DISPERSION

SOME IMPORTANT TERMS

PRISM. A prism is a wedge – shaped body made from a transparent refracting medium bounded two plane
surfaces inclined to each other at some angle.

The angle between the two refracting face of the prism is called the angle of the prism. It is denoted by A.

Angle of deviation ( ) : The angle between the emergent ray and the direction of the incident ray is called the angle
of deviation.
In quadritaberal AQNR,

∠A + ∠AQN + ∠ARN + ∠QNR = 360

∠ ∠ . . (As NQ and NR are normal’s to the force AB and AC respectively)

∠ ∠ ………… (i)

In ∆QNR

∠ ………… (ii)

Equating (i) and (ii), we get.

…………. (iii)

The total deviation δ is the sum of deviations at the two faces,

( ) ( ) ( )

[Using (iii)]

………….. (iv)

At the minimum deviation the refracted ray inside the prism becomes parallel to its base.

i.e., if

which implies

Calculation of Refractive Index of the Prism ( ):

From equation (iii)

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 Form equation (iv)

( ). Using Snell’s law of refraction

Replacing the values of and we have

( ) ( )

[( ) ]
Thus, the refractive index of the prism is [ ]

[( ) ]
[ ]

For a small angle prism, i.e., a thin prism, is also very small, and we get :

[( ) ] ( )
( )
[ ]

( ) For small A

DISPERSION

The phenomenon of splitting a ray of white light into its constituent

colours (wavelengths) is called dispersion.
The band of colours, from red to violet, that emerges from the prism
is called spectrum.

CAUSE OF DISPERSION

According to Cauchy’s formula, n = a +

Where a, b and c are constants for the material. n is the refractive index of
a material for light of certain way wavelength .
The wavelength of violet is less than that of red. So, according to Cauchy‘s
relation, the refractive index for violet is more than for red 𝑖.𝑒. .
But D = (n -1) A
Since D = Deviation

So, different colours are deviated through different angle. Thus, the constituent colours emerge from the prism in
different directions.

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ANGULAR DISPERSION
Def. The different in the deviations suffered by two colours in passing through a prism given the angular dispersion
for these colours.
Angular dispersion between red and violet.

ϕ=

But ( ) ( )A

ϕ=( ) ( )A

Or ϕ=( )A

The angular dispersion depends upon (𝑖) the natural of material of the prism and (𝑖𝑖) the angle of the prism.

DISPERSIVE POWER

The dispersive power of the material of a prism for any two colours is defined as the ratio of the angular
dispersion for these two colours to the mean deviation produced by prism.

( )
Also, = or = ( )

Or =

Since is always greater then therefore the dispersive power of the prism is always positive.
The dispersive power depends only upon the nature of material of the prism. It is independent of the angle of
prism.

Recombination of white Light :

When two prism were placed inverted to each other and the emergent beam from the first prim was made to fall on the
second prism, the resulting emergent beam was found to be white light.

Explanation:

(i) The first prism splits the white light into its component colours.
(ii) The inverted prism recombines them to give white light

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 (iii) Some natural Phenomenon due to Sunlight :

1. Scattering of Light :

 Rayleigh Scattering : For , the amount of scattering is inversely proportional to the fourth power of the
wavelength. This is known as Rayleigh scattering (Here a : size of scatterer ; wavelength of the light ray)

 Blue colour of the sky:

 The molecules of air and finer particles present in the atmosphere have size smaller than the wavelength of
visible light.
 In according with the Ray leight scattering, they are more effective in scattering the light of shorter
wavelength at the blue end than the light of longer wavelength at the red end.
 Hence, the bluish colour predominates in a clear sky as it is scattered much more strongly than the red colour.
 Thus, the scattered blue light Enters our eyes and the colour of the clear sky appears blue.

 Reddish appearance of sun of sunrise and sunset:

At sunset and sunrise, the light from the sun travels through a
larger part of the atmosphere. On the way through the
atmosphere, the blue and violet colours are scattered away
and the red, orange and yellow colours reach the eye.
Hence, the colour of the sun appears

reddish at sunrise and sunset.

Since the red coloured light travels through the largest
distance in the atmosphere, the stop signals for trains and at
road intersections are red in colour.

 White colour of Clouds :

Clouds appear white because they carry moisture droplets and dust particles, which are larger in size than air
molecules. These larger particles scatter all wavelength equally and therefore, the clouds appear white

Illustration 1. Three rays of light – red (R), green (G) and blue (B) are incident on the
face AB of a right angled prism ABC (Fig). The refractive indices of the material of the
prism for red, green and blue wavelengths are 1.39, 1.44 and 1.47 respectively. Trace the
path of the rays through the prism.

Solution. By geometry, the angle of incidence for all rays is .

For red ray

The critical angle ( )

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As , therefore, refraction occurs [Fig (a)]

For green ray

The critical angle ( )

As , therefore, total internal reflection takes place.

After total internal reflection, the ray strikes the third surface normally and therefore,
no further derivation takes place [Fig.]
For blue ray

The critical angle C = ( )

As , therefore, total internal reflection takes place. After total internal

reflection, the ray strikes the third surface normally [Fig].

Illustration 2. The minimum deviation produced by a glass prism of angle is

. If the velocity of light in vacuum is 3 × cm/sec, calculate the velocity of
light in glass.

Solution. Given that

And
( )

( )

( )
Now,
( )

Illustration 3. Once face of a prism of refracting angle and refractive index

√ is silvered. At what angle must a ray of light fall on the unsilvered face so that
after refraction into the prism and refraction at the silvered surface it retraces its
path? Solution.

[ ]

[√ ]

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 .

Illustration 4. Using spectrometer the following data are obtained for a crown glass prism and the a flint glass prism.
Crown glass prism :
Angle of Prism, A =
Angle of minimum deviation : ,
Flint glass prism :

Where b, r and y refer to particular wavelengths in blue, red and yellow bands, compare the dispersive power of two
varieties of glass prisms.

Solution. We know that the refractive index of the material is

For the crown glass :

For blue ray,

For red ray, .

For yellow ray, .

For the Flint glass :

For blue ray, .

For red day,

For yellow ray,

Now, dispersive power of a crown glass prism is

Dispersive power of a flint glass prism is

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 2. The Rainbow :
The rainbow is an example of the dispersion of sunlight by the water drops in the atmosphere. This is a
phenomenon due to combined effect of dispersion refraction and reflection of sunlight by spherical water
droplets of rain.
The conditions for observation a rainbow are that the sun should be shining in one part of the sky (say near
western horizon) while it is raining in the opposite part of the sky (say eastern horizon). An observer can
therefore see a rainbow only when his back is towards the sun.

R Red
B Blue( )
Primary Rainbow :

(i) Sunlight is first refracted as it enters a raindrop, which causes the different wavelength (colours) of white
light to separate. Longer wavelength of light (red) are bent the least while the shorter wavelengths (violet) are
bent the most.
(ii) Next, these component ray strike the inner surface of the water drop and get internally reflected if the angle
between the refracted ray and normal to the drop surface is greater than the critical angle ( , in this case).
The reflected light is refracted again as it comes out of the drop.

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 (iii) It is found that the violet light emerges at an angle of related to the incoming sunlight and red light
emerges at an angle of . For other colours, angle lie in between these two values.
(iv) We see that red light from drop 1 and violet light from drop 2 reach observer eye. The violet from drop I and
red light from drop 2 are directed at level above or below the observer. Thus the observer sees a rainbow
with red colour on the top and violet on the bottom.
(v) Thus, the primary rainbow is a result of these-step process, that is, refraction, reflection and refraction.

Secondary Rainbow :

(i) When light rays undergoes two internal reflections inside a raindrop, instead of one as in the primary rainbow
a secondary rainbow is formed. It is due to four – step process.
(ii) The intensity of light is reduced at the second reflection and hence the secondary rainbow is fainter than the
primary rainbow.
(iii) Further, the order of the colours is reversed.

Concept classes Physic question (xii) DISPERSION

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 1. The angle of minimum deviation for a prism of angle What is the velocity of light in the
material of the prism? Given : velocity of light in vacuum = 3 .
( )
Solution.
( ) ( )

2. A ray of light passes through an equilateral glass prism such that the angle of incidence is equal to
the angle of emergence. The angle of emergence is times the angle of prism. Calculate the
refractive index of the glass prism.
Solution. Since the angle of incidence is equal to angle of emergence therefore the ray of light
passes symmetrically through the prism. So, the prism is in minimum deviation position.
Now,
Or ( )
( ) ( )
√
√

3. Calculate the angle of dispersion between red and violet colours produced by a flint glass prism of
refracting angle of . Given : and .
( )
Solution . For minimum deviation position,

Or ( )

Similarly, ( ) or

( ) ( )
4. A glass prism whose refractive index is 1.53 and refracting angle is is held in a liquid of
refractive index 1.33. Calculate the angle of minimum deviation in this case.
( )
Solution .

( ) or ( )

Or ( )
Or
5. A prism is made of glass of unknown refractive index. A parallel beam of light is incident on a face
of the prism. By rotating the prism, the minimum angle of deviation is measured to be , what is
the refractive index of the prism? If the prism is placed in water (refractive index 1.33), predict the
new minimum angle of deviation of a parallel beam of light. The refracting angle of the prism is
.

Solution .

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 ( )

After the prism is placed in water,

( ) ( )

( ) or

On simplification,

EXERCISE (I)

1. Plot a graph to show the variation of the angle of deviation as a function angle of incidence for light
rays through a prism. Write the relation for the refractive index of the prism in terms of the angle of
minimum deviation and the angle of prism.

2. There rays of light – red (R), green (G) and blue (B) are incident on the
face AB of a right angled prism ABC (Fig) The refractive indices of the
material of the prism for red, green and blue wavelengths are 1.39 ,1.44
and 1.47 respectively. Trace the path of the rays through the prism.

3. Define refractive index of a transparent medium. A ray of light passes

through a triangular prism. Plot a graph showing the variation of angle of deviation with the angle of
incidence.

4. State whether the following statements are True (T) or False (F):
(a) The intensity of scattered light is inversely proportional to the fourth power of the wavelength
(b) The stop signal is red because it scatters most.
(c) Clouds scatter all wavelengths equally.
(d) The reddish appearance of sun at sunset is due to more scattering of red light.
(e) Violet light scatters the most.

5. State the reason for the following observation recorded from the surface of moon: (a) sky appears
dark (b) Rainbow is never formed.

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VARIATION OF ANGLE OFDEVITION WITH ANGLE OF CIDENCE

The minimum value of the angle of deviation of a ray of light passing through a prism is called Angle of
minimum deviation. It is denote by

When the prism is placed in the minimum deviation position, the refracted, light is parallel to the base
of the prism. At this position, the incident and the emergent rays are symmetrically inclined. To sum
up, when the prism is placed in the minimum deviation position, the ray of light passes symmetrically
through the prism.

When the prism is placed in the minimum deviation position,

( ) and 𝑖 = 𝑒

Now, A= r +r = 2r [From 𝑖+𝑒 ]

Or 𝑟 = A/2

Also, 𝑖 +𝑖 =

Or 2𝑖 = A+ or 𝑖

But n=

( )
n =

Question with solution.

Illustration 1. (a) A combination of two thin lenses in contact is to be made which has the same focal
length for blue and red light (such a combination is known as achromatic doublet). Show that the ratio of
their force length (for yellow light) must be equal in magnitude and opposite in sign to the ratio of the
dispersive powers of the materials of the two lenses.
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(b) Use the result in (a) to suggest a way for removing chromatic aberration of the lens in the last exercise
which is made of flint glass. You are given convex and concave lenses (made of crown glass) of various
focal lengths. The ratio of the dispersive power of flint glass to crown glass is about 1.5.

Solution. (a) Let L and L’ be two lenses of focal lengths f and f’ respectively and ’ be their dispersive
powers.

Then ( ) ( ) ……. (1), (Lens maker’s formula)

Where f is the focal length of the lens L, is the refractive index and and are the radii of curvatures.

Since f varies with , therefore, differentiating both sides of equation (1).

( ) ……… (2)

But from eqn. (1), ( ) ( ) ( )

Eliminating ( ) from eqn. (2), using the above eqn. , we get

………. (3)

Similarly for the lens L’ of focal length f’ and dispersive power ’

……… (4)

Now, for a combination of two lenses in contact, the equivalent focal length F is given by

Differentiating both sides,

( ) ( ) [Using eqns. (3) and (4)]

For an achromatic combination, dF = 0

(b) Now

Using

Therefore, the concave lens of focal length 10 cm is to placed in contact with convex lens to produce the
achromatic combination of lenses.
Illustration. You are given a double – convex lens made of crown glass with each surface of radius of
curvature 15 cm. A flint glass lens is grafted on to one of the surfaces of this lens. What is the radius of
curvature of the second surface of the flint glass lens for the combination to be an achromatic doublet for

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blue and red light? Given the refractive indices for blue and red light are 1.520 and 1.509 for crown glass,
and 1.666 and 1.644 for flint glass respectively.
Solution. For Crown glass lens,

For the blue ray, ( ) ( )

For the red ray, ( )( )

( )( ) ( )( ) ( )( )

For double convex lens,

( )( ) ( ) ( )

For Flint glass lens

( )( )

But

Also, ( )

( )( ) ( ) ( )

Or

i.e., the second surface of the flint glass lens in a plane surface. Thus, this lens is a photo – convex lens.
Illustration. (a) Do materials always have the same colour whether viewed by reflected light or through
transmitted light?
(b) What colour do you observer when white light passes through a blue and yellow filter?
Solution. (a) It is not necessary to observer the same colour because one colour may be absorbed strongly in
the reflected light and still another be absorbed strongly in the transmitted system.
(b) When passed through blue and yellow filter, only green light is obtained containing a tinge of yellow and
blue colours.
Illustration. For a normal eye, the far point is at infinity and the near point of distinct vision is about 2.5 cm
in front of the eye. The cornea of the eye provides a converging power of about 40 diootres, and the least
converging power of the eye lens behind the cornea is about 20 dioptre. From this rough data estimate the
range of accommodation (i.e., the range of converging power of the eye-lens) of a normal eye.
Solution. When the object is placed at infinity, eye makes use of the least converging power,
Therefore, total converging power of cornea and the eye lens = 40 + 20 = 60 dioptre.

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 Using

To focus the object at the near point,

Power P dioptre.
( )

Power of eye lens = 64 – 40 = 24 dioptre. Therefore, the rough range of eye lens is 20 to 24 dioptres.
Illustration. (a) The far point of a myopic person is 80 cm in front of the eye. What is the power of the lens
required to enable him to see very distant objects?
(b) In what way does the corrective lens help the person above? Does the lens magnify very distant objects?
Explain carefully.
(c) The person above prefers to remove his spectacles while reading a book. Explain.
Solution. (a) The focal length of the concave lens used should be equal to the distance of the far point

i.e.,

Power of lens ( )

(b) The corrective lens does not magnify the very distant object. It merely bring the object lying at infinity at
the far point of the eye, thus enabling the man to see the object.
(c) The near point for the eye is 25 cm. To study the book with the spectacles, the person must keep the book
at a distance more than 25cm. In doing so, the angular size of the image of the book is reduced compared to
its size when no spectacles are used and the book is placed at 25 cm from the eyes. Thus, the person prefers
to remove his spectacles while reading the book.
Illustration. (a) The near point of a hypermetropic person is 75 cm from the eye. What is the power of the
lens required to enable him to read clearly a book held at 25 cm from the eye?
(b) In what way does the corrective lens help the person above? Does the lens magnify objects held near the
eye?
(c) The person above prefers to remove his spectacles while looking at the sky. Explain why?
Solution. (a) For corrective hypermetropia, a convex lens of focal length f is to be used, so that

Where x is the distance of near point of defective eye and D is the least distance of distinct vision.

Here

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 cm

Power of lens, ( )

(b) The corrective lens does not magnify the object placed near the eye. It only forms the virtual image of
the object at 25 cm of distance from the eyes.
(c) The hypermetropic person may have the normal for point. Therefore, his eyes can focus the parallel
beam of light on the retina. In case he sees at the distant object wearing the spectacles, the parallel rays will
converge to a point in front of the retina and the object will appear blurred.
Illustration. (a) Suppose the person in Exercise 49 uses spectacles of power – 0.80 dioptre, how far can he
see clearly?
(b) If the person in Exercise 50 uses spectacles of power + 1.0 dioptre, what is nearest distance of distinct
vision for him?

Solution. (a) Here

Also, the far point is 80 cm

Or

Therefore, he can see objects upto a distance 2.22 m from his eyes.

(b) Here

Also, the near point is 75 cm

Using the equation ,

We get,

i.e., the nearest distant of distinct vision for the person is 42.9 cm.
illustration. A myopic person has been using spectacles of power – 1.0 dioptres for distant vision. During
old age he also needs to use separate reading glass of power + 2 dioptres. Explain what may have happened.
Solution. Since the person uses the spectacles of – 1.0 dioptre, the far point for his eyes is 1 m i.e. 100 cm.
The near point for the man is 25 cm. The objects lying at infinity are brought at 100 cm from his eyes using
the concave lens and the objects lying in between 25 cm and 100 cm are brought to focus using the ability
of accommodation of the eye lens. In the age, this ability of accommodation is reduced and the near point
reaches 50 cm from his eyes. Therefore, he requires a reading convex lens of power + 2 dioptres.
Illustration. A person looking at a mesh of crossed wires is able to see the vertical wires more distinctly
than the horizontal wire. What is this defect due to? How is such a defect of vision corrected?

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Solution. This is due to the defect of lenses called astigmatism. The defect arises because of the fact that
curvature of the eye – lens and the cornea is not same in different planes. This defect is removed by using
cylindrical lens.
Illustration. A man with normal near point (25 cm) reads a book with small print using a magnifying glass;
a thin convex lens of focal length 5 cm.
(a) What is the closet and the farthest distance at which he can read the book when viewing through the
magnifying glass?
(b) What is the maximum and minimum angular magnification (magnifying power) possible using the
above simple microscope?
Solution. (a) To see the object at a closet distance, the image of object should be formed at the least distance
of distinct vision.

Also

i.e., the object is to be placed at from the magnifying glass.

Also, to see the object at the farthest point, its image must be formed at infinity.

i.e.,

Or
i.e., the object is to be placed at 5 cm from the magnifying glass.

(b) Now angular magnification, | |

maximum angular magnification

And minimum angular magnification .

Illustration. A figure divided into squares each size 1 is being viewed at a distance of 9 cm through a
magnifying glass (a converging lens of focal length 10 cm) held close to eye.
(a) What is the magnification (image size/ object size) produced by the lens? How much is the area of
each square in the virtual object?
(b) What is the angular magnification of the lens?
(c) Is the magnification in (a) equal to magnifying power in (b) ? Explain.

Solution. (a) using the lens formula,

Here

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 Linear magnification

Area of each square in the image = ( ) ( )

(b) Angular magnification | |

(c) The magnification is the ratio of size image to the size of object considering their linear dimensions,
whereas angular magnification is the ratio of angular size of image to the angular size of the object if placed
at the near point. They are not equal to each other. However if the image is located near the least distance of
distinct vision, the two quantities are equal.
Illustration. (a) At what distance should the lens be held from the figure in the above exercise in order to
view the squares distinctly with maximum possible magnifying power?
(b) What is the magnification (image size/object size) in this case?
(c) Is the magnification equal to magnifying power in this case? Explain.
Solution. ()

EXERCISE

1. Reflective index of glass for light-yellow, green and red colours are and respectively.
Rearrange the symbols in an increasing order of values.

2. Does a beam of white light give a spectrum on passing through a hollow prism?

3. Explain why white light is dispersed when passing through a prism?

4. A glass prism has a minimum angle of deviation, D in air. State with reason, how the angle
of minimum deviation will change, if the prism is immersed in a liquid of reflective index

5. Explain the terms, angular dispersion and dispersive power. How are these related?

6. Read the statements given below carefully and state whether these are True (T) or False (F).

(a) In dispersion, white light split into its constituent colours.

(b) As a light ray passes through a prism, the sum of the angles the ray makes with the
normal to the prism surface, inside the prism, is equal to the angle of the prism.
(c) In the condition of minimum deviation, the angle of incidence is always greater than the
angle of emergence.
(d) In the condition of minimum deviation, the angle of reflection at the first surface is half
the angle of prism.

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 (e) The deviation of red light is more than that of violet light.
(f) The refractive index n and wavelength are related as
(g) The refractive index of glass is directly proportional to the wavelength of light.
(h) A prism can converge a parallel beam of light.
(i) A plane wavefront remains plane after refraction through a prism.

7. Plot a graph to show the variation of the angle of deviation as a function angle of incidence
for light rays through a prism. Write the relation for the refractive index of the prism in
terms of the angle of minimum deviation and the angle of prism.

8. Three rays of light-red (R), green (G) and blue (B) are incident on the face AB of a right
angled prism ABC (Fig.,). The refractive indices of the material of the prism for red, green
and blue wavelengths are 1.39, 1.44 and 1.47 respectively. Trace the path of the rays through
the prism.

9. Does a beam of white light give a spectrum on passing through a hollow prism?

10. Define refractive index of a transparent medium. A ray of light passes through a triangular
prism. Plot a graph showing the variation of angle of deviation with the angle of incidence.

EXERCISE

ANSWER

1.

2. No. A hollow prism creates only lateral displacement.

3. Dispersion of white light on passing through a prism is because
(a) velocity of light wave of different colours is different in glass.
(b) the plane of incidence and the plane emergence of a prism are not parallel to each other
as in case of glass slab.

4. We know that
Since

5. The since angle between the emergent rays of any two colours is called the angular
dispersion between the two colours.
The ratio of the angular dispersion between the violet and red emergent rays and the
deviation suffered by the mean ray (ray of yellow colour) is called the dispersive power of
the material of prism.

6. (a) T (b) T (c) F (d) T (e) F (f) F (g) F (h) F (i) T

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7. Refer to Fig.,
[( ) ]

8. By geometry, the angle of incidence for all rays is 45 .

For red ray
The critical angle ( )
As therefore, refraction occurs [Fig. 17.10(a)]

For green ray

The critical angle ( )
As therefore, total ineternal reflection takes place.
After total internal reflection, the ray strikes the third surface normally and therefore, no
further deviation takes place[Fig.,]
For blue ray
The critical angle ( )
As total internal reflection takes place. After total internal reflection, the
ray strikes the third surface normally [Fig.,]
9. The beam of white light does not give a spectrum on passing through hollow prism because
dispersion does not occur in the hollow portion of the prism which contains air.
10. Refractive index of a transparent medium is the ratio of speed of light in vacuum to the
speed of a light in that medium. For the graph refer Fig.,

SUMMARY OF DISPERSION AND SCATTERING CONCEPT CLASESS (XII) PHYSICS

 Dispersion is a phenomenon, by virtue of which a white beam of light spreads out and is
broken up into its constituent colours.
 For a prism,

For minimum deviation,

and
and
* +
( )

For thin prism, for which A is small (generally less than )

( )
 According to Cauchy’s formula, .
 The angle between the emergent rays of any two colours is called angular dispersion
between those two colours.
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 The ratio of the angular dispersion between the violet and red emergent rays and the
deviation suffered by the mean ray (ray of yellow colour) is called the dispersive power of
the material of the prism.
 The phenomenon of absorption of light and re-radiation in a direction other than the
direction of incidence is called scattering of light. According to Rayleigh’s law, the intensity
of scattered light is inversely proportional to the fourth power of its wavelength of light.
The phenomenon of scattering is responsible for sky appearing blue, clouds appearing
white, colour of sun appearing reddish at sunrise and sunset and use of red colour in
signals.

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