @ on the incident wavefront. Suppore that when olintwebance pum pave Pom inciclent wavefront seaches point P! the ,olintwebance pum peint Q swachen Q’ Wa point NV om the seeftecting weface. since p’A! seprenents Ahe seiflected wavefront , the time token by Aight te bavel from any point on on the seftected wavefrmt whould alirays be Dan sf c ay veledily of Aight , then time taken by Aight tv gr peom the point Q te @! ib given by - Qn na el leer Que an sini val = ve'sin te ANSE 4 NO'Sine € c i j sini (ap'— AN) Sinte Hee | riser (Af td» ee GU Gntee aio) Gni-Smx =o eo Sind = Sint or len = Any of inciolence = Ange of deftection Ancient wavepemt te the covrenfencling point r | Anolepenclent|Ce) Refraction on the barir of wave theoy rt a 2 Te prove the teuin of sefraction Let ur cenricluc any point Q on the incident Wavefront, When ointurbance from point P on incident wavefrmt swaches -point Pp! on the sefpucted woarefpunt , the clintwebance from point @ seachien point 9! vie pent k om the sufpracting, ruface Xy. Since PlA’ Jeprments the supacted Ware promt , the time taken by Aight te trarel pum a point on inciclent wavefront te the Correrponeting. “point on seefreact col wavefrunt sheulel alirays be the voame , Mew time taken by sight to ge from qt @' will be te 8k 4 ka! QkKeAK Sunt . vi KQ!=KP sins 7 Axsint + KP Sinn av = AKsint , @P!-Ak)sinse c e APicinse + AK (it ~ Sine) re c u 3 Sint — Sink 2 0 or Sind _ AD M sie(1ua) C eee ee Waveyr of the same puquency and having rere or Conn tant phone olifference Deavetling -in the ame direction nupecimpore on each ether , the dntensity dn the sugion of niperch orition geb sudintrituted beceming maximum at rome points and minimum at othe, Thin fhenemenon dn called intercfeunce of Light. Young's deuhle lit experiment ft “ Min (DesTeuctive) max (consteucT ive) | A Mip (pest RucTive) Conditions for constructive Q olesbuctive interference Let wn surfpore that the oixplaceme nts of tow Light waves fm twe Coherent nowrcer S$, md S$, at point P om the rcreen at any, time £ ae given by Y, = & Smut B Lo Yn = G2 Smt +¢)(ue) Whee a, and a. ore the amplitudes of the Twr waver , o in constant phare oliffeerrence between the two waves, : By the nupechorition principle , the scosultant dimplacemment at point Pw, Y= M+¥. = QSinwt +42 Sin Wt +H) 2 Sinwt + a GCinwt cg + Cpt sing) SY = (4 +0 Gs) snot FOr Sing But Put a +a, 054 =A Gro £ a2 Sing = A Sino TREN yA case Sinwt +A Sind Gut eo Y= A Sinlot +0) _ whee A? (170 +5in™6) = @ +arasp) +02 Sin'y oe AX = Yr +agh+24,0, Cosh A= [ar +a> F209, wg WN Twbenrity (L) of wave a (emp tihude)” = L=5, +t, + AE T, cy Het 2IT Ty Cond ins Intecference teu Cowstruce tive dnterfeunce = Tf’ wilh be max When Ced $ =1 > $= 0,20 47, adn er N=°, A,20,3A 4 Desbuctive Interference > TT wll be nin, when coh dp =-4 =e, 2 up > = 0,30, 57 = A Caen 5U& ) le) Cohownt 4 In Coherent srowecer Two newecer Light which continu emit Aight waver i ae puprency (or a With a zew or Constant Phare difference beteen them ,ave called Coherent sewrcer, Twe newer of Light which ol not emit ight waves with a conrtant Phare olifference wt called inccherent newrcer, Need of Coherent nowrces for the prsoluction of Interference patton We khyow that , the sasultant untensity wv» given by T= TL +I2 +2 JE Tr corq L [OTL Grp ie eolled dnter feunce teem | Thee ore two poribilitin O 42 cord semainy Comsth uth time , the total enexgy at any point will be convtt we get max. intensity QT tJT2) at prints Whew Ce¢ =) and min. dntensity at Poin ty whew spe -l . The neurcen un this case or Ceherent- @© 44 Gre varier Comtinnously with time amr uming, oth paritive and negative values : then the average value of cod4 will be ere At A font» Awtersity T= I+, 4 ame at all fsint>. Ther will be general Aamination . The twe reweees in this case an dnceherent.(47) Conditions fer obtaining tue Coherent weurcer of Aight — © The twe coherent owecen of ight mut be obtained Pum a ingle weurce (Ay tur dnolefpencint weurces can vet be coherent tecaust in thet ce the Phare liffercnee vik vet be constant ) @ The two »ewrces munt give monochromatic Aryht ( A» different colowos will Pouduce oifperent interference pattern ) @ The path difference betwen the waver opodving. on the noveen pum the two rewrees vnust net be Aage (44 shew net exceed. gocm otherwise phare clifference will not be cons) Thesrey, of dnterfeance Puinges: Pringe width a plit $ ds, starminatest Let ws Convio that Ay a monochromatic nource of wavelength A, $) omd G2 we two newrew lity at equl & sormalh olistance Prom S auch that they act a» tue coherent wources reperated by dirtance ol. Antex ference pattern Ay obvervtl at ols tance Dm theLet Un Conrider a point P on the rereen at a cistance x 4m the centy oO Path oliffexence A =S.P-5)P 9, Pr — 5,7? = [D> +(@ t%0)7] - [ D2 + Ee)" ] > SP -S)P)CS2P+S,P) = 22d ee 5,7 —5,P = Bed S2P4+5P 7 df Point P Lies cle te point o then S2P xX SP yD 3 1p - 5p = Axed 2 xo 2D D Oe A = Kol D Poritime of bright puinges > For comasbuctive a EEE EEE eee EEEEEEEEEE interference A= Xl Lyy 3 x= NAD where N= 0,1,2,3 c Poritimns art Lee AB 2AD ao Peritionn of loch fringes ee olesburctive intorgounce a eae s(IMN)A aye Gut DAP Ms, 1,2,3, ~~ iti = AD . Poeritions ace x AD » SAP ye — Founge width » 44 i» the separation hetweeyn : twos ruccessive bright oe lark unger, Boe Xn-Xn-y oe Ly —X-1 7 Wad -yap a Qnspap brn 4n ‘beth canes 6 = AD f which in dame for atl pringes,]"| Condition» sustained intecferunce O Twe reurcern Irheulad be Yrnenschromatic ome. Cehount and should emit Hight ef ame faquency amd wavelength newly aling ame olixection. ® Two roweces shoul be nev omd for better Contrast , amplitude of Unterfering waves ahowld be equal , @ The olistance between twe Cohount »ources sheull be smalk ame anteering wares whould. he in name wtate of pfotarination , Conservation of erwegy dn dnter feence we know that Lvwax. oc Gy +42)” £ Tain, © @-%2)* Oo Tay, Gr #%)™ + @ 22)" feet eu Tay. © 7 +,? 2 fetth 3 Tea ta" which ib dame an Tay, in dntefperance pattem, se tht wy ne vielation of the kus of Conpercvation of energy. Whatever envyy linappears fren a olarche funge ,an equal enugy appears 4m a ought funge. Comparrren fF Ae Intensity RK Crm ptitucle)™ T £94% £ T, 008% a intenpities at maxima £ unin — es Le a"(80) An phituce at maxima is @, +%2) £ Amphitule at minima wy (a, -a2) Troe fou atic sf Antensities et macima and minima 47 Imax. (a, +02)” = (4% +1)” ' ( 2 Lmi Q,- Az)* 7a, ne Lend min, - 2) CE” Je} [Hew d= Se = JE = amptitute rate] Gntecfercnee Pattern with white Aight when Ynenechrometic Light +» Jrephaced by. white Light , central bought fringe is white. Thin central bright fringe, ts Dworeuncled by a fer celewreel panzer [Ar the wavelength neourt te puinge in Violet and the felnge fucthert pum the central white pinge in sel] Intederence in thin filirr > uthen a thin film wy been with the yamechxematic ght , we find alternate ole, ond fonight finger. ; fn _seffected Hight wet path olifference = 2 Ht Gre +My Foe boight finger ptGrr tay = MA Ge 2 HEC I = (2H- DAR L Fer oar punge 2 Ub @retas the net path diffeance in equal to (2nt)Ap De LMt GS Ic = NA X 4y banmitted Ught , 2Ht Gx =Na Godght) a El be Gee eaee © LALO =(2nA1)Ma (olarcfr)(Bt) Diff raction of Aight — The Phenomenén of PE ee eee eet eee eee eee eee benoling of Aight Wreund the comers ef mall ebrtacks ot apertwrey ond ity conrequent rpraading ante the segiens of geometucal rhade in called cliff raction of Aight smous GEOMETRICAL x ppeaTvRe SHADOW o@STACLE 1 GEOMETRICAL SHADOW s GEOMETRICAL seacen| 4 “Suavow SCREEN] Y Typer of di action > @ Premnel’s cliff xaction > | tn thin oliffraction the cnource and “bereen are piaced close to the opertwe or contacts and Light after dliff action appears Converging towarals the 2creen, @ Fouurchoffer’> difpscaction adn thi oliff xaction, the “wturce anol »cereen wu placed at Aarge divtances from the apertwe re a converging Aeny is wee to obrenve the oliffractin pattern. Size of aperture ot cbrtacle chrerving oliff action Size of aperture >) Size of aperture <- INCIDENT DAF FRACTE D FMC DENt pave | WAVEF AONT PLANE ad ] vaeve rRon | } DIF FRACTED WAVEFRONT(Us?) Diffraction at a wingte tit > A rowrce S of Sees veeeeeeeed monechromatic Light Jn placed at the focus of a convex Lens Ly. A fporaklel team of Light and thence a Lane wavefront WwW! get» dnciclent en a navrour rectangular srtit As of width ol. La SCREEN The incident wavefront olintwebs all partr of the dtit AB rirltanesurly. Diffraction taker piace at rtit AB and olifractin pattern ie forcumed. by a Convex deny Li or a ncreen Pllacecl din vite focal plane Central maximum > ALL the recondany wavete bs going ntraight acres the slit AG are fecussed at the central point O on the noreen. The wavelets from any two corresponeling points of the two talver of the Hit neach the print o in the dame Phose, they ade Conbuuctively : te powduce a central pou ght Punge,Calculation of path iff erence > Let us ruppere that the Hecendbacy wavele ty iff xactect at an angle @ are focusred at point P. The recenclary wavelets tart from oifferent “parts of the tit in Dame phore but they Stach the pbeint P in olifferent fharer, From the agra , Path oliffertnce A = BP-AP=6N =AGBSinD ee A = A Sind Poritionn of minima > Let point p be Locatect ruch that = 9, kL asin 8 =A We Can olivile the tit AG inte twe halves Ac £ CB. Then the path oliffernce betwten the Wavelets -fr5m A ama C will be Mz. Sirnibarly , Corerfoncing te every peint in the upper half AC, there is a Point in the tower half ca for which the path lifference is Ala. Hence they dnterfet destructively no ay to produce minima. For fovt oark fringe , ol sine, =A L for nth clark fringe , aA Sin®, = NA Sf 6% Amall , then Sin Oy X On = aUst Poritionn of Reconclawy maxima Let wr bebe that | point P ww Located ruch that A = 3A/p hen = 9! then ol sim 8! = 3A Wt can olivide the slit inte three equal parts . The peth difference between twe correr- ponding points of the burt tus parts will be Ala. The wavelets frum there parts will dntefeow dentractively . However the wavelets from the thuul pot of the shit will contribute to rome intensity forming @ Pecondauy maximum, The intensity of thin maximum in much tow than that of the central maximum. Fee fit necmdary maximum d sin @,'= BA ! fp Hecend Recency mascimun asin 9,! = SA Hence fer vith Decmeary ma xivntn csinoy =@nena Domne ys oy df 6 ww rmalk , then Asin Oy! vw Ay’ re Oy = (2nH) A 2d. Tre intensity of Pecmdary maxima aAcuLares ar “nN increase. In LNTENSITY iste NSITY ) CURVE ans Vi “3h -Tk “iy, Ag TAly 3M BABA Mo Al Bly Mg 8(ss) : Width» of central and necendary maxima —> Angular width of Central macimum — go is the a a i lr Aepruration betwten the olirectiony of the fit Yrinima on the twe Dicley of the central Marci mum . te -4| yo” Go) CENTRAL Aas 2p hacia “75 [ mM LT IN k- == p= For fort minima , 6 =A fy 44 holt an gidlare wt olth of central Mar mun . . Angular width = 26 = 2A/of Unear width of Cental mascimu i 1 oT ee Bo = Dx20 = 2DAly [- e iu, | Linear width of a He Con olaryy marimum we Rnow that n= NA ly Ong =(M4DAy Arguter wielth of vith recenclary mazcinum = Ong) — On = Alo | Hence Linear wielth of nth reconolary Maccinury | = DxAfg = 8B Lo Hence By = 26 The central maximum of a olifpractin pattern —» a» twice an ide ar ony recenolary maxinutrn. | SSeS:(186° Vahiclity of Ray efticr : Frromel'» distance Ray option ar the Limiting care of wave optics Frome» olintance > The olintance at which the diffraction whread of a beam in equal te the »ige of the apectwe J» Colled Fresnel’ olintance. we now thet O= Alo Jf 2 noven in ptaced at olintance D, this team spreads ever e Htinear width c= Daly a4 xed then D= De “De =a Sf D< De, then there will not be tor Much — yprraclin “by olifpeac tien ave. the Light wk bavel alm rbuight Aines amd concepts oF Say optics “Will be valiol. Diff erence betwten Inter ference £ Diffraction Inter fence Difpractien WD 4t is serult of the 10 d4 4 sult of the ruperporition of Jrecenolory nuperperition of two — waver fom tue coherent | Recenclary warele ty Coming HOWL Ce. from oliff erent Ct @ Auk ee ot Bee het € cialthy of equal intenrity Liilth print fringes vt not @ Daxfa fringes are equal. pudectty dah ie. thou /@ Dork Purngey are not ib goed contrat between perfectly dlarfa oe then dork £ bright fpuinger | Poor Contrart.(iat Rerolving power of optical drsburment, When the twe imager can not be olistinguirhect, they or dai te be unssetved. If the tages we well olirtinguishel , Ahey are narod te be wel serrotved. df the images vee Just olustinguishes, “|they axe raid te be just srerotved. eer fegdiigh Criterion > Tuy objects ox pointy ow - just serolved if the position of the Central masimum cf the image of one chfect Coincicler with the fist minimum of. the ‘mage of the other object, Urnit of surotution — The Minimum dodistance of erecta ie between tie point, 2% that they can be EEN an Heparxate (or Just Jurolveot ) by the optical insbument ws Rano UW thy Lint of Irretution, Revolving power + The ability of an eftical ES a ema nn te foun distinc Deparate images of the twe Closely placed pirity 9 objects in called its reenotving power, tt dy the secihrseal of dimit of surelution,(Se) Revolving Power of Human Eye > Revolving power Se sLciprecal of Aivnit cf suretution, The Limit of Surotutien of human eve 4A oy = 1224 D, D = ciameter of pupil of eye Rerlving pore = 4 - D- “« 1224 Diameter of the Pupil of human eye vy Usout amm , Eure 44 mest Pensitive to the Wavelength 555 1m, So x = |.22,4 = o¢ = 42 minute = Ait of Sesetuctien £ susetving Pp ovsern 4 "Dg ! sac ined ace SSE thet fer a tkercepe oe 2 tary _ Angular srr elution Hen As wave Length of Light £ Dzcliameter of objective tens Se Reretving Pewer = zy When we Uncocease the olfameter of objective oF telercepe , ity vusetving power increases. forty Rerult JF : A af Rerolving Power of a micrercepeer Let PQ be the object of size & faced in front of the ebjective deny AG of the micrencope. The central maxima ef the imager of P ancl Q aa pl and Q! suspectively , Ar the rize of. object Pa wi» oecrtaned ire. o olecrtarer , central maximun, Pp! mover closer te the central maximum Q’ According te Rayterah criterion , two pointy P amd @ we surolved if Central max. Pp! coincides with the minimum WV near te Q’, The Cevrerponding A= amin, pives the srepetving dimit of mice cope, Since N ws» the frst Minimum aroun a! ae (QA +FAN-(QBtBN) = h22, , ee (QA- 8B) +(AN-BN) =1-22, (min of @ at WV) Also P! Ceincides with N, »e PA+AN = PB +BN (Mac of Pat N) et PA-PG =BN-AN ot PB-PA = AN-BN Putting thin value in above eqn. We get (Q@A-98) +(PB-PA) = 1-274 4f B® the remi-angle nubtended by the ebjective AB at the object PS 1 then ce - tHe in. Sin : (8A-8B) +78 PA) Coe etapa) = 1224 D> Zlmin, Sin 1 er amin, =) 122A avi ewer = fe zsin K fer mph olmin, Krad we itl the Hequid of sa-fractive index M betuxen object and Objective eof micercope, then. olmiy, = 122A ZHSing(60, ) Polanination — The henemenen of sorbicting the Vibsation of a Night (Vector) in’ a particular directim in a plane -pecbenoliculer te the direction of Pprupagatin of Light i» called spolaxinaction of Aight. se - UNPOLARISED LIGHT ee aa . zr PLANE PoLARISED LIGHT (VIBRATIONS IN ONE PLANE) Polaroids > db in a olevice wed te procluce the ‘plane potarined Light, For examble Towrnaline crystal Ex pedmental verification of transverse nature of Light “only bumrverse Waves Can be polarised vy Pr 7 Caye I Unfprtarin ent Potartbect Potardreed on digit Aight ’ Pe Ee Peete Case TT Ne : By Unpetaribed Pelariveal ght Aight sight P, > Pelaniner Pe > Analyrer gn case 1 PR LP, have parallel Cuyrtallopraphic anh. He. O = 0° gm case IE PR £ I fave cred cryptallographic ard f.e @ = 40°16h Gs Malu» Law 9 44 tote, that athe intensity of the petarcired Aight transmitted through the analyrer vorits an the »guare of the Carine of the angle between the pane of brawsmission of the analyser and the Plane of the polarizer, We now thet Intensity © @rptituote )* Intensity of trans ynitted Aight threugh the analyner 4 given by L ¢ (E eso)” x Leake ote le Nor ker-= 1, ES; VE GAO T=, co eu TK wig © 44 O=0 T =r, @ EP ane parallel) @ 48 o=490° T=0 (PF LP, we perpenclicular) Methods of powducing plane Polarined Hight IO Polanination Aight by Acattoing Y DUST PARTICLE (ScatTeRER) awoipewe d SUNLIGHT x UNPOLARISED LiGur (DIRECT LIGHT) SCATTERED POLARISED LIGHT ‘SH oascever When Aight iy indolent on rmall particle, of dunt or ain mokeceles ete, having Yr meller Dike os Compuret te Wavelength of Light), tt 4s abrorbed by the electrons of atoms of there particles and se-saolvated in atl clirections, Thin phenomenen is known a» ncattering.Polanination by vuftection > when ecdinary or Unpelarivel Light falls Sodiquily on a pass Slab, it ir partly softected am ob partly suepacted . Beth the sueptectesl enol cted beams of Light ve portly polarired, At a particular angle of dn cielence , the suptected Aight i» completely plane pelarived, Thin angle is Rnown ar pelardring omgte (Gp), Brevrter’s aur —> The sefractive indles. of the meollum (f) us Numerically equal te the tangent of the angee of potarination (8%), oudin Q fb = tan Op Sight? ; x 3 Plane Prlarired saftectedt Aight areay, Partially polarised i Yefracted Light When Li = Lép then suflecteot mel supracted Components ve mutually Ppechencicular. From figure Boy + LOoy = 9°" (96 -se) + Qo~ oe!) = 90° oe (Go 6p) +Go-n!') = 90° yt sul = 90 — Op / Now = Sini = Sin 9 Be So E> Sager te) ot M = SIN Op = tan 8 Gh Op : 25 i Op rh(168) @ Appticationn of petarined Light and Pelarviols dn Dun - Wasser 2 They Soluce pare prwclucect by oinect Light, dn winclewy of buins £ aerwhtanes > They se EEE aeeeeeeeeteeteeeee CeCe cece CC teeeeee ee ae 2 paix Polaroids re that we can adjust the dntenrity of Light. 4n Cro dr Coper They reoluce glrw re peeled that Wwe can ree very winute obsecty Cleary, dn bod Ge Aiqutd Crystal dinplay),4tn Colalatorrs watches , Ty, » Computers ete We st prnctpte of peterivation te form wmambers and patterns; Pelarined Laser beams ane wyeel ar neeolley for producing round from Compact olives un cD - prayers,fAtemy and Nucki Thomnen meoel 9 An atom Un a “ whshene of positive charger of uniform olewrity of about jo!’m diameter in which Wegative charger ane embedded dike pAums in the pudoling. This is alse called ‘Phun pudding yneolel . Alpha - Particle scattering experiment and Ruther ford» Nuclear moll of atem —+ Nudsar melt ef atem CIRCULAR ScREEW Couimator CCORTED with zs) \ ogee MY - PARTICLEN ES Leap MovABLe ‘REFLECT! CAVITY BEAM oF & Prana: DicRoscope % = PARTICLES, Getector) Honervations >) mort of the x-particls parsed through the geld foil unoleplected.. (i) Some of the X- particles were deflected through Jornal angen (> 1") Gi) A few l-particlus wee oleflected trreugh Large amglin (790) £ very ftut retraced their path. Wy) The wawber of x- pacticbs per unit area [NO] that suach the »ouen at a neattering angle 6 wore found te Vary as \ pe oi sin (hp)Wes) Conclurioas bP» mort of the x-particles parr att through the gelol foil Unoleflected , re ak indicates that mort of the »pace in an atom ah empty. (i) The Povitive charges in an atom wert cncen- trated in a ver Ymall JSuegim at the centre of the atem. Gi) Electums being voy ight oe net affect the K- partider. Alpha - Particle Taajectory and Impact Parameter the pucpenciculac divtance of «—,——__t the velscity vector CR) of the meee ee incident «= particle prom the cebu of the wacleur when x-partike ip net deflected i» fanown an Impact Parameter (b). The angte between the direction of appreach of ‘the alpha ‘particle and the direction of moving way of X- ponticte i» called scattering angle (@) Bae Ze Cot Ojo ule E Dirtance of Clrest abpseeach reas ee we of K~partice = Pe. of system ur = Let UT Eo me 3 = ze ures, mut) 4 B= wmut 2ze* ee eee eee eee 3 UTE (KE)@) (166 La bashes , Aten Draw backs of Rutherfora’» moolet of Sb foilet te fully explain the rtebillty ef the atom. Gi) 44, failed te eorptain the compten fpectum emitted by an atom. Pitemic Spectra > Atemic rpectra oleals with Puyiancio (or wareleng thy) anol dntenritie of actromag netic Yuackationy ab»rorbed. or emitted by atem. Types of atomic »pecta WW Line emisrion whectrum 2 94 vn the rerviey are eee ee corer of Mines of various an atomic gar or Veh owe wally excited “by parring an ehectric cwoent — thrush dk. Exampter ci) The wareleng thy emitted b Spectrum of mercury vapours they ntbeeng blu £ ar bung qrten Unes GO) Spectrum cf rodium har orton yellow Line ass Yonm) cdongwith a Cer ely Spaced oli yellow Aint (A= $96 nm) GO) Spectrum ef neon thas intense seed Lines serpenribte fer the sud colowr of neon gulb, Une Abrerption apectum When white Light pares theugh a gar ov vapour , then -the rectum of tunsmitted Sight conewtd with a apectrometer whew rome clark ines. This in known a abrorftion rpectum. Thin ir nimilor te emirsim rpecbum.Ce i | ae | Bohr'> atemic model Wan electron sevelves around the nuckws with a | definite fixed energy in a fisced path known os stationary rtate (energy Anvel) . (i) dt stater that eketronn can ouvelve only in thee energy trvele , dn Which iby angular momentum dy an dntegral multiple of hfan Gil) 44 tater that electren can jump prem higher enogy Level te Amore energy Level ractiating energy in the fm of a photon of frguincy v. hy= Fi -E¢ Bohr’ the ow of Hycbeogen atom (Derivation) coulomb’ fecce of attraction ° between the nucleus ond the Cectron seevelving in an orbit GO) -e of dadiu» ry dr Ylen by 2 Fa = OT eso? Thin fpsavider centripetal force for electron Saeco eH a ec HEE Et rmictt tes Jen, UT e,2 eet UIT Goey Now Ly = MU = Wh fag > Vaz th TT, fadiws of om _ovbit wo (wh 9? 2 e f rin YT € on 2H E Soy = WHE a Time? ie > ma nr &lee Speed: -ef- an -electrm —in on evhit z _ nh _ wh 7 me* i Vin = 2M Ny ah GS n24> ) : 2 => v, == =) Yn ren => Mate Total eneray of an electron Un an bt E, = KE, + Pe, Key = I,mVvyy Stier 2 UT ery Pe, = -_e UT Gy = Ey = _&% i FTEs AT eden teat BIT Gedy, er Ease eee melt BH? @ n> After putting the values of Conn tan bs for Hyolregen | Wt get . “ Ey = 8 eve Fou man cy Cm) of an electem in with orbit Syiteosiat mi 2 Io, Vy = 2 Lom = he LheNn TT mez 2 2 y 2 Vy = sx yy me me TF Zhen n2h>€o UA? en? Ss We 'ig 2(69) ala Level» of hyorogen. atom. 8 - = T1366 Ey a ev Fr Mel | Eye -leeev (yeound »tete) Fo N=? - €, = “1B 2 -3.yey ' E enw len » Eg = “Boe -1siev “PY Nec ble 156 2g Jt in clean from the > diagram thet When principle © 34 quantum number (ny Anortarer, Seta the energy Levels come 2 Chere £ clever tv eath as ether. ; Garam The Line spectra of Hy clrogen atom hv = En; - Eng Ey = mel Now eee Eee SHG HE 3S hv 2 —mel _ fome! a S vor amet (ap - tal =< FG? 3 F ve Je met (* ailie a Bar CH? LMG nie] ow Le siete = me! A R [ae we |] { R Se*Ch> = 1097x167 well Lev =a s (vave nurnber) eee al e(re! Vanioun rpectul. »eries (H-atom) Qa Lyman veried > The rpectal tines emitted olue te the transition of an electron from On y outer orbit (Nj = 2,34, ..) te the fot errt Cp =1) feem a wrpectral net known w Lyman ROU, = 4 =R ve ml v av =R [+ - iy Nee 2,34 Lengert: —e WareAen a th tines. ) eR [4 -4 = 3R Knee -7 linge = ee PAG 17 3a Shrtrt wavelength Armin) eee R(L-L} oR Avani. ee Aim 7 ee 0-4) }o tym Thy aeien Liew dn ultra-violet Suegion @) Samm Rede —> The npectral Lines emitted luc - pad te the teawsitim of an electron prom omy outer orbit (nes 3,4,5,6,-—) te the weceol orbit (ry=2) form a npectal nerier fanown ar Balmer never. eyed fi tL fe Fed Robt] WEBI — Lege earch Ase 1 a see Sh eee cee | OE: B yaa. [zs 3” ¢ A 6 man. 2 36) 2 6560 A