W~irme- und Stoff/ibertragung 28, 433-439 (1993) Vv~trme-

u n d Stofffibertragung
©SpringevVedag t993

Experimental investigations of fluid flow and heat transfer

characteristics of a slot jet impinging on a rectangular cylinder
A. Hossain and R. K. Brahma, K h a r a g p u r , India

Abstract. Experimental investigations on flow characteristics and p. atmospheric pressure

averge heat transfer due to slot jet impinging on a rectangular Pb base pressure on the rear face
cylinder have been carried out for different non-dimensional N_~ free convection Nusselt number
parameters. The minimum value of the pressure coefficient is found Nu average Nusselt number
on the lower face of the rectangular cylinder at an angle of inclina- q heat loss
tion of 15 °. Drag coefficient calculated from the measured pressure qs heat loss due to free convection
distribution is found to be maximum within a range of breadth/ Re Reynolds number = u~ W/v~
width ratio of 0.67 to 1.5 of rectangular cylinders. The maximum Ta ambient air temperature
value of heat transfer rate is obtained at the angle of inclination of average surface temperature
15° of the cylinder to the jet axis. An increasing trend of heat transfer u~ average jet velocity at the nozzle exit
rate is observed with higher Reynolds numbers. A correlation of W nozzle width
average Nusselt number is presented for rectangular cylinders.
c~ angle of inclination of the rectangular cylinder to the jet axis
in degrees
v~ kinematic viscosity of air
Experimentelle Untersuchungder Str6mungs-und W/irmeiibergangs-
0a density of air
charakteristik eines auf einen rechteckigen Zylinder auftreffenden
Strahls aus einer Schlitzdiise

Zusammenfassung. Es wurden experimentelle Untersuchungen des

Str6mungs- und W~irmeiibergangsverhaltens an einem rechtecki-
gen, durch einen Straht aus einer Schlitzdfise beaufschlagten Zylin-
ders ftir verschiedene dimensionslose Parameter durchgeffihrt. Der
Kleinstwert des Druckbeiwertes tritt an der Unterfl~iche des recht-
eckigen Zylinders bei einem Neigungswinkel von 15° auf. Der aus-
der gemessenen Druckverteilung berechnete Widerstandsbeiwert
erreicht bei einem Breiten-Dicken-Verh/iltnis des Zytinders zwi-
schen 0,67 und 1,5 Maximalwerte. Den maximalen Wfirmestrom
erh~ilt man bei einem Neigungswinkel zwischen Zylinder und Strah-
lachse von 15°. Mit steigenden Reynoldszahlen erh6ht sich der ab-
geffihrte Wfirmestrom. Eine Korrelation f~r die mittlere Nusseltzahl
an rechteckigen Zylindern wird mitgeteilt.
Nomenclature
A surface area of the rectangular cylinder
a width of the rectangular cylinder
b breadth of the rectangular cylinder
CD drag coefficient = D/(½ ~. u~)
pressure coefficient = ( p - p.) / (½ 0a uf)
CCpb-P base pressure coefficient = (Pb-P.)/(2 Qa @")
D drag force
hA• free convection heat transfer coefficient
h average heat transfer coefficient
k thermal conductivity of air
L distance of the axis of the square cylinder from the nozzle exit
l length of the rectangular cylinder
Pr Prandtl number
p static pressure
1 Introduction
A jet is a forceful stream of fluid emitted into the environ-
ment. The application of jet is old and c o m m o n and now-a-
days it has established itself as a high performance technique
for heating, cooling or drying a surface. Jets have wide appli-
cations, such as, a ship propelling at sea, an aeroplane/rocket
in the air, use jet to gain velocity. A boiler burner uses a jet
to deliver fuel and a jet impinging on Pelton wheel coverts
kinetic energy into mechanical work. The jet is used in
metallurgy for surface hardening.
Several investigations [1-4] have been reported on flow
characteristics of rectangular cylinders in uniform flow.
These investigations include pressure coefficients, drag coef-
ficients, etc. for flow a r o u n d rectangular cylinders. Igarashi
[5] has studied the heat transfer characteristics on rectangu-
lar cylinders in uniform flow. Jet impingement characteris-
tics for fluid flow a n d heat transfer on circular cylinder,
wedge surfaces have also been carried out by m a n y investi-
gators [ 6 - 8]. The scope of the present experimental investi-
gation is (i) to determine the average heat transfer coefficient
from a rectangular cylinder due to slot jet impingement (ii)
to investigate the variation of average Nusselt n u m b e r with
angle of inclination of the cylinder to the jet axis, (iii) to study
434
t£ l l
0.8
I
i* -t_ -t
0.z~
Cp
0.2
-0.'~
-0.4[-
-O'gt
-0.7 ] I
the effect of Reynolds number on heat transfer and (iv) to
study the effect of distance of the cylinder from the nozzle
exit.
2 Experimental set-up and procedure
The rectangular cylinder used for pressure distributions is
made of perspex sheet of 2 mm thickness. The size of the
cylinder is 20 mm x 30 mm and it is 200 mm long. Twenty
four pressure tappings of 1.5 mm diameter with equal spac-
ing are made from inner side of the cylinder and are connect-
ed to an inclined water manometer by flexible tubings for
measurement of static pressures. The cylinder is fixed on a
stand horizontally such that its axis is perpendicular to the
jet centre-line and it can be rotated about its own axis. The
jet velocity at the nozzle exit is measured by a standard pitot
tube. The air coming from a centrifugal blower passes
through a control valve and through an orifice meter, and a
rectangular section. Then the air enters the nozzle, from
which it impinges on the rectangular cylinder. The static
pressure readings are noted from the multi-tube water ma-
nometer for different distances and angles of inclination of
the cylinder. The experiment is performed at Reynolds num-
ber of 2.02 x 104 and the nozzle width used is 20 mm.
For measurement of drag coefficient the sizes of the
rectangular cylinders used are 30 mm x 10 mm, 30 m m x
15 ram, 30 m m x 20 mm, 20 m m x 20 mm with the breadth/
width ratios of 0.33, 0.50, 0.67, 1.0, 1.50, 2.0 and 3.0. The drag
coefficient is calculated from the measured pressure distribu-
tion.
Re 2,02 x 10 '~
_a 1,0
W
b 1.5
L
Cl
15 ° a
300 o
Z,5° •
c D
........ -4-
I i
Fig. 1. Pressure distributions on different faces
of a rectangular cylinder (L/W = 4)
The heat transfer experiment is carried out by using alu-
minium cylinders of sizes 20 mm x 30 mm and 20 mm
x 40 mm and the length of the cylinder is 200 mm in each
case. The nozzle widths used are 20 mm and 10 mm. Twenty
calibrated copper-constantan thermocouples are embedded
in the cylinder surface at equal spacing to measure local
temperatures. Thermocouples are also embedded in the lon-
gitudinal direction of the cylinders to check the axial varia-
tion of temperature, if any. Two brass pipes of 9.5 mm diame-
ter each containing heater coils in series are inserted inside
the rectangular cylinder. The heater coils are insulated with
glass wool. Magnesia powder is filled inside the cylinder for
good conduction of heat to the surface of the cylinder. An
asbestos sheet is provided in between the brass pipes to
avoid any contact between them. The ends of the cylinders
are fixed with asbestos sheets to minimize heat loss by con-
duction and also to hold the cylinder horizontally on a
proper stand. Current is supplied to the heater coils by an
auto-transformer such that a uniform surface temperature of
the rectangular cylinder is maintained within 1 °C. Thermo-
couple reading are measured by a digital D. C. microvolt-
meter. Free convective heat loss from the cylinder at steady
state is calculated by the equation,
qy=hyA(7"-Ta). (1)
Free convective Nusselt number, Nu¢ is estimated by the
empirical equations [9, 10]. Subtracting the free convection
hat loss from the total heat input, the heat loss due to radi-
ation and conduction is calculated. By subtracting this heat
loss due to radiation and conduction from the heat input in
case of forced convection, the heat loss due to forced convec-
 435

'°I I 1 t
Re 2,02 x 10t•
e.
W 1,0
I

0.8

0.6

0° ×

Cp
0d
7°::
0.:

0.(

-0.2

- 0.~

1 Fig. 2. Pressure distributions on different faces

-04 _ I I of a rectangular cylinder (L/W = 8)

0.8 I I
Re 2.02 x 104.
~,~ O ~ C T G_._ 1.0
O.E . . . . uj--t----+--~ o W

x
AI '
~
IB L _b
(1
1.5

0.4
Cp

0.2

O.C

-0.2

-0.4

Fig. 3. Pressure distributions on different faces

I I of a rectangular cylinder (L/W = 12)

tion is calculated. Finally, the average heat transfer coeffi-

w ~/"--~ _b
o
1.5
cient is given by,
o 1.0
- - - , uj --4 W
fi - q (2)
a 0°
A(~'-- Ta)
_L
, L "1
W
The Nusselt number based on average heat transfer coeffi-
4 x
0.15 i B o cient is defined as,
C~=O°
0.10[-- 12 •
ha
-Cpb 0 . 0 5 ~ , . , _ ~ , . ~ ~ N. - (3)
k
0.00~'~ -

_0.05 { ~ t [ [ I I t 3 Results and discussion

10 12 14. 16 18 20
Re x 10 -3 Figures 1, 2 and 3 shows the pressure distributions on differ-
Fig. 4. Variation of base pressure coefficient with Reynolds number ent faces DA, AB, BC and CD of the rectangular cylinder for
436

0.06 1,0 m
o Re 2.02 x 10/'
: 1.0 Re : 2.02 x 104
0.05 a =30 °
a = 20ram ~b =1. 5
Q 0,B- L
0.04 -------- , ,x ...... ~ x . _ _ _ _ ~ --~-x
-Cpb o o 4 X
0.03
8 0
0.6-
0.02, L "- = 12 •
CD
0.01 - ,,2 X~----~,.~..X
0,4-
0.00 I I
0 15 30 45
C~ in d e g r e e s 0,2-
Fig. 5. Variation of base p r e s s u r e coefficient with angle of inclination

0.( I I I I I I
,0 0.5 1.0 1,5 2.0 2.5 3.0
1.2 b/a

a, Rea
=L42,020
°x x10/*
b Re 2.02 x l0 ~
1.0
0,6 a = 45 °
L

0.8 0.4 4 x
Co CD 8 o

0.6 0,2

0.4 0.0 f I I I I I
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
b/o

0.0 Fig. 7. Variation of drag coefficient with breadth/width ratio for

b/a rectangular cylinders (c~= 30° and 45 °)

b Re 2.02 x t04
1.0 a = 15°
L
W
0.8 4 x
8 o

12 •
CD
0.6 X × ' ~X

0.2
100 /r Re x 10-~ LIW=4.0
I 1 I I r
0. ,0.01, 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2,5 3.0 ! 0.46 x a/W = 1.0
b/a 80]~ 0,81 ~ b/a = 1.5
Fig. 6. Variation of drag coefficient with breadth/width ratio for ! 1.16 o
rectangular cylinders (e = 0 ° and 15°) 1,63 $
60 1.86

different angles of inclination and L/W ratios. It is observed 40q ~ •o-.

that the stagnation point on the front face DA shifts t o w a r d
the leading edge A with the increase in the angle of inclina-
20 _~_____~x- -x---__~_~_ x
tion of the cylinder to the jet axis. The m i n i m u m pressure
coefficient is obtained on the lower face AB at ~ = 15°, for all
L/W ratios of 4, 8 and 12. The shear layer generated from the 0 15 30 45
leading edge A at c¢= 15 ° does not reattach at the trailing (~ in degrees

edge B on the lower face AB for all L/W ratios. At c¢= 30 ° Fig. 8. Variation of average Nusselt number with angle of inclination
and L/W = 4, the shear layer reattaches on the lower face AB for a rectangular cylinder (L/W = 4)
 437

100 100
Re x 10-~ a L/W = 8.0 Re x 10-4
0.46 x o/W= 1,0
0.46
80 0.81 A b/o = 1.5 BC 0,51
1,16 o 1 ,t6
1.63 • 1.63
60 6G
1.86 • 1.86

o
4C o, 4O

.........
x...
-x- m . x
2C 2C

I I I 1 I
0
15 30 45 8 12
C~ in degrees L/W

120 1001
Re x 10-z' Re x 10. 4
L/W =12.0 b c~ = 15 °
0.48 x o/W = 1.0 0,46 x a/W = 1,0
100 0.81 a b/a = 1.5 80 0.81 ,a bla = 1.5
1.16 o
1.16 e
1.63 •
1.86 a 1.63 •
80 6C
1.86 •
~u

60 40

---~-
I X
I
40 A
?
2O L I I [
15 30 45 S 12
O: in degrees L/W
Fig. 9. Variation of average Nusselt number with angle of inclination Fig. 10. Variation of average Nusselt number with distance from the
for a rectangular cylinder (L/W = 8 and 12) nozzle exit for a rectangular cylinder (e = 0 ° and 15°)

but for L/W = 8 and 12, the shear layer does not reattach on
the lower face AB. At ~ = 45 °, the flow starts with a positive
pressure coefficient from the leading edge A and ultimately
separates near the trailing edge B on the lower face. At
= 45 °, the flow field is not symmetrical with respect to the
faces DA and AB. The reason is that the cylinder is inclined
to the jet axis and hence the leading edge A is not on the line
of jet axis. The rear face BC shows almost constant pressure
coefficient for ai1 L/W ratios and angles of inclination. The
upper face DC does not show any remarkable variation in
pressure coefficient. The value of the pressure coefficient
decreases with the increase in L/W ratios on the faces DA
and AB as the jet velocity decreases with the increase of
distance of the cylinder from the nozzle exit. There is no
significant variation in the pressure coefficient on the upper
face DC and the rear face BC with the distance from the
nozzle exit, as there exists a region of separated flow.
The variation of base pressure coefficients (measured at
the centre tapping on the rear face) with Reynolds numbers
for different L/W ratios are shown in Fig. 4. It is observed
that there is no remarkable variation of base pressure coeffi-
cients with Reynolds number and distance of the cylinder
from the nozzle exit.
Figure 5 shows the variation of base pressure coefficients
with angle of inclination of the cylinder for different L/W
ratios. It is seen that there is no significant variation of base
pressure coefficient with the increase in angle of incidence
and L/W ratios.
The variations of drag coefficient, CD with b/a have been
plotted in Figs. 6 a, b and 7 a, b for different ratios of L/W
and angles of inclination. It is observed that for L/W = 4 and
8 and ~ = 0 °, 15 ° and 30 °, C D is found to be maximum within
a range of b/a = 0.67 to 1.5. For L/W= 12, CD shows a
maximum value for b/a = 1.0, for all angles of inclination. At
= 45 °, CD has a maximum value for b/a = 1.0 for L/W = 4
and 8. The drag coefficient decreases gradually with increase
of b/a ratios. In general it is found that CD initially increases
with b/a ratios, reaches a maximum and then decreases.
High drag is a result of regular vortex shedding and very low
suction on the rear and side faces. The behaviour can be
attributed to different flow separation patterns associated
with the rectangular cylinders with different inclinations.
Figures 8 and 9 a, b show the variations of average Nus-
selt number with angles of inclination, ~ = 0 °, 15 °, 30 ° and
45 °, for different Reynolds number and L/W ratios, for
rectangular cylinder of b/a---1.5, a/W = 1.0. It is observed
438

100 that the m a x i m u m value of Nusselt number is obtained at

Re x 10-':' O. = 3 0 °
0.45 a/W =1.0 = 15 °. There is no significant variation of Nusselt number
8C 0.81 b/e = 1.5 with the increase in angle of inclination of the cylinder. A
1.t6 little d o w n w a r d trend of Nusselt number is observed from
1,63 = 30 ° to 45 ° for all L/W ratios.
60- 1.86 Figures 10 a, b and 11 a, b show the variation of Nusselt
Nu n u m b e r with L/W ratios for different angles of inclination
40 and a Reynolds number. At L/W = 4, the Nussett number is
a lower value c o m p a r e d to the values at L/W = 8 and 12. At
L/W = 4, there is a potential core along the jet axis and this

[
( . I x
20 -
region is free from turbulence and hence the Nusselt number
is low for L/W = 4. As the distance of the cylinder increases
0 I from the nozzle exit, the core of the jet is affected by turbu-
8 12
LtW
lence and it becomes gradually turbulent. So a higher heat
transfer rate is possible and the Nusselt numbers have a
10C
Re x 10 -4 b ct = 45 °
higher values with the increases of L/W ratios. Similar re-
0.46 x e/W = t.0
sults are obtained for cylinders of sizes 30 m m x 20 ram,
80- 0.81 ,~ b la = 1,5 20 m m x 40 m m and 20 m m x 20 m m for W = 20 m m and
t.18 o 30 m m x 20 m m for W = 10 ram. Considering all the
1.63 • parameters the average Nusselt number is correlated as:
60- 1,86 A
-- / L "~0.168
Nu
Nu=O.138(Re)°'sSS(pr)°'333~)
40

- ( b ) - °'547 ( W ) °'793 ( 1 - sin e)-°'°16 (4)

2C
..~x.
..
The correlation is valid in the range of:
0
4, 8
L/W
12 4600<Re<18,600, 4<L/W<12, 0°<a<45 °,
Fig. 11. Variation of average Nusselt number with distance from the 0.50 < b/a < 2.0 and 1.0 < a/W < 3.0.
nozzle exit for a rectangular cylinder (a = 30° and 45 °)
Figure 12 shows the comparison between experimental val-
ues and those obtained from Eq. (4). It is found that the
m a x i m u m deviation is within 4-12%.

160

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around rectangular cylinders. Aeronautical Quarterly 23 (1972)

..
120 - . • "~ " 229-237
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,oo -

Japan Society of Aeronautical and Space Sciences 16 (1968) 1 5

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20
so- -- " ~ " "': "::" I 1 I I
1271
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(expt)
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 439

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R. K. Brahma
Associate Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering,
Indian Institute of Technology,
Kharagpur - 721 302, India

Akram Hossain
Research Scholar
from Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation
Dhaka, Bangladesh

Received August 6, 1992